























































































































































































































































































































































Book_ X 7 G j_ 

Copyright N?._ e 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. - 

d 

& Williams’ Pure 
Witch Hazel Soap 
—she will soon see 
a difference. 

Arnold & Williams 
Pure Witch Hazel Soap 
ioc a cake, 3 cakes for 25c 

Made especially for us, from private for¬ 
mulas, by The Remmers Soap Co., Cincin¬ 
nati, Ohio 


















^fhose 

[ustrous[yes 


are 


urine 




EYE 


cA Favorite 
Toilet cAccessory~ 

Restores Normal Conditions 
and Natural Brilliancy to 
a Tired and Faded Eye 
Of Value in the Home as an 

Eye Tonic 

A Panacea for Weak, 
Red, Inflamed, and 
Itching Eyes and 
Eyelids 

After a “record breaker’’ 
in your 

Touring Car 

o7Wurine is an 

Eye Insurance 
Strong Winds, Dust and 
Reflected Sunlight 
cause irritation, Granula¬ 
tion and Ulceration. 
Murine soothes and 
quickly cures. 


The Finishing Touch. 


Bewitchingly costumed 
In costliest gown, 

For the social event, 

At the west end of town. 


The “ finishing touch ” 

To the toilet is seen 
In the act above pictured 

“ Two drops ” of MURINE. 


Murine Makes Weak Eyes Strong. 

Ask for our 48 page book— Strong Eyes. 




“ONCE USED ALWAYS USED” 


DR. SCHENCK’S 

Pulmonic Syrup 

Cures 

Coughs, Colds and Consumption 

DR. SCHENCK’S 

Seaweed Tonic 

Cures 

Dyspepsia in all its forms 

DR. SCHENCK’S 

Mandrake Pills 

Cure 

Liver Complaints and all Bilious Disorders 


All of these old household remedies have been pre 
pared and sold by us for over 70 YEARS 

We GUARANTEE them to be PURELY VEGE 
TABLE and not to contain opium, morphia 
or deleterious drugs 

DR. J. H. SCHENCH (Q, SON 

PHILADELPHIA 

Write to Dept. R for Dr. Schenck’s free treatise on Consumption and 
Diver Complaint 




LECTRICITY is typical of the age in which 
we live. The modern store, the up-to- 
date residence and apartment uses elec¬ 
tric light. 

May we not send our representative to explain 
to you why it is best, and why you should use it? 


Chicago Edison Company 

Edison Building, 139 Adams Street 
Telephone Main 1280 






















Dr. Barnes Prescription No. 8240 

CURES ALL FORMS OF 

Rheumatism 

NEVER FAILS 


PRESCRIPTION 8240, THE RHEUMATISM 
CURE, will cure the worst case of Rheumatism or 
Gout. It matters not of how long standing, or 
whatever the cause—Prescription 8240 never fails. 

The increase in the demand for this medicine has 
been regular and steady, and although never advertised, 
the sale has reached such proportions that it has become 
one of our leading remedies, which we can only attribute 
to its excellent curative qualities. 

Taken according to directions, it will relieve Muscu¬ 
lar Rheumatism in from two to three days and from one 
to three bottles will effect an absolute cure. 

In Neuralgia, Sciatica, Gout, and in fact all ailments 
of a rheumatic character, it will give instant relief and 
an absolute cure by the use of from one to three bottles. 

Prescription 8240 is the most powerful blood 
purifier known. It produces strong, healthy blood 
and is therefore expressly recommended for all 
obstinate blood diseases where ordinary blood 
purifiers fail to produce satisfactory results. 

This is not a patent medicine but an old prescription 
that has proven its worth by actual use. 


Price, $1.25; Large Bottle, $2.00 


BUCIC & RAYNER 

Manufacturing Druggists 
State and Madison Sts. 

Branch Store, La Salle and Madison Sts. ChiCclgO, Ill. 






I A GREAT I 

Blood and Nerve Tonic 

Buck & Rayner’s Beef, Iron 
and Wine with Celery 

FOOD FOR BODY AND BRAIN 

A most successful remedy for impoverished 
blood, lost vitality, wasting diseases, loss of 
appetite, nervousness, lack of energy, faint¬ 
ing spells, trembling, sleeplessness, melan¬ 
cholia. Buck & Rayner’s Beef,iron and Wine 
with Celery should not be classed with 

ORDINARY BEEF, IRON AND WINE, which is Often 
made from cheap materials. It is a scientific 
compound containing celery and tonics to 
form a perfect brain and blood builder. 

Thousands of people in this city use it as 
it puts new life in the blood, In offer¬ 
ing our Beef, Iron and Wine with Celery 
to the public we know that we offer a prepa¬ 
ration of unquestionable value as a food 
and a tonic to the enfeebled system in con¬ 
valescence from acute illness, as well as a 
powerful stimulant, which may be depended 
upon to tide the patient over a critical 
period, restore appetite, and by its stimu¬ 
lating effect upon the stomach cause an in¬ 
creased flow of the gastric juices, thereby 
aiding digestion and assimilation of food, and 
thus give strength to all parts of the body. 

Price, 75c; Large Bottle, $1.25 













A Little Buck & Rayner's Moth Pow¬ 
der Used According to Directions Will 
Kill Everything in the Line of Insects 


NY WOMAN who has tried her best to 
keep her house free from Moths and other 
insects will be able to testify to the truth 
of the above statement. It is not only from 
the general public that we have learned this fact, 
but also from men in positions where they have had 
all the facilities offered by science, chemistry and 
pharmacy at their command to combat the evil, 
and through a long term of years we have not only 
experimented, but have arrived at a satisfactory 
result, and offer to the public a product which has 
been tried and which we know will do the work. 

Buck & Rayner’s Moth Powder 

has no disagreeable odor. Is harmless to mankind 
and domestic animals. Does not injure the clothes. 

Buck & Rayner’s Moth Powder 

is the only powder in the market, at present, that 
will absolutely prevent moths from invading your 
clothes chest or closet. 

IF YOU FOLLOW DIRECTIONS ON THE PACKAGE, YOU WILL 
NEVER BE TROUBLED WITH MOTH-EATEN GARMENTS 



















The JACROSE 
Benzoin Lotion 


THE ORIGINAL 


HE curative virtues of true Siam Benzoin have long 
been appreciated by ladies of the Orient. The 
genuine article is scarce and troublesome to handle, 
owing to its insolubility. After repeated experi¬ 
ments our chemist succeeded in his efforts to pre¬ 
sent it in clear solution smooth and refreshing, 
suitable for toilet use, and the result is the elegant 
Jacrose Benzoin Lotion. <1 Many imitators have sought 
to equal this unique preparation, but a comparison in 
every instance demonstrates the fact that ours is the 
one perfect toilet liniment. For restoring, reviving and 
strengthening the skin and complexion, for chapped 
hands, face, or any roughness or redness of the skin it 
is acknowledged a wonderful discovery. In fact it is a 
household panacea and healing, soothing balm. The 
Jacrose Benzoin Lotion is used either plain or diluted 
with water, as desired. For washing, always add about 
a tablespoonful to the basin of water and a proportion¬ 
ate quantity for the bath. It renders the water soft and 
unctious and imparts to the skin a firmness, transpar¬ 
ency and healthy glow, that is most refreshing, health¬ 
ful and attractive. Price, 5o cents. 

BUCK &RAYNER 

ARE SOLE DISTRIBUTERS OF 

Jacrose Perfumery Co’s Preparations 


Jacrose Extract 
Jacrose Benzoin Lotion 
For the Hands and Face 
Jacrose Benzoin Paste 
An Excellent Substitute 
for Soap 

Jacrose Shaving Cream 


Jacrose Smelling Salts 
Jacrose Toilet Powder 
Jacrose Raste Dentifrice 
Jacrose Eau De Quinine 
For the Hair 
Jacrose Cold Cream 
Jacrose Sachet Powder 














FOR FIFTY YEARS 

THE NAME OF 

BUCK & RAYNER 

has stood for all that is good in drugs and all 
that goes with a g-ood drug-store. 

The Standard of Excellence in Chicag-o 

FOR FIFTY YEARS 


OUR PRESCRIPTION DEPARTMENT 
is in charg-e of a competent Chemist, who 
tests every drug- and medicine before it is 
placed in our prescription stock. Carrying 
as we do the most complete stock of high 
grade Drugs and Chemicals in the city, with 
a laboratory equipped with every approved 
invention and appliance known to modern 
pharmacy, we are prepared to compound 
Prescriptions or Private Recipes promptly 
and accurately, and at very moderate prices. 

BUCK & RAYNER 

ESTABLISHED 185S 

Branch Store 

La Salle and Madison Sts. STATE AND MADISON StS. 





THE 


NUTSHELL CYCLOPEDIA 


AND 

TREASURY OF READY REFERENCE 



Which if you but open—you will be un 
willing, for many a shilling, to part with 
the profit which you shall have of it.” 


Copyrighted, 1905, by Joseph Trlenens 


For Index see page 305 


CHICAGO 
JOSEPH TRIENENS 
1905 






LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

APR 9.R I QOS 



Oouyngm cnu-y 

/y /?£><? 

CU*&> CL XAc. Noi 

copy a. 

PiG, 105 

.TIC, 


To Our Patrons 


PRESENTING you with this 
booklet we have the pleasure of 
offering you a volume of excep¬ 
tional merit. It has been our aim 
to compile a volume which will be 
found interesting and instructive to every 
one who receives it. The subjects have been 
selected with great care and are thoroughly 
up-to-date. They comprise items of interest 
to almost every one and contain matter often 
difficult to find in ordinary books of reference. 
<3 The reading matter is absolutely free from 
advertising in any form, and the subjects are 
treated in an entirely unprejudiced manner. 
They are in harmony with the latest ad¬ 
vanced belief and knowledge of the matter 
under discussion. <HThe advertisements in 
this booklet are from concerns of estab¬ 
lished reputation, whose products we freely 
recommend with every confidence that they 
are the best of their respective kinds. We, 
therefore, present this booklet with the assur¬ 
ance that the advertisers are entitled to your 
entire confidence and the information worthy 
of ycur careful inspection. 

Very truly yours, 

OWL DRUG CO. 




















* B ‘ 


This rule to all when I am dead: 

Be sure you're right , then go ahead. 


* 


—Davy Crockett. 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


Handy Facts to Settle Many Arguments. 


* London plague in 1666. 

* Telephone invented, 1861. 

* There are 2,750 languages. 

* Two persons die every second. 

* Sound moves 743 miles per hour. 

* Chinese invented paper, 170 B. C. 

* A square mile contains 640 acres. 

* Hawks can fly 150 miles in one hour. 

* A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. 

* Phonograph invented by Edison, 1877. 

* Watches were first constructed in 1476. 

* Chinese in United States in 1900, 114,106. 

* Gold was discovered in California in 1848. 

* Rome was founded by Romulus, 752 B. C. 

* The first balloon ascended from Lyons, France, 1783. 

* The first fire insurance office in America. Boston, 1724. 
•Napoleon I. crowned emperor, 1804; died at St Helena, 1S20. 
•Jet is found along the coast of Yorkshire, Eng., near Whitby. 

* Electric light invented by Lodyguin and Kossloff, at London, 

1874. ^ 

•Harvard is the oldest college in the United States; established 
in 1638. 

* War declared with Great Britain, June 19, 1812; peace, Feb. 

18, 1815. 

* Until 1776 cotton spinning was performed by the hand spin¬ 
ning wheel. 

* Measure 209 feet on each side and you will have a squjtre acre 
within an inch. 


7 








NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


* Envelopes were first used in 1839. 

* Telescopes were invented in 1590. 

* Iron horseshoes were made in 4S1. 

* A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds. 

* A rifle ball moves 1,000 miles per hour. 

♦Assassination of Lincoln, April 14, 1865. 

* First steamer crossed the Atlantic, 1819. 

* A hand (horse measure) is four inches. 

* German empire re-established, Jan. 18, 1871. 

* Dark Ages, from the 6th to the 14th century. 

* The great London fire occurred Sept. 26, 1666. 

* Storm clouds move thirty-six miles an hour. 

* First subscription library, Philadelphia, 1731. 

* The Latin tongue became obsolete about 580. 

* The value of a ton of pure gold is $602,799.21. 

* Ether was first used for surgical purposes in 1844. 

* Ignatius Loyola founded the order of Jesuits, 1541. 

* First authentic use of organs, 755; in England, 951. 

* The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652. 

* Glass windows (colored) were used in the 8th century. 

* Benjamin Franklin used the first lightning rods, 1752. 

* Cork is the bark taken from a species of the oak tree. 

* Authentic history of China commenced 3,000 years B. C. 

* Introduction of homoeopathy into the United States, 1825. 

* First electric telegraph, Paddington to Bray ton, Eng., 1835. 

* Spectacles were invented by an Italian in the 13th century. 

* Medicine was introduced into Rome from Greece, 200 B. C. 

* Soap was first manufactured in England in the 16th century. 

* The Chaldeans were the first people who worked in metals. 

* First life insurance, in London, 1772; in America, Phila., 1812. 
•Egyptian pottery is the oldest known; dates from 2,000 B. C. 
•Julius Caesar invaded Britain, 55 B. C.; assassinated, 44 B. C. 

* The largest free territorial government is the United States. 

* First photographs produced in England, 1802; perfected, 1841. 

* Postage stamps first came into use in England in the year 
1840; in the United States, in 1847. 

* The highest range of mountains are the Himalayas, the mean 
elevation being from 16,000 to 18,000 feet. 

* The largest inland sea is the Caspian, between Europe and 
Asia, being 700 miles long and 270 miles wide. 

* The term “Almighty Dollar” originated with Washington 
Irving, as a satire on the American love for gain. 

a 



NUTSHELL ITEMS . 


* First Atlantic cable operated, 1858. 

* A barrel of rice weighs 600 pounds. 

* The first steel pen was made in 1830. 

* Light moves 187,000 miles per second. 

* Slow rivers flow seven miles per hour. 

* A storm moves thirty-six miles per hour. 

■* The first lucifer match was made in 1829. 

* Battles of Bunker Hill and Lexington, 1775. 

* First musical notes used, 133S; printed, 1502. 

14 The largest island in the world is Australia. 

* Kerosene was first used for illuminating in 1826. 

* National banks first established in United States, 1816. 

,! ' Slavery in the United States was begun at Jamestown in 1619. 

* First postoffice established, between Vienna and Brussels, 1516. 

* First marine insurance, A. D. 533; England, 1598; America, 
1721. 

* The Alexandrian Library contained 400,000 valuable books, 47 
B. C. 

* Professor Oersted, Copenhagen, discovered electro-magnetism, 
in 1819. 

* Congress declared war with Mexico, May 13, 1846; closed Feb. 
2. 1848. 

* Moscow, Russia, has the largest bell in the world, 432,000 
pounds. 

* The highest denomination of United States legal tender notes 
is $10,000. 

* The electric eel is found only in the northern rivers of South 
America. 

* First American express, New York, to Boston, by W. F. 
Harnden. 

* The first theater in the United States was at Williamsburg 
Va., 1752. 

* Columbus discovered America, Oct. 12, 1492; the Northmen, 
A. D. 985. 

* Glass windows were first introduced into England in th« 
8th century. 

* The first complete sewing machine was patented by Elias 
Howe, Jr., in 1846. 

* Chicago is little more than sixty years old, and is the sixth 
city in the world. 

♦Glass was made in Egypt, 3,000 B. C.; earliest date of trans¬ 
parent glass, 719 B. C. 

* First public schools in America were established in the New 
England States about 1642. 


9 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


* America was discovered in 1492. 

* A firkin of butter weighs 56 pounds. 

* Pianoforte invented in Italy about 1710. 

* A span is ten and seven-eighths inches. 

* The value of a ton of silver is $37,704.84. 

* First watches made in Nuremberg, 1476. 

* French and Indian War in America, 1754. 

* A hurricane moves eighty miles per hour. 

* Modern needles first came into use in 1545. 

* The first horse railroad was built in 1826-7. 

* Coaches were first used in England in 1569. 

* Electricity moves 288,000 miles per second. 

* French Revolution, 1789; Reign of Terror, 1793. 

* The average human life is thirty-three years. 

* $1,000,000 gold coin weighs 3,685.8 lbs. avoirdupois. 

* Mormons arrived at Salt Lake Valley, Utah, July 24, 1847. 

* Experiments in electric lighting, by Thomas A. Edison, 1878-80. 

* Daguerre and Nieper invented the process of daguerreotype, 
1839. 

* The largest cavern in the world is the Mamomth Cave, Ken¬ 
tucky. 

* First American library founded at Harvard College, Cam¬ 
bridge, 1638. 

* First cotton raised in the United States was in Virginia, in 
1621; first exported, 1747. 

* First sugar-cane cultivated in the United States, near New 
Orleans, 1751; first sugar-mill, 1758. 

* The largest university is Oxford, in England. It consists cf 
twenty-one colleges and five halls. 

* First telegraph in operation in America was between Wash¬ 
ington and Baltimore, May 27, 1844. 

* The first illumination with gas was in Corriwall, Eng., 1792; 
in the United States, at Boston, 1822. 

* Printing was known in China in the 6th century; introduced 
into England about 1474; America, 1536. 

♦Glass mirrors first made by Venetians in the 13th century. 
Polished metal was used before that time. 

♦The great wall of China, built 200 B. C., is 1,250 miles in length, 
20 feet high, and 25 feet thick at the base. 

* Meerschaum means “froth of the sea.” It is white and soft 
when dug from the earth, but soon hardens. 

* London is the largest city in the world, containing a popula¬ 
tion of 4,536,034 persons, not including suburbs. 

10 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 

* The first iron ore discovered in this country was found in Vir¬ 
ginia in 1715. 

* Albert Durer gave the world a prophecy of future wood en¬ 
graving in 1527. 

* “Bravest of the Brave” was the title given to Marshal Ney at 
Friedland, 1807. 

* The first steam engine on this continent was brought f-om 
England in 1753. 

* The most extensive park is Deer Park in Denmark. It con¬ 
tains 4,200 acres. 

* Books in their present form were invented by Attalus, king of 
Pergamus, in 887. 

* Robert Raikcs established the first Sunday-school, at Glou¬ 
cester, Eng., 1781. 

* St. Augustine, oldest city in the United States, founded by 
the Spaniards, 1565. 

* The first volunteer fire company in the United States was 
at Philadelphia, 1736. 

* Jamestown, Va., founded, 1607; first permanent English set¬ 
tlement in America. 

* Oberlin College, Ohio, was the first in the United States that 
admitted female students. 

* The first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled 
carriages in France, in 1559. 

* The largest park in the United States is Fairmount, at Phila¬ 
delphia, and contains 2,740 acres. 

* The highest natural bridge in the world is at Rockbridge, Vir¬ 
ginia, being 200 feet high to the bottom of the arch. 

* The largest circulation of paper money is that of the United 
States, being 700 millions, while Russia has 670 millions. 

* The largest empire in the world it that of Great Britain, being 
8,557,658 square miles, and more than a sixth part of the globe. 

* The longest tunnel in the world is St. Gothard, on the line of 
the railroad between Lucerne and Milan, being 9% miles in length. 

* The first electrical signal ever transmitted between Europe 
and America passed over the Field submarine cable on Aug. 5, 
1858. 

* Burnt brick were known to have been used in building the 
Tower of Babel. They were introduced into England by the 
Romans. 

* The loftiest active volcano is Popocatapetl. It is 17.7S4 feet 
high, and has a crater three miles in circumference and 1,000 
feet deep. 

* The largest insurance company in the world is the Mutual 
Life of New York City having cash and real-estate assets of 
over $350,000,000. 


H 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


* Paris was known as Lutetia until 1184, when the name of the 
gTeat French capital was changed to that which it has borne 
ever since. 

* The largest tree in the world, as yet discovered, is near Fresno, 
California. It is 154 feet 8 inches in circumference 6 feet from 
the ground. 

* The largest desert is Sahara, in Northern Africa. Its length 
is 3,000 miles and breadth 900 miles; having an area of 2,000,000 
square miles. 

* The first deaf and dumb asylum was founded in England, by 
Thomas Braidwood, 1760; and the first in the United States was 
at Hartford, 1817. 

* The largest volcano in the world is Etna. Its base is 90 miles 
in circumference; its cone 11,000 feet high. Its first eruption 
occurred 474 B. C. 

* The largest suspension bridge is the Brooklyn. The length of 
the main span is 1,595 feet 6 inches. The entire length of the 
bridge is 5,989 feet 

* The most remarkable echo known is that in the castle of 
Simonetta, two miles from Milan. It repeats the echo of a 
pistol shot sixty times. 

* The largest diamond in the world is the Braganza, being a 
part of the Portuguese jewels. It weighs 1,880 carats. It was 
found in Brazil in 1741. 

* The “Valley of Death,” in the island of Java, is simply the 
crater of an extinct volcano, filled with carbonic-acid gas. It is 
half a mile in circumference. 

* The grade of titles in Great Britain stands in the following 
order from the highest: A Prince, Duke, Marquis, Earl, Vis¬ 
count, Baron, Baronet, Knight. 

* The city of Amsterdam, Holland, is built upon piles driven 
into the ground. It is intersected by numerous canals, crossed 
by nearly three hundred bridges. 

* Coal was used as fuel in England as early as 852, and in 1234 
the first charter to dig for it was granted by Henry III. to the 
inhabitants of Newcastle-on-Tyna 

‘Tobacco was discovered in San Domingo in 1496; afterwards 
by the Spaniards in Yucatan in 1520. It was introduced into 
France in 1560, and into England in 1583. 

* The present national colors of the United States were not 
adopted by Congress until 1777. The flag was first used by 
Washington at Cambridge, January 1, 1776. 

* The longest span of wire in the world is used for a telegraph 
in India over the river Ristuah. It is over 6,000 feet, and is 
stretched between two hills, 1,200 feet high. 

‘ The tallest man was John Hale, of Lancashire, England, who 
was nine feet six inches in height. His hand was seventeen 
inches long and eight and one-half inches broaxL 

12 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


* In round numbers, the weight of $1,000,000 in standard gold 
coin is 1% tons; standard silver coin, 26% tons; subsidiary silver 
coin, 25 tons; minor coin, 5-cent nickel, 100 tons. 

* The highest monument in the world is the Washington monu¬ 
ment, being 555 feet. The highest structure of any kind is 
the Eiffel Tower, Paris, finished in 1889, and 989 feet high. 

* There has been no irregularity in the recurrence of leap year 
every four years since 1800, except in 1900, which was a common 
year, although it came fourth after the preceding leap year. 

* It is claimed that crows, eagles, ravens and swans live to be 
100 years old; herons, 59; parrots, GO; pelicans and geese, 50; 
skylarks, 30; sparrow haks, 40; peacocks, canai*ies and cranes, 24. 

* The greatest cataract in the world is Niagara, the height of 
the American Falls being 165 feet. The highest fall of water in 
the world is that of the Yosemite in California, being 2,550 feet. 

* The most ancient catacombs are those of the Theban kings, 
begun 4,000 years ago. The catacombs of Rome contain the 
remains of about 6,000,000 human beings; those of Paris, 3,000,000. 

* The first English newspaper was the English Mercury, issued 
ill the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and was issued in the shape 
of a pamphlet. The Gazette of Venice was the original model 
of the modern newspaper. 

* The seven sages flourished in Greece in the 6th century B. C. 
They were renowned for their maxims of life, and as the 
authors of the mottoes inscribed in the Delphian Templa Their 
names are: Solon, Chilo, Pittacus, Bias, Periander, Cleobolus, 
and Thales. 

* The largest producing farm in the world lies in the southwest 
corner of Louisiana, owned by a Northern syndicate. It runs 
one hundred miles north and south. The immense tract is 
divided into convenient pastures, with stations of ranches every 
six miles. The fencing alone cost nearly $50,000. . 

* The “Seven Wonders of the ‘World’’ are seven most remark¬ 
able objects of the ancient world. They are: The Pyramids of 
Egypt, Pharos of Alexandria, Walls and Hanging Gardens of 
Babylon, Temple of Diana at Ephesus, the Statue of the 
Olympian Jupiter, Mausoleum of Artemisia, and Colossus of 
Rhodes. 

* A “monkey wrench” is not so named because it is a handy 
thing to monkey with, or for any kindred reason. “Monkey” 
is not its name at all, but “Moncky.” Charles Moncky, the 
inventor of it, sold his patent fcr $2,000, and invested the 
money in a house in Williamsburgh, Kings County, N. Y., 
where he now lives. 

* The union arch of the Washington Aqueduct is the largest 
in the world, being 220 feet; 20 feet in excess of the Chester 
arch across the Dee in England, 68 feet longer than that of the 
London Bridge; 92 feet longer than that at Neuilly on the 
Seine, and 100 feet longer than that of Waterloo Bridge. The 
height of the Washington arch is 100 feet. 

13 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


* The Oceanic, 1899, and the Celtic, 1901, are the longest ships 
built. They are, respectively, 705 feet and 700 feet long and 63 
and 70 feet beam. The Great Eastern, recently broken to pieces 
and sold to junk dealers before 1899, was designed and con¬ 
structed by Scott Russell, at Maxwell, on the Thames. Work 
on the giant vessel was commenced in May, 1854. She was suc¬ 
cessfully launched January 13, 1858. The launching alone occu¬ 
pied the time from November 3, 1857, until the date above given. 
Her total length was 692 feet; breadth, 118 feet; total weight 
when launched, 12,000 tons. Her first trip of any consequence 
was made to New York in 1859-60. 

* In 1775 there were only twenty-seven newspapers published 
in the United States. Ten years later, in 1785, there were seven 
published in the English language in Philadelphia alone, of 
which one was a daily. The oldest newspaper published in 
Philadelphia at the time of the Federal convention was the 
Pennsylvania Gazette, established by Samuel Keimer, in 1728. 
The second newspaper in point of age was the Pennsylvania 
Journal, established in 1742 by William Bradford, whose uncle. 
Andrew Bradford, established the first newspaper in Pennsyl¬ 
vania, the American Weekly Mercury, in 1719. Next in age, but 
the first in importance, was the Pennsylvania Packet, estab¬ 
lished by John Dunlap, in 1771. In 1784 it became a daily, being 
the first daily newspaper printed on this continent. 

* Statistics of twenty leading libraries in this country show 
that, of over $500,000 spent, a little more than $170,000 was de¬ 
voted to books, while other expenses consumed $358,000. In the 
Mercantile Library of New York City it costs 14 cents to cir¬ 
culate a volume; in the Astor, 14Y 2 cents are spent on each 
volume, or 27 cents on each reader; in Columbia College 
Library, 21^ cents per reader; in the Library Company of Phila¬ 
delphia, 26 cents per volume, or 10 cents per head. The largest 
library in the world is the National Library of France, founded 
by Louis XIV., which now contains 1,400,000 books, 30,000 pam¬ 
phlets, 175,000 manuscripts, 300,000 maps and charts, 150,000 coins 
and medals, 1,300,000 engravings, and 100,000 portraits. The 
Library of Corgress is the largest in this country, as it con¬ 
tained 995,166 volumes in 1900. There are in the United States 
about 6,000 libraries. 

* The most extensive mines in the world are those of Freiberg, 
Saxony. They w r ere begun in the twelfth century, and in 1835 
the galleries, taken collectively, had reached the unprecedented 
length of 123 miles. A new gallery, begun in 1S38, had reache 1 
a length of eight miles at the time of the census of 1878. Th; 
deepest perpendicular mining shaft in the world is located at 
Prizilram, Bohemia. It is a lead mine; it was begun in 183: 
January, 1880, it was 3,280 feet deep. The deepest coal min,< 
in the world is near Tourney, Belgium; it is 3,542 feet in depth, 
but, unlike the lead mine mentioned above, it is not perpendi 
cular. The deepest rock-salt bore in the world is near Berlin, 
Prussia; it is 4,185 feet deep. The deepest hole ever bored into 

14 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


the earth is the artesian well at Potsdam, which is 5,500 feet 
in depth. The deepest coal mines in England are the Dunkirk 
collieries of Lancashire, which are 2,824 feet in depth. The 
deepest coal shaft in the United States is located at Potts- 
ville, Pa. In 1885 it had reached a depth of 1,576 feet. From this 
great depth 400 cars, holding four tons each, are hoisted daily. 
The deepest silver mine in the United States is the Yellow 
Jacket, one of the great Comstock system at Virginia City. 
Nevada; the lower levels are 2,700 feet below the hoisting works! 

* The largest locomotive ever constructed prior to 1880 was that 
made at the Baldwin Locomotive Works during the early part 
of 1879. It was turned out ready for use April 10th of that year 
and named Uncle Dick. Uncle Dick weighed 130,000 pounds; 
was sixty feet from headlight to the rear end of the tender. 
He is now at work on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe road. 
During the year 1883 the same works that constructed Uncle 
Dick turned out several locomotives for the Northern Pacific 
railroad, each weighing 180,000 pounds. During the same year, 
as if to overshadow the Baldwin works, the Central Pacific 
company caused to be built at their shops in Sacramento, Cal., 
engines weighing with the tender, as Uncle Dick’s we’ght was 
given, almost 190,000 pounds. The Baldwin Works, in 1889, com¬ 
pleted for the Northern Pacific an engine weighing, with tender, 
225,000 pounds. In 1900 there were built for the Pittsburg, Besse¬ 
mer & Lake Erie the largest locomotives in the world, each 
weighing, with tender, 391,400 pounds. 

* “Liberty,” Bartholdi’s statue, presented to the United States 
by the French people in 1885, is the largest statue ever built 
Its conception is due to the great French sculptor whose name 
it bears. It is said to be a likeness of his mother. Eight years 
of time were consumed in the construction of this gigantic 
brazen image. Its weight is 440,000 pounds, of which 146,000 
pounds are copper, the remainder iron and steel. The major 
part of the iron and steel are used in constructing the skeleton 
frame work for the inside. The mammoth electric light held 
in the hands of the giantess is 305 feet above tide-water. The 
height of the figure is 152^ feet; the pedestal 91 feet, and the 
foundation 52 feet and 10 inches. Forty persons can find stand¬ 
ing-room within the mighty head, which is 14Y 2 feet in 
diameter. A six-foot man standing on the lower lip could hard¬ 
ly reach the eyes. The index finger is eight feet in length and 
the nose 3% feet. The Colossus of Rhodes was a pigmy com¬ 
pared with this latter-day wonder. 

* The largest stone bridge on the face of the earth is that 
finished in May, 1885, at Lagang, China. Chinese engineers had 
sole control of its construction. It crosses an arm of the China 
Sea, is nearly six miles in length, is composed entirely of stone, 
and has 300 arches, each 70 feet high. It is the most colossal 
structure ever reared by man, yet we sneer at the “heathert 
Chinee.” The largest truss iron bridge in the world crosses the 
Firth of Tay, Scotland. It is 18,612 feet in length and composed 

15 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


of eighty-five spans. The longest wooden bridge in the world 
is that crossing Lake Ponchartrain, near New Orleans, La. 
It is a trestle-work twenty-one miles in length, built of cypress 
piles which have been saturated with creosote oil to preserve 
them. The highest bridge in the United States is over Kin- 
zina Creek, near Bradford, Pa. It was built in 1882, has a total 
span of 2,061 feet, and is 301 feet above the creek bed. 

* The largest and grandest temple of worship in the world is 
the St. Peter’s Cathedral at Rome. It stands on the site of 
Nero’s circus, in the northwest part of the city, and is built 
in form of a Latin cross. The total length of the interior is 
612*4 English feet; transept, 446*4 feet; height of nave, 152*4 
feet; diameter of cupola, 193 feet; height of dome from pave¬ 
ment to top of cross, 448 feet. The great bell alone, without the 
hammer or clapper, weighs 18,600 pounds, or over 9*4 tons. The 
foundation was laid in 1450 A. D. Forty-three Popes lived and 
died during the time the work was in progress. It was dedi¬ 
cated in the year 1826, but not entirely finished until the year 
1880. The cost, in round numbers, is set down at $70,000,000. 

* The great pyramid of Cheops is the largest structure of any 
kind ever erected by the hand of man. Its original dimensions 
at the base were 764 feet square, and its perpendicular height 
in the highest point 488 feet; it covers four acres, one rood 
and twenty-two perches of ground and has been estimated by 
an eminent English architect to have cost not less than £30,- 
000,000, which in United States currency would be about $145,- 
200,000. Internal evidence proves that the great pyramid was 
begun about the year 2170 B. C., about the time of the birth 
of Abraham. It is estimated that about 5,000,000 tons of hewn 
stone were used in its construction, and the evidence points 
to the fact that these stones were brought a distance of about 
700 miles from quarries in Arabia. 

* The “Centennial ox,” bred by Samuel Barkley of Somerset 
County, Pa., was the largest specimen of the bovine the world 
has ever seen. He weighed 4,900 pounds the day he arrived in 
Philadelphia. This mountain of beef w T as of mixed stock, being 
short-horn, native, “scrub” and Ayrshire, the short-horn pre¬ 
dominating. After the exhibition was ended the giant ox was 
butchered and exhibited as “show beef” at Philadelphia during 
the holidays of 1876. A short-horn steer weighing 4,100 pounds 
was slaughtered at Detroit in 1874. A. N. Meal of Moberly, Mo., 
formerly owned the largest cow in the world. Mr. Meal disposed 
of her in 1883, the Cole Circus Company being the purchasers. 
She weighed the day of sale 3,296 pounds. Mr. John Pratt of 
Chase County, Kan., was formerly the owner of a cow weigh¬ 
ing 3,200 pounds. She was of the common “scrub” stock and 
stood nineteen hands high. 

* The Capitol building at Washington, D. C., is the largest 

building in the United States. The corner stone was laid 
December 18th, 1793, by President Washington, assisted by other 
Masons. It was partially destroyed by the British in 1814. The 
present was begun in 1855 and finished in 1863. The flag 

16 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


of tho United States floated from it December 12th, 1863. The 
ccst of the entire building has been something over $13,000,000. 
Its length is 715 feet 4 inches; width, 324 feet. It covers 3y 2 acres 
of ground. The distance from the ground to the top of the 
dome is 307% feet; diameter of the dome, 135% feet—making 
fifth as to size with the greatest domes of the world. 

* The largest body of fresh water in the world is Lake Superior. 
It is 400 miles long and 180 miles wide; its circumference, in¬ 
cluding the windings of its various bays, has been estimated 
at 1,800 miles. Its area in square miles is 32,000, which is greater 
than the whole of New England, leaving out Maine. The great¬ 
est depth of this inland sea is 200 fathoms, or 1,200 feet Its aver¬ 
age depth is about 160 fathoms. It is 636 feet above sea level. 

* The largest and costliest private mansion in the world is that 
belonging to Lord Bute, called Montstuart, and situated near 
Rothesay, England. It covers nearly two acres; is built in 
Gothic style; the walls, turrets and balconies are built of stone. 
The immense tower in the center of the building is 120 feet 
high, with a balcony around the top. The halls are con¬ 
structed entirely of marble and alabaster, and the rooms are 
finished in mahogany, rosewood and walnut. The fire-places 
are all carved marbles of antique design. The exact cost of 
this fairy palace is not known, but it has never been estimated 
at less than $8,000,000. 

* The famous Corliss engine, the largest ever constructed, and 
the one used to drive the machinery in the great hall at the 
Centennial of 1876, is now in the shops of the Pullman Car 
Company at Pullman, near Chicago, Ill. The writer is aware 
that this differs from other statements that have been made, 
it being generally supposed that the Emperor of Brazil bought 
the engine and removed it to his own country. He did talk 
of buying it, but the bargain was never consummated. This 
tireless giant works in an upright position, is over 40 feet high, 
of 1,400 horse-power, and has two 40-inch cylinders and a 10- 
foot stroke. 

* The corner stone of the Washington monument, the highest in 
the United States, and until 1889 the highest structure in the 
world, was laid July 4, 1848. Robert E. Winthrop, then Speaker 
of the House, delivered the oration. Work progressed steadily 
for about six years, until the funds of the monumental society 
became exhausted. At that time the monument was about 
175 feet high. From 1854 until 1879 nothing to speak of was 
done on the building. In the year last above named Congress 
voted an appropriation of $200,000 to complete the work. From 
that time forward work progressed at a rapid rate until Decem¬ 
ber 6th, 1884, when the aluminum apex was set at 555 feet 5% 
inches from the foundation and the work declared finished. 
The foundation is 146% feet square; number of stones used above 
the 130-foot level, 19,163; total weight stone used in work, 81,120 
tons. 

* The largest ferry-boat ever constructed was named the bolano, 
and is now in use daily conveying trains across the Straits of 

17 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


Carquinez, between Benecia and Port Costa. The Solano is 460 
feet long, 116 feet wide, with 20 foot depth of hold. She has 
eight steel boilers, four rudders, and a tonnage of 3,841 tons. 
On her decks are four railway tracks, with capacity for 48 
ordinary freight cars and two locomotives, or 28 passenger 
coaches of the largest build. 

• The largest State in our grand republic is Texas, which con¬ 
tains 274,350 square miles, capable of sustaining 20,000,000 of 
people, and then it would not be more crowded than Scotland 
is at present. It has been estimated that the entire population 
of the globe could be seated upon chairs within the boundary of 
Texas and each have four feet of elbow room. 

•The largest anvil is that used in the Woolwich Arsenal, Eng¬ 
land. It weighs sixty tons. The anvil block upon which it 
rests weighs 103 tons. Altogether 600 tons of iron were used 
in the anvil, the block and the foundation work. It is said to 
have been six months cooling before it was sufficiently hard to 
stand the shock of the immense hammer. 

• The Mississippi River, from the source of the Missouri to the 
Eads jetties, is the longest river in the world. It is 4,300 miles 
in length and drains an area of 1,726.000 square miles. The 
Amazon, which is without doubt the widest river in the world, 
including the Beni, is 4,000 miles in length and drains 2,330,000 
square miles of territory. 

• The highest building in the world, not counting the Eiffel 
tower and the Washington monument, is the Cologne cathedral. 
The height from the pavement to the top of the cupola is 511 
feet. It is 511 feet long, exactly the same as the height, and 
231 feet wide. It was begun August 15th in the year 1248, and 
was pronounced finished August 4th, 1880, over 600 years after 
the corner stone was laid. 

• The highest mountain on the globe is not, as is generally 
supposed, Mt. Everest, that honor belonging to a lofty peak 
named Mt. Hercules on the Isle of Papuja, New Guinea, dis¬ 
covered by Capt Lawson in 1881. According to Lawson, this 
monster is 32,763 feet in height, being 3,781 feet higher than Mt. 
Everest, which is only 29,002 feet above the level of the Indian 
Ocean. 

• New Orleans boasts the largest custom-house in this or any 
other land. It was begun in 1848, and over thirty years elapsed 
before it was finished and ready for usa It is built of Quincy 
granite, the interior being finished in finest marble. It has 111 
rooms; height from the pavement to the top of the cornice is 
eighty feet, and to the top of the light on the dome 187 feet. 
The dome itself is 49 feet square and 61 feet high; estimated 
total cost of building, $4,900,000. 

• Paris claims the finest theater in the world. It is of solid 
stone, finished with marble floors, and covers about four 
acres of ground. La Scala, of Milan, has the largest seating 
capacity, while the Auditorium at Chicago, completed in 1889, 
seating 7,000 people, ranks second in that respect 

18 


NUTSHELL ITEMS. 


Hebrew. 

Chaldaic 

Assyrian .. 

Syrian and Turkish 

Malay . 

Arabic . 

Languages of tho Magi...Orsi 


Old Egyptian.Teut 

Armenian .Teuti 

Modern Egyptian.Teun 

Greek .Theos 

Cretan .Thios 

Aedian and Dorian.Ilos 

Latin .Deus 

Low Latin.Diex 

Celtic Gaelic.Diu 

French .Dieu 

Spanish .Dios 

Portuguese .Deos 

Old German.Diet 

Provincial .Diou 

Low Breton.Done 

Italian ...Dio 

Irish .Dia 


Deu 
Gott 
God 
God 
God 
Goth 
.Gud 
.Gud 
..Buch 
....Bog 
. .Bung 
Jubinal 
Jumala 

Runic .As 

Zemblian .As 

Pannonlan .Istu 

Pannanlian .Istu 

Tartar .Magatai 

Coromandel .Brama 

Persian .Sire 

Chinese .Prussa 

Japanese .Goezer 

Madagascar .Zannar 

Peruvian .Puchecammae 


The Name of God in Forty-eight Languages. 

Eleah, Jehovah Olotu tongue. 


Eiliah German and Swiss... 

Eleah Flemish . 

Alah Dutch .. 

Alla English . 

Allah Teutonic . 

Danish and Swedish 
Norwegian 
Slav 
Polish 
Polacca 
Lapp 
Finnish 


•COMPARATIVE COST OF FREIGHT BY WATER AND 
RAIL—It has been proved by actual test that a single tow-boat 
can transport at one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans 29,000 
tons of coal, loaded in barges. Estimating in this way, the 
boat with its tow, worked by a few men, carries as much freight 
to its destination as 3,000 cars and 100 locomotives, manned by 
600 men, could transport 


THE COPYING PAD.—Put 1 ounce of glue to soak in cold 
water until pliable and soft. Drain off the surplus water and 
place the dish in another dish containing hot water. When the 
glue is thoroughly melted, add 6 ounces of glycerine, which 
has been previously heated, and mix the two, adding a few 
drops of carbolic acid to prevent molding. Pour out this mix¬ 
ture into a shallow pan (9x12 inches) and set away to cool, tak¬ 
ing care that the surface is free from blisters. After standing 
12 hours it is ready fcr use. To use, write on a sheet of paper 
with a sharp steel pen and strong aniline ink what you wish to 
duplicate. When dry, lay the paper face down on the pad, 
pressing it lightly, and allow it to remain for a moment. On 
removing the paper an impression will be found on the face of 
the pad, and if another paper is placed upon it, it will receive 
a similar impression. When enough impressions have been 
taken, the face of the pad should be immediately washed with 
a sponge and cold water until the ink impression is wholly 
removed. If the surface of the pad becomes dry, wipe it with 
* moist sponge, and, if uneven, melt over a slow fire. 

19 



















































LOISETTE’S SYSTEM OF MEMORY. 


So much has been said about Loisette’s memory system, the 
art has been so widely advertised, and so carefully guarded 
from all the profane who do not send five or many dollars to 
the Professor, that a few pages, showing how every man may 
be his own Loisette, may be both interesting and valuable. 

In the first place, the system is a good one, and well worth 
the labor of mastering, and if the directions are implicitly 
followed there can be no doubt that the memory will-be greatly 
strengthened and improved, and that mnemonic feats other¬ 
wise impossible may be easily performed. Loisette, however, 
is not an inventor, but an introducer. He stands in the same 
relation to Dr. Pick that the retail dealer holds to the manu¬ 
facturer: the one produced the article, the other brings it to 
the public. Even this statement is not quite fair to Loisette, 
for he has brought much practical common sense to bear upon 
Pick’s system, and, in preparing the new art of mnemonics for 
the market, in many ways he has made it his own. 

If each man would reflect upon the method by which he him¬ 
self remembers things, he would find his hand upon the key of 
the whole mystery. For instance, I was once trying to remem¬ 
ber the word blythe. There occurred to my mind the words 
“Bellman,” “Belle,” and the verse: 

“- the peasant upward climbing 

Hears the bells of Buloss chiming.” 

“Barcarole,” “Barrack,” and so on, until finally the word 
“Blythe” presented itself with a strange insistance, long after 
I had ceased trying to recall it. 

On another occasion, when trying to recall the name “Rich¬ 
ardson,” I got the words “hay-rick,” “Robertson,” “RandalLs- 
town,” and finally “wealthy,” from which, naturally, I got 
“rich” and “Richardson” almost in a breath. 

Still another example: Trying to recall the name of an old 
schoolmate, “Grady,” I got “Brady,” ‘'grave,” “gaseous,” 
“gastronome,” “gracious,” and I finally abandoned the attempt, 
6imply saying to myself that it began with a “G,” and there 
was an “a” sound after it. The next morning, when thinking 
of something entirely different, this name “Grady” came up in 
my mind with as much distinctness as though someone had 
whispered it in my ear. This remembering was done without 
any conscious effort on my part, and was evidently the result 
of the exertion made the day before when the mnemonic pro¬ 
cesses were put to work. Every reader must have had a similar 
experience which he can recall, and which will fall in line with 
the examples given. 

It follows, then, that when we endeavor, without the aid of 
any system, to recall a forgotten fact or name, our memory 
presents to us words of similar sound or meaning in its journey 
toward the goal to which we have started it. This goes to show 
that our ideas are arranged in groups in whatever secret cavity 
or recess of the brain they occupy, and that the arrangement 

20 



L01SETTHTS SYSTEM OF MEMORY. 


is not an alphabetical one exactly, and not entirely by meaning - , 
but after some fashion partaking - of both. 

If you are looking - for the word “meadow” you may reach 
“middle” before you come to it, or “Mexico,” or many words 
beginning with the “m” sound, or containing the “dow,” as 
“window,” or “dough,” or you may get “field” or “farm”—but 
you are on the right track, and if you do not interfere with 
your intellectual process you will finally come to the idea which 
you are seeking. 

How often have you heard people say, “I forget his name, it 
is something like Beadle or Beagle—at any rate it begins with a 



B.” Each and all of these were unconscious Loisettians, and 
they were practicing blindly, and without proper method or 
direction, the excellent system which he teaches. The thing, 
then, to do—and it is the final and simple truth which Loisetta 
teaches—is to travel over this ground in the other direction— 
to cement the fact which you wish to remember to some other 
fact or word which you know will be brought out by the 
implied conditions—and thus you will always be able to travel 
from your given starting-point to the thing which you wish to 
call to mind. 

To illustrate: Let the broken line in the annexed diagram 
represent a train of thought. If we connect the idea “a” with 
“e” through the steps b, c and d, the tendency of 
> the mind ever afterwards will be to get to e from 
a that way, or from any of the intermediates 
that way. It seems as though a channel were 
cut in our mind-stuff along which the memory 
l flows. How to make it flow this way will be seen 
later on. Loisette, in common with all the 
mnemonic teachers, uses the old device of rep¬ 
resenting numbers by letters—and as this is the first and 
easiest step in the art, this seems to be the most logical plac* 
to introduce the accepted equivalents of the Arabic numerals: 

0 is always represented by 8, z or c soft, 
is always represented by t, th or d. 
is always represented by n. 
is always lepiesented by m. 
is always represented by r. 

5 is always represented by 1. 

6 is always represented by sh, j, ch soft or g soft. 

7 is always represented by g hard, k, c hard, q cr final ng. 

8 is always represented by f or v. 

9 is always represented by p or b. 

All the other letters are used simply to fill up. Double letters 
in a word count only as one. In fact, the system goes by sound, 
not by spelling. For instance, “this” or “dizzy” would stand for 
ten; “catch” or “gush” would stand for 76, and the only diffi¬ 
culty is to make some word or phrase which will contain only 
the significant letters in the proper order, filled out with non¬ 
significants into some guise of meaning or intelligibility.* Sup- 


* See foot-note, p. 22. 

n 



LOISETTE'S SYSTEM OF MEMORY. 


pose you wished to get some phrase or word that would express 
the number 3,685, you arrange the letters this way: 



You can make out “image of law,” “my shuffle,” “match- 
ville,” etc., etc., as far as you like to work it out. 

Now, suppose you wished to memorize the fact that $1,000,000 
In gold weighs 3,685 pounds, you go about it in this way, and 
here is the kernel and crux of Loisette’s system: 

“How much does $1,000,000 in gold weigh?” 

* ‘Weigh—seal es. ’' 

“Scales—statue of Justice.” 

“Statue of Justice—image of law.” 

The process is simplicity itself. The thing you wish to recall, 
and that you fear to forget, is the weight: consequently you 
cement your chain of suggestion to the idea which is most 
prominent in your mental question. "What do you weigh with? 
Scales. What does the mental picture of scales suggest? The 
statue of Justice, blindfolded and weighing out award and pun¬ 
ishment to man. Finally, what is this statue of Justice but the 
image of law? And the words “image of law,” translated back 
from the significant letters m, g soft, f and 1, give you 3—6—8—5, 
the number of pounds in $1,000,000 in gold. You bind together 
in your mind each separate step in the journey, the one suggests 
the other, and you will find a year from now that the fact will 
be as fresh in your memory as it is today. You cannot lose it. 
It is not chained to you by an unbreakable mnemonic tie. Mark 
that it is not claimed that “weight” will of itself suggest 
“scales,” and “scales” “statue of Justice,” etc., but that, having 
once passed your attention up and down that ladder of ideas, 
your mental tendency will be to take the same route, and get 


♦You oen remember the equivalents by noting the fact that z is the first letter of 
“zero,” and c of “cipher,” t has but one stroke, n has two, m three. The script f 
is very like 8, the script p like 9; r is the last letter of four, 1 is the Roman num¬ 
eral for fifty, which suggests five. The others may be retained as memorizing 
these two nonsense lines: 

Rix shy Jewesses chase George. 

Seven great kiugs came quarreling. 

22 






















LOISETTE'S SYSTEM OF MEMORY. 

to the same gcal again and again. Indeed, beginning with the 
weight of $1,000,000, “image of law’’ will turn up in your mind 
without your consciousness of any intermediate station on the 
way, after some iteration and reiteration of the original chain. 

Again, so as to fasten the process in the reader’s mind even 
more firmly, suppose that it were desired to fix the date of the 
battle of Hastings (A. D. 1066) in the memory; 1066 may be 
represented by the words “the wise judge” (th — 1, s — 0, j — 6, 
dg —6; the others are non-significants); a chain might be made 
thus: 

Battle of Hastings—arbitrament of war. 

Arbitrament of war—arbitration. 

Arbitration—judgment. 

Judgment—the wise judge. 

Make mental pictures, connect ideas, repeat words and sounds, 
go about it any way you please, so that you will form a mental 
habit of connecting the “battle of Hastings” with the idea of 
“arbitrament of war,” and so on for the other links in the 
chain, and the work is done. 

Loisette makes the beginning of his system unnecessarily 
difficult, to say nothing of his illogical arrangement in the 
grammar of the art of memory, which he makes the first of his 
lessons. He analyzes suggestion into— 

1. Inclusion. 

2. Exclusion. 

3. Concurrence. 

All of which looks very scientific and orderly, but is really 
misleading and badly named. The truth is that one idea will 
suggest another; 

1. By likeness or opposition of meaning, as “house” ’suggests 
“room” or “door,” etc.; or, “white” suggests “black;” “cruel,” 
“kind,” etc. 

2. By likeness of sound, as “harrow” and “barrow;” “Henry” 
and “Hennepin.” 

3. By mental juxtaposition, a peculiarity different in each per¬ 
son, and depending upon each one’s own experiences. Thus, 
“St. Charles” ’suggests “railway bridge” to me, because I was 
vividly impressed by the breaking of the Wabash bridge at that 
point. “Stable” and “broken leg” come near each other in 
my experience, so do “cow” and “shot-gun” and “licking.” 

Out of these three sorts of suggestion it is possible to get from 
any one fact to any other in a chain certain and safe, along 
which the mind may be depended upon afterwards always to 
follow. 

The chain is, of course, by no means all. Its making and its 
binding must be accompanied by a vivid, methodically directed 
attention, which turns all the mental light gettable in a focus 
upon the subject passing across the mind’s screen. Before 
Loisette was thought of this was known. In the old times in 
England, in order to impress upon the mind of the rising gene¬ 
ration the parish boundaries in the rural districts, the boys 
were taken to each of the landmarks in succession, the position 

23 


L OISE T TE'S SYSTEM OF MEM OBI 


and bearings of each pointed out carefully, and, in order to 
deepen the impression, the young people were then and there 
vigorously thrashed—a mechanical method of attracting the 
attention which was said never to have failed. This system has 
had its supporters in many of the old-fashioned schools, and 
there are men who will read these lines who can recall, with an 
itching sense of vivid impression, the 144 lickings which were 
said to go with the multiplication table. 

In default of a thrashing, however, the student must cultivate 
as best he can an intense fixity of perception upon every fact 
or word or date that he wishes to make permanently his own. 
It is easy. It is a matter of habit. If you will you can photo¬ 
graph an idea upon your cerebral gelatine so that neither years 
nor events will blot it out or overlay it. You must be clearly 
and distinctly aware of the thing you are putting into your 
mental treasure-house, and drastically certain of the cord by 
which you have tied it to some other thing of which you are 
sure. Unless it is worth your while to do this, you might as 
well abandon any hope of mnemonic improvement, which will 
not come without the hardest kind of hard work, although it 
is work that will grow constantly easier with practice and 
reiteration. 

You need, then: 

1. Methodic suggestion. 

2. Methodic attention. 

3. Methodic reiteration. 

And this is all there is to Loisette, and a great deal it is. Two 
of them will not do without the third. You do not know how 
many steps there are from your hall door to your bed-room, 
though you have attended to and often reiterated the journey. 
But if there are twenty of them, and you have once bound the 
word “nice,” or “nose,” or “news,” or “hyenas,” to the fact of 
the stairway, you can never forget it. 

The Professor makes a point, and very wisely, of the impor¬ 
tance of working through some established chain, so that the 
whole may be carried away in the mind—not alone for the value 
of the facts so bound together, but for the mental discipline so 
afforded. 

Here, then, is the “President Series,” which contains the 
name and the date of inauguration of each president from 
Washington to Cleveland. The manner in which it is to be 
mastered is this: Beginning at the top, try to find in your 
mind some connection betw r een each word and the one follow¬ 
ing it. See how you can at some future time make one suggest 
the next, either by suggestion of sound or sense, or by mental 
juxtaposition. When you have found this dwell on it attentive¬ 
ly for a moment or two. Pass it backward and forward before 
you, and then go on to the next step. 

The chain runs thus, the names of the presidents being in 
capitals, the date words or date phrases being inclosed in 
parentheses: 


24 


LOISETTE’S SYSTEM OF MEMORY. 


President.Chosen for the first word as the one most apt to 

occur to the mind of any one wishing to repeat 
the names of the presidents. 

Dentist.President and dentist. 

Draw.What does a dentist do? 


(To give up)....When something is drawn from one it is given 
up. This is a date phrase meaning 1789. 
WASHINGTON.Associate the quality of self-sacrifice with 
Washington’s character. 

Morning wash...Washington and wash. 


Dew.Early wetness and dew. 

Flower beds.Dew and flowers. 

(Tookabouquet)Flowers and bouquet. Date phrase (1797 . 

Garden.Bouquet and garden. 

Eden.The first garden. 

Adam.Juxtaposition of thought 

ADAMS.Suggestion by sound. 

Fall.Juxtaposition of thought. 

Failure.Fall and failure. 

(Deficit).Upon a failure there is usually a deficit. Date 

word (1801). 

Debt.The consequence of a deficit. 


Confederate 

bonds...Suggestion by meaning. 

Jefferson Davis. Juxtaposition of thought. 

JEFFERSON. 

Now follow out the rest for yourself, taking about ten at a 
time, a.nd binding those you do last to those you have done be¬ 
fore each time, before attacking the next bunch. 


I 2 


JEFFERSON 
Judge Jeffreys 
(bloody acsize; 
bereavement 
(too heavy a sob) 
parental grief 
mad son 
MADISON 
Madeira 
first-rate wine 
frustrating 
(defeating) 
feet 

toe the line 
row 

MONRO® 

row 

boat 

steamer 


(the funnel) 
windpipe 
throat 
quinzy 

QUINCY ADAMS 

quince 

fine fruit 

(the fine boy) 

sailor boy 

sailor 

jack tar 

JACKSON 

stone wall 

indomitable 

(tough make) 

oaken furniture 

bureau 

VAN BUREN 

rent 


25 




















LOISETTE’S SYSTEM OF MEMORY. 


\ 


side-splitting 
(divert) 
annoy 
harassing 
HARRISON 
Old Harry 
the tempter 
(the fraud) 
painted clay 
baked clay 
tiles 
TYLER 
Wat Tyler 
poll tax 
compulsory 
(free will) 
free offering 
burnt offering 
poker 
POLK 

end of dance 

termination “ly” 

(adverb) 

part of speech 

part of a man 

TAYLOR 

measurer 

theodolite 

(Theophilus) 

fill us 

FILLMO'RE 

more fuel 

the flame 

flambeau 

bow 

arrow 

PIERCE 

hurt 

(feeling) 

wound 

soldier 

cannon 

BUCHANAN 

rebuke 

official censure 
(to officiate) 
wedding 
linked 
LINCOLN! 


link 

stroll 

sea shore 

(the heavy shell) 

mollusk 

unfamiliar word 

dictionary 

Johnson’s 

JOHNSON 

son 

bad son 

(thievish boy) 

dishonest boy 

take 

give 

GRANT 

award 

shool premium 

examination 

cramming 

(fagging) 

laborer 

hay field 

HATES 

hazy 

clear 

tvivid) 

brightly lighted 
camp fire 
war field 
GARFIELD 
Guiteau 
murderer 
prisoner 
prison fare 
(half fed) 
well fed 
well read 
author 
ARTHUR 
round table 
tea cup 
(half full) 
divide 
cleave 

CLEVELAND 
City of Cleveland 
two 
twice 


26 





LOISETTE’S SYSTEM OF MEMOEY. 


1 

2 

civil service 

(back) 

ward politician 

Mac 

(stop em) 

McKinley 

stop procession 

kill 

(tough boy) 

Czolgosz 

Little Ben 

(zees) 

Harry 

seize 

HARRISON 

ruffian 

Tippecanoe 

rough rider 

tariff too 

rouse 

knapsack 

ROOSEVELT 


It will be noted that some of the date words, as “free will,” 
only give three figures of the date, 845; but it is to be supposed 
that if the student knows that many figures in the date of 
Polk’s inauguration he can guess the other one. 

The curious thing about this system will now become appar¬ 
ent. If the reader has learned the series so that he can say it 
down, from President to Roosevelt, he can with no effort, and 
without any further preparation, say it backwards from Roose¬ 
velt up to the commencement! There could be no better proof 
that this is the natural mnemonic system. It proves itself by 
its works. 

The series should be repeated backward and forward every 
day for a month, and should be supplemented by a series of 
the reader’s own making, and by this one, which gives the 
numbers from 0 to 100, and which must be chained together be¬ 
fore they can be learned. 


O— hoes 


0—hoes 

1— wheat 

2— hen 
2—home 

4— hair 

5— oil 

6— shoe 

7— hook 

8— off 

9— bee 

10— daisy 

11— tooth 

12— dine 

13— time 

14— tower 
16—dell 

16— ditch 

17— duck 


IS dove 

19— tabby 

20— hyenas 

21— hand 

22— nun 

23— name 

24— owner 
2,5—nail 

26— hinge 

27— ink 

28— knife 

29— knob 

30— muse 
ri—mayday 

32— hymen 

33— mama 

34— mare 

35— mill 


27 












LOIS-ETTE’S SYSTEM OF MEMORY. 


36—i mags 
87—mug 

38— muff 

39— mob 

40— race 

41— hart 

42— horn, 

4’3—army 

44— warrior 

45— royal 

46— arch 

47— rock 

48— wharf 

49— rope 

50— wheels 

51— lad 
62—lion 

53— lamb 

54— 1 air 

55— lily 

56— lodge 

57— lake 
68—leaf 
59i—elbow 

60— chess 

61— cheat 

62— chain 
68—sham 

64— chair 

65— jail 

66— judge 

67— jockey 

68— shave 


69— ship 

70— eggs 

71— gate 

72— gun 
73^comb 

74— hawker 

75— coal 

76— cage 

77— cake 

78— coffee 

79— cube 

80— vase 

81— feet 

82— vein 
SC—fame 

84— fire 

85— vial 

86— fish 

87— fig 

88— fife 

89— fib 

90— pies 

91— putty 
9->— pane 

93— bomb 

94— bier 

96—bell 

96— peach 

97— book 

98— beef 

99— pope 

100—diocese 


I OO —diocese. 


By the use of this table, which should be committed as 
thoroughly as the President series, so that it can be repeated 
backward and forward, any date, figure or number can be at 
once constructed, and bound by the usual chain to the fact 
which you wish it to accompany. 

When the student wishes to go farther and attack larger 
problems than the simple binding of two facts together, there 
is little in Loisette’s system that is new, although there is 
much that is good. If it is a book that is to be learned as one 
would prepare for an examination. Each chapter is to be con¬ 
sidered separately. Of each an epitome is to be written in which 
the writer must exercise all of his ingenuity to reduce the mat¬ 
ter in hand to its final skeleton cf fact. This he is to commit to 
memory both by the use of the chain and the old swstem of 
interrogation. Suppose after much labor through a wide space 
of language one boils a chapter or an event down to the final 

28 






LOOSE T TE' S SYSTEM OF MEM OB Y. 


irreducible sediment: “Magna Charta was exacted by the 
barons from King John at Runnymede.” 

You must now turn this statement this way and that way; 
asking yourself about it every possible and impossible question, 
gravely considering the answers, and, if you find any part of it 
especially difficult to remember, chaining it to the question 
which will bring it out. Thus, “What was exacted by the 
barons from King John at Runnymede?” “Magna Charta.” 
“By whom was Magna Charta exacted from King John at 
Runnymede?” “By the barons.” “From whom was,” etc., etc.? 
“King John.” “From what king,” etc., etc.? “King John.” 
“Where was Magna Charta,” etc., etc.? “At Runnymede.” 

And so on and so on, as long as your ingenuity can suggest 
questions to ask, or points of view from which to consider the 
statement. Your mind will be finally saturated with the in¬ 
formation, and prepared to spill it out at the first squeeze of 
the examiner. This, however, is not new. It was taught in the 
schools hundreds of years before Loisette was born. Old 
newspaper men will recall in connection with it Horace Gree¬ 
ley’s statement that tho test of a news item was the clear and 
satisfactory manner in which a report answered the interro¬ 
gatories, “What?” “When?” “Where?” “Who?” “Why?” 

In the same way Loisette advises the learning of poetry, e. g.: 

“The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold.” 


“Who came down?” 

“How did the Assyrian come down?” 

“Like \Vhat animal did?” etc. 

And so on and so on, until the verses are exhausted of every 
scrap of information to be had out of them by the most assidu¬ 
ous cross-examination. 

Whatever the reader may think cf tho availability or value of 
this part of the system, there are so many easily applicable 
tests of the worth of much that Loisette has done, that it may 


be taken with the rest. 

Few people, to give an easy example, can remember the value 
of the ratio between the circumference and the diameter of the 
circle beyond four places of decimals, or at most six—3.141592. 
Here is the value to 108 decimal places: 

3. 14159265.3589793238.4626433832.7950288419.7169399375.1058209749.4459230781. 


6406286208.9986280348.2534211706.7982148086 plus. 

By a very simple application of the numerical letter values 
these 108 decimal places can be carried in the mind and recalled 
about as fast as you can write them down. All that is to be 
done is to memorize these nonsense lines: 

Mother Day will buy any shawl. 

My love pick up my new muff. 

A Russian jeer may move a woman. 

Cables enough for Utopia. 

Get a cheap ham pie by my cooley. 

The slave knows a bigger ape. 


I rarely hop on my sick foot. 


29 


L OISE TTE'S S YSTE3I OF MEMOR Y. 


Cheer a sage in a fashion safe. 

A baby fish now views my wharf. 

Annually Mary Ann did kiss a jay. 

A cabby found a rough savage. 

Now translate each significant into its proper value and you 
have the task accomplished. “Mother Day,’’ m—3, th—1, r—4. 
d—1, and so on. Bearn the lines one at a time by the method 
of interrogatories. “Who will buy any shawl?” “Which Mrs. 
Day will buy a shawl?” “Is Mother Day particular about the 
sort of shawl she will buy?” “Has she bought a shawl?” etc., 
etc. Then cement the end of each line to the beginning of the 
next one, thus, “Shawl”—“warm garment”—“warmth”—“love” 
—“my love,” and go on as before. Stupid as the work may 
seem to you, j r ou can memorize the figures in fifteen minutes 
this way so that you will not forget them in fifteen years. 
Similarly you can take Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates and turn 
fact after fact into nonsense lines like these which you cannot 
lose. 

And this ought to be enough to show anybody the whole art. 
If you look back across the sands of time and find out that it 
is that ridiculous old “Thirty days hath September” which 
comes to you when you are trying to think of the length of 
October—if you can quote your old prosody, 

“O datur ambiguis,” etc., 

with much more certainty than you can serve up your Horace; 
if, in fine, jingles and alliterations, wise and otherwise, have 
stayed with you, while solid and serviceable information has 
faded away, you may be certain that here is the key to the 
enigma of memory. 

You can apply it yourself in a hundred ways. If you wish 
to clinch in your mind the fact that Mr. Dove lives at 485 Dear¬ 
born Street, what is more easy than to turn 485 into the word 
“rifle” and chain the ideas together, say thus: “Dove—happi¬ 
ness-good time—picnic—forest—wood rangers—range—rifle range 
—rifle—fine weapon—costly weapon—dearly bought—Dearborn. 

Or if you wish to remember Mr Bowman’s name and you 
notice he has a mole on his face which is apt to attract your 
attention when you next see him, cement the ideas thus; “Mole, 
mark, target, archer, Bowman.” 


HOW TO RAISE THE BODY OF A DROWNED PERSON.— 
In a‘recent failure to recover the body of a drowned person in 
New Jersey, a French-Canadian undertook the job, and pro¬ 
ceeded as follows: Having supplied himself with some glass 
gallon jars and a quantity of unslaked lime, he went in a boat 
to the place where the man was seen to go down. One of the 
jars was filled half full of lime, and then filled with water 
and tightly corked. It was then dropped into the water and 
soon after exploded at the bottom of the river with a loud re¬ 
port. After the third trial, each time at a different place, the 
body rose to the surface and was secured. 

30 



500 ERRORS CORRECTED. 


Concise Buies in Grammar, Spelling and Pronunciation. 



HERE are several kinds of errors in speaking. The 


most objectionable of them all are those in which words 


are employed that are unsuitable to convey the meaning 
intended. Thus, a person wishing to express his intention of go¬ 
ing to a given place says, “ I propose going,” when, in fact, he 
purposes going. The following affords an amusing illustration 
of this class of error : A venerable matron was speaking of her 
son, who, she said, was quite stage-struck. “ In fact,” remarked 
the old lady, “he is going to a premature performance this 
evening ! ” Considering that most amateur performances are 
premature , it cannot be said that this word was altogether mis¬ 
applied ; though, evidently, the maternal intention was to con¬ 
vey quite another meaning. 

Other errors arise from the substitution of sounds similar to 
the words which should be employed ; that is, spurious words 
instead of genuine ones. Thus, some people say “ renumera- 
tive ,” when they mean “ remunerative .” A nurse, recommend¬ 
ing her mistress to have a perambulator for her child, advised 
her to purchase a preamputator ! 

Other errors are occasioned by imperfect knowledge of the 
English grammar : thus, many people say, “ Between you and 
I,” instead of “ Between you and me.” And there are numerous 
other departures from the rules .of grammar, which will be 
pointed out hereafter. 

Misuse of the Adjective : “ What beautiful butter!” 
“ What a nice landscape! ” They should say “ What a beautiful 
landscape /” “What nice butter /” Again, errors are fre¬ 
quently occasioned by the following causes : 

Mispronunciation of Words: Many persons say pro - 
noun ciation instead of pronunciation; others say pro-nun-ce-a-shun, 
instead of pro-nun-she-a-shun. 

Misdivision of Words and Syllables : This defect 
makes the words an ambassador sound like a nambassador , or 
an adder like a nadder. 

Imperfect Enunciation, as when a person says hebben for 
heaven , ebber for ever,jocholate for chocolate. 

To correct these errors by a systematic course of study would 
involve a closer application than most persons could afford, but 
the simple and concise rules and hints here given, founded upon 
usage and the authority of scholars, will be of great assistance to 
inquirers. 


31 



\ 


GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION 


RULES AND HINTS FOR CORRECT SPEAKING. 


V/ho and •whom are used in relation to persons, and which in relation to things 
But it was once common to say, “the man which.” This should now be avoided. 
It is now usual to say, “Our Father wiio art in heaven,” instead of '‘which art in 
heaven.” 

Whose is, however, sometimes applied to things as well as to persons. We may 
therefore say, “The country whose inhabitants are free.” 

Thou is employed in solemn discourse, and you in common language. Ye 
(plural) is also used in serious addresses, and you in familiar language. 

The uses of the word it are various, and very perplexing to the uneducated. It 
is not only used to imply persons, but things, and even ideas, and therefore in 
speaking or writing, its assistance is constantly required. The perplexity respect¬ 
ing this word arises from the fact that in using it in the construction of a long sen¬ 
tence, sufficient care is not taken to insure that when it is *mployed it really points 
»ut or refers to the object intended. For instance, “It was raining when John 
Jet out in his cart to go to market, and he was delayed so io^g .hat it was over be¬ 
fore he arrived.” Now what is to be understood by this sentence? Was the rain 
over? or the market? ELhcr or both might be inferred from the construction of the 
lentence, which, therefore, should be written thus:—“It was aining when John 
jet out in his cart to go to market, and he was delayed so long that the market was 
Dver before he arrived.” 

Rule. —After writing a sentence always look through It, and see that wherever the 
word it is employed, it refers to or carries the mind back to the object which it is 
Intended to point out. 

The general distinction between this and that may be thus defined: this de¬ 
motes an object present or near, in time or place ; that something which is absent. 

These refers, in the same manner, to present objects, while those refers to things 
<hat are remote. 

Who changes, under certain conditions, into whose and whom ; but that and 
which always remain the same, with the exception of the possessive case, as noted 
above. 

That may be applied to nouns or subjects of all sorts; as, the girl that went to 
school, the dog that bit me, the opinion that he entertains. 

The misuse of these pronouns gives rise to more errors in speaking and writing 
than any other cause. 

When you wish to distinguish between two or more persons, say, “ Which is the 
happy man ?” not who —“ Which of those ladies do you admire ?” 

Instead of “ Whom do you think him to be?” say, “ Who do you think him to 
be?” 

Whom should I see ? 

To whom do you speak? 

Who said so ? 

Who gave it to you ? 

Of whom did you procure them? 

Who was he? 

Who do men say that I am ? 

should never be added to his, their , mine, or thine. 

Each is used to denote every individual of a number. 

Every denotes all the individuals of a number. 

Either and or denote an alternative: “I will take either road, at your 
pleasure , ” “I will take this or that.” 

Neither means not either; and nor means not the other. 

Either is sometimes used for each —“Two thieves were crucified, on either side 
one.” 

“ Let each esteem others as good as themselves,” should be, “Let each esteem 
others as good as himself." 

“There are bodies each of which are so small,” should be, “each of which is so 
small.” 

Do not use dc’ ble mperlatives, such as most straightest, most highest, most 
finest. 


32 


GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 


The term worser has gone out of use; but lesser is still retained. 

The use of such words as chiefest, extremesi, etc., has become obsolete, because 
they do not give any superior force to the meanings of the primary words, chief, ex¬ 
treme , etc. 

Such expressions as more impossible, more indispensable, more universal, more 
uncontrolable, more unlimited, etc., are objectionable, as they really enfeeble the 
meaning which it is the object of the speaker or writer to strengthen. For instance, 
Impossible gains no strength by rendering it more impossible. This class of error is 
common with persons who say, “ A great large house,” “ A great big animal,” “ A 
J'ltle small foot,” “ A tiny little hand.” 

Here, there and where, originally denoting place, may now, by common consent, 
be used to denote other meanings; such as, “ There I agree with you,” “ Where we 
differ,” “ We find pain where we expected pleasure,” “ Here you mistake me.” 

Hence, whence and thence, denoting departure, etc., may be used without the 
word from. The idea of from is included in the word whence —therefore it is un¬ 
necessary to say “ From whence. ” 

Hither, thither, and whither, denoting to a place, have generally been super¬ 
seded by here, there, and where. But there is no good reason why they should not 
be employed. If, however, they are used, it is unnecessary to add the word to, be¬ 
cause that is implied—“ Whither are you going?” “ Where are you going?” 
Each of these sentences is complete. To say, “Where are you going toV’ is re-, 
dundant. 

Two negatives destroy each other, and produce an affirmative. " Nor did he 
not observe them,” conveys the idea that he did observe them. 

But negative assertions are allowable. “His manners are not impolite,” which 
implies that his manners are in some degree marked by politeness. 

Instead of “ Let you and /, ” say “Let you and me.” 

Instead of “I am not so tall as him,” say “ I am not so tall.as he.” 

When asked “Who is there?” do not answer "Me,” but “I.” 

Instead of “For you and /,” say “ For you and me.” 

Instead of “ Says If say, “I said.” 

Instead of “ You are taller than mef say “You are taller than I.” 

Instead of “I ain't,” or “I arn't,” say “I am not.” 

Instead of “ Whether I be present or no, say “ Whether I be present or not.” 

For “ Not that I know on, say “ Not that I know.” 

Instead of “ Was I to do so,” say “ Were I to do so.” 

Instead of “I would do the same if I was him,” say “I would do the same if I 
were he.” 

Instead of‘‘I had as lief go myself,” say “ I would as soon go myself, or “I 
would rather.” 

It is better to say “Six weeks ago,” than “Six weeks back.” 

It is better to say ‘‘Since which time,” than “ Since when.”. 

It is better to say “ I repeated it,” than “ I said so over again.” 

Instead of “ He was too young to have suffered much,” say “ He was too young to 
suffer much.” 

Instead of " Less friends,” say “Fewer friends.” Less refers to quantity. 

Instead of “A quantity of people,” say “A number of people.” 

Instead of “ lie and they we know,” say “ Him and them.” 

Instead of "As far as I can see,” say “So far as I can see.” 

Instead of “ A new pair of gloves, say “ A pair of new gloves.” 

Instead of “I hope you’ll think nothing on lit,” say “ I hope you’ll think nothing 
of it.” 

Instead of " Restore it back to me,” say “ Restore it to me. 

Instead of “I suspect the veracity of his story,” say “I doubt the truth of his 
story.” # 

Instead of “I seldom or ever see him,” say “ I seldom see him. w 

Instead of “I expected to have found him,” say " I expected to find him* 

Instead of “ Who learns you music?” say “Who teaches you music?” 

Instead of “ I never sing whenever I can help it,” say “ I never sing when I can 

Instead of “Before I do that I must/frj/ askleave,” say “Before I do t’ at I must 


ask leave.” 


33 


GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 

Instead of saying “The observation of the rule,” say “The observance cf the 
rule.” 

Instead of “ A man ^eighty years of age,” say “ A man eighty years old.” 

Instead of “ Here lays his honored head,” say “ Here lies his honored head.” 

Instead of “He died from negligence,” say “He died through neglect,” cr “in 
consequence of neglect.” 

Instead of “Apples are plenty,” say Apples are plentiful.” 

Instead of “The latter end ofthe year,” say “The end, or theclose, of the year.” 

Instead of “The then government,” say “The government of that age, or century, 
or year, or time.” 

Instead of “A couple of chairs,” say “Two chairs.” 

Instead of “They are united together in the bonds of matrimony,” say “ They 
are united in matrimony,” or “They are married.” 

Instead of “We travel slovo ,” say “We travel slowly.” 

Instead of “He plunged down into the river,” say “ He plunged into the river.” 

Instead of “He jumped from ojf of the scaffolding,” say “He jumped off the 
scaffolding.” 

Instead of “He came the last of all,” say “He came the last.” 

Instead of “ universal” with reference to things that have any limit, say “gen¬ 
eral; ” “generally approved,” instead of “universally approved;” “generally be¬ 
loved,” instead of “universally beloved.” 

Instead of “ They ruined one another,” say “They ruined each other.” 

Instead of “If in case I succeed,” say “ If I succeed.” 

Instead of “A large enough room,” say “A room large enough.” 

Instead of “I am slight in comparison to you,” say “ I am slight in comparison 
with you.” 

Instead of “ I went for to see him,” say “ I went to see him.” 

Instead of “The cake is all eat up” say “The cake is all eaten ” 

Instead of “ Handsome is as handsome does,” say “ Handsome is who handsome 
does.” 

In r tead of “The book fell on the floor,” say “The book fell to the floor.” 

Instead of “ His opinions are approved cf by all,” say “ His opinions are approved 
by all.” 

Instead of “ I will add one more argument,” say “ I will add one argument more,” 
or “another argument.” 

Instead of “ A sad curse is war,” say “War is a sad curse.” 

Instead of “He stands six foot high,” say “He measures six feet,” or “His 
height is six feet.” 

Instead of “ I go every now andthen,” say “I go sometimes for often).” 

Instead of ‘‘ Who finds him in clothes,” say “ Who provides him with clothes.” 

Say “The first two,” and the last two,” instead of “the two first” “ the two last.” 

Instead of “ His health yeas, drank with enthusiasm” say “ His health was drunk 
enthusiastically.” 

Instead of " Except I am prevented,” say “Unless I am prevented.” 

Instead of “In its primary sense,” say “ In its primitive sense.” 

Instead of “ It grieves me to see you,” say “I am grieved to see you.” 

Instead of “Give me them papers,” say “Give me those papers.*’ 

Instead of “ Those papers I hold in my hand,” say “These papers I hold in my 
hand.” 

Instead of “ I could scarcely imagine but what” say “I could scarcely imagine 
but that.” 

Instead of “ He was a man notorious for his benevolence,” say “ He was noted 
for his benevolence.” 

Instead of “ She was a woman celebrated for her crimes,” say “ She was notorious 
on account of her crimes.” 

Instead of “ What may your name be ?” say “What is your name ? ” 

Instead of “ I lifted it up,” say “ I lifted it.” 

Instead of “It is equally of the same value,” say “It is of the same value,” or 
" equal value.” 

Instead of “I knew it previous to your telling me,” say “I knew it previouslv 
your telling me ” 


34 


GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 


Instead of “ You was out when I called,” say “ You were out when I called.” 

Instead of “I thought I should have won this game,” say “I thought I should 
win this game.” 

Instead of “ This much is certain,” say “Thus much is certain,” or, “ So much is 
certain.” 

Instead of “He went away a s it maybe yesterday week,” say “He went away 
yesterday week.” 

Instead of “ He came the Saturday as it may be before the Monday ,” specify the 
Monday on which he came. 

Instead of “ Put your watch in your pocket,” say “ Put your watch into your 
pocket.” 

Instead of “ He has got riches,” say “He has riches.” 

Instead of “ Will you set down?” say “Will you sit down?” 

Instead of “ No thankee ,” say “ No, thank you.” 

Instead of “ I cannot do it without farther means,” say “ I cannot do it without 
further means.” 

Instead of “ No sooner but,” or “ No other but,” say «than.” 

Instead of “ Nobody else but her,” say “Nobody but her.” 

Instead of “ He fell down from the balloon,” say “ He fell from the balloon.” 

Instead of “ He rose up from the ground,” say “ He rose from the ground.” 

Instead of “ These kind of oranges are not good,” say “This kind of oranges is 
r.ot good.” 

Instead of “Somehow or another,” say “Somehow or other.” 

Instead of “ Will I give you some more tea?” say “Shall I give you some more 
tea?” 


Instead of “Oh dear, what will I do?” say “Oh dear, what shall I do?” 

Instead of “I think indifferent of it,” say “ I think indifferently of it.” 

Instead of “ I will send it conformable to your orders,” say “I will send it con¬ 
formably to your orders. ” 

Instead of “ To be given away gratis, ” say “ To be given away.” 

Instead of “Will you enter in ?” say “ Will you enter?” 

Instead of “ This three days or more,” say “These three days or more.” 

Instead of “ He is a bad grammarian,” say “ He is not a grammarian.” 

Instead of “ We accuse him for,” say “We accuse him of.” 

Instead of “ We acquit him from,” say “ We acquit him of.” 

Instead of “I am averse from that,” say “I am averse to that.” 

Instead of “ I confide on you,” say “ I confide in you.” 

Instead of “As soon as ever,” say “As soon as.” 

Instead of “ The very best,” or “The very worst,” say “The best or the worst.” 
Avoid such phrases as “No great shakes,” “ Nothing to boast of,” “Down in my 
boots,” “ Suffering from the blues.” AH such sentences indicate vulgarity. 

Instead of “No one hasn't called,” say “No one has called.” 

Instead of “ You have a right to pay me,” say “It is right that you should pay 


Instead of “I am going over the bridge,” say “I am going across the bridge.” 

Instead of “I should just think I could,” say “I think I can.” 

Instead of “ There has been a good deal,” say “ There has been much.” 

Instead of saying “ The effort you are making for meeting the bill,” say “ The 
effort you are making to meet the bill.” 

To say “ Do not give him no more of your money,” is equivalent to saying “Give 
him some of your money.” Say “ Do not give him any of your money.” 

Instead of saying They are not what nature designed, them,” say “They are 
are not what nature designed them to be.” 

Instead of saying “ I had not the pleasure of hearing his sentiments when I wrote 
that letter,” say “ I had not the pleasure of having heard,” etc. 

Instead of * The quality of the apples were good,” say ‘ ‘ The quality of the apples 
was good.” 

Instead of “The want of learning, courage and energy are more visible,” say, 
“Is more visible.” 

Instead of “We die for want,” say “ We die of want.” 

Instead of “ He died by fever,” say “ He died of fever.” 


35 


GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 

Instead of “ I enjoy bad health,” say “ My health is not good.” 

Instead of *• Either of the three,” say “ Any one of the three.” 

Instead of “ Better nor that,” say “ Better than that.” 

Instead of “ We often think<?» you,” say “We often think ofyou.” 

Instead of “ Mine is so good as yours,” say “Mine is as good as yours.” 

Instead of “ This town is not as large as we thought,” say “ This town is not so 
large as we thought.” 

Instead of “ Because why?” say “Why?” 

Instead of “ That there boy,” say “ That boy.” 

Instead of “That horse is not much worth," say “The horse is not worth much.” 

Instead of “ The subject-matter of debate,” say “ The subject of debate.” 

Instead of saying “ When he was come back,” say “ When he had come back.’ 1 

Instead of saying “His health has been shook," say “His health has been 
shaken.” 

Instead of “ It was spoke in my presence,” say “ It was spoken in my presence.” 

Instead of “ Very right,” or “ Very wrong,” say “ Right,” cr “ Wrong.” 

Instead of “The mortgageor paid him the money,” say “The mortgagee paid 
him the money,” The mortgagee lends ; the mortgageor borrows. 

Instead of “ I took you to be another person,” say “ I mistook you for another per¬ 
son.” 

Instead of “ On either side of the river,” say “ On each side of the river.” 

Instead of “ There's fifty,” say “ There are fifty.” 

Instead of “ The best of the two,” say “The better of the two.” 

Instead of “ My clothes have become too small for me,” say “I have grown too 
stout for my clothes.” * 

Instead of “ Two spoonsful of physic,” say “ Two spoonfuls of physic.” 

Instead of “ She said, says she,” say “She said.” 

Avoid such phrases as “ I said, says I,” “ Thinks I to myself,” etc. 

Instead of “ I don’t think so,” say “ I think not.” 

Instead of “ He was in eminent danger,” say “He was in imminent danger.” 

Instead of “ The weather is hot," say “ The weather is very warm.” 

Instead of “I sweat,” say “I perspire.” 

Instead of “I only want two dollars,” say “I want only two dollars.” 

Instead of “ Whatsomever,” say “ Whatever,” or “ Whatsoever.” 

Avoid such exclamations as “God bless me!” “God deliver me!” “By God 1’ 
“By Gosh!” “My Lord!” “ Upon my soul,” etc., which are vulgar on the one 
hand, and savor of impiety on the other, for—“Thou shalt net take the name of the 
Lord thy God in vain.” 


PRONUNCIATION. 

Accent is a particular stiess or force of the voice upon certain syllables or words. 
This mark ' in printing denotes the syllable upon which the stress or force of the 
voice should be placed. 

A word may have more than one accent. Take as an instance aspiration. In 
uttering this word we give a marked emphasis of the voice upon the first and third 
syllables, and therefore those syllables are said to be accented. The first of these 
accents is less distinguishable than the second, upon which we dwell longer, there¬ 
fore the second accent in point of order is called the primary, or chief accent of the 
word. 

When the full accent falls on a vowel, that vowel should have a long sound, as in 
vo'cal ; but when it falls on or after a consonant, the preceding vowel hasashoit 
sound, as in hab'it. , 

To obtain a goqd knowledge 01 pronunciation, it is advisable for the reader to 
listen to the examples given by good speakers, and by educated persons. We learn 
the pronunciation of words, to a great extent, by imitation, just as birds acquire the 
notes of other birds which may be near them. 

But it will be very important to bear in mind that there are many words having a 
double meaning or application, and that the difference of meaning is indicated by 
the difference of the accent. Among these words, nouns are distinguished from 

3G 



GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 


verbs by this means: nouns are mostly accented on the first syllable, and verbs on 
the last. 

Noun signifies name; nouns are the names of persons and things, as well as of 
things not material and palpable, but of which we have a conception and knowl¬ 
edge, such as courage, firmness, goodness, strength ; and verbs express actions, 
movements, &c. If the word used signifies that anything has been done, or is being 
done, or is, or is to be done, then that word is a verb. 

Thus when we say that anything is “ an in'sult,” that word is a noun, and is ac- 
‘cented on the first syllable ; but when we say he did it '‘to insult' another person,” 
the word insult' implies acting, and becomes a verb, and should be accented on the 
last syllaole. 

A list of nearly all the words that are liable to similar variation is given here. It 
will be noticed that those in the first column, having the accent on the first syllable, 
ar" mostly nouns; and that those in the second column, which have the accent on 
t'.* second and final syllable, are mostly verbs: — 


A cun, &fc. 

Ab'ject 

Ab'sent 

Ab'stract 

Ac'cent 

Affix 

As'pect 

Attribute 

Aug’ment 

Au'gust 

Bom bard 

Col'league 

Col'lect 

Com'ment 

Com'pact 

Com'plot 

Com'port 

Com'pound 

Com'press 

Con'cert 

Con'crete 

Con'duct 

Con'fine 

Con'flict 

Con'serve 

Con'sort 

Con'test 

Con'text 

Con'tract 


Verb, 6r>c. 

abject' 

absent' 

abstract* 

accent' 

affix' 

aspect' 

attrib'ute 

augment' 

august' 

bombard' 

colleague' 

collect' 

comment' 

compact' 

complot' 

comport' 

compound 1 

compress' 

concert' 

concrete' 

conduct' 

confine' 

conflict' 

conserve' 

consort' 

contest' 

context' 

contract' 


Noun, 6r>c. 

Con'trast 

Con'verse 

Con'vert 

Con'vict 

Con'voy 

De'crease 

Des'cant 

Des'ert 

De'tail 

Di'gest 

Dis'cord 

Dis'count 

Efflux 

Es'cort 

Es'say 

Ex'ile 

Ex'port 

Ex'tract 

Fer'ment 

Fore'cast 

Fore'taste 

Fre'quent 

Im'part 

Im'port 

Im'press 

Im'print 

In'cense 

In'crease 


Verb, &*c. 

contrast' 

converse' 

convert' 

convict' 

convoy' 

decrease' 

descant' 

desert' 

detail' 

digest' 

discord' 

discount' 

efflux' 

escort' 

essay' 

exile' 

export' 

extract' 

ferment' 

forecast' 

foretaste' 

frequent' 

impart' 

import' 

impress' 

imprint' 

incense' 

increase' 


Noun, &°c. 

In'l^y 

In'sult 

Ob'ject 

Out'leap 

Per'fect 

Per'fume 

Per'mit 

Pre'fix 

Prem'ise 

Pres'age 

Pres'ent 

Prod'uce 

Proj'ect 

Pro'test 

Reb'el 

Rec'ord 

Refuse 

Re'tail 

Sub'ject 

Su'pine 

Sur'vey 

Tor'ment 

Traj' ect 

Trans'fer 

Trans'port 

Un'dress 

Up'cast 

Up'start 


Verb, &c. 

inlay 

insult' 

object' 

outleap' 

perfect' 

perfume 

permit' 

prefix' 

premise' 

presage' 

present' 

produce' 

project' 

protest' 

rebel' 

record' 

refuse' 

retail' 

subject' 

supine' 

survey' 

torment' 

traject' 

transfer' 

transport' 

undress' 

upcast' 

upstait' 


Cement' is an exception to the above rule, and should always be accented on the 
last syllable. So also the word consols'. 


RULES OF PRONUNCIATION. 

C before a, o, and u, and in some other situations, is a close articulation, like k. 
Before e, i, and y, c is precisely equivalent to s in same, this ; as in cedar, civil, 
cypress, capacity. 

E final indicates that the preceding vowel is long; as in hate, mete, sire, robe, 
lyre, abate, recede, invite, remote, intrude. 

E final indicates that c preceding has the sound of s ; as in lace, lance ; and that 
g preceding has the sound of j, as in charge, page, challenge. 

E final in proper English words, never forms a syllable, and in the most used 
words, in the terminating unaccented syllable it is silent. Thus, inotivc, genuine, 
examine, grenite, are pronounced motiv, genuin, examin, granit. 

E final, in a few words of foreign origin, forms a syllable ; as syncope, simile , 

37 





GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 

E final is silent after / in the following terminations,— ble, cle, dle,fle, gle, kle, pie, 
tie, zle ; as in able, manacle, cradle, ruffle, mangle, wrinkle, supple , rattle,puzzle, 
which are pronounced ab'l, ntana'cl, era'dl, ruffl, man'gl, wrin'kl, sup'pi, puz'zl. 

E is usually silent in the termination en ; as in token, broken ; pronounced tokn, 
brokn. 

OUS, in the termination of adjectives and their derivatives, is pronounced us ; as 
in gracious, pious, pompously. 

CE, Cl, TI, before a vowel, have the sound of sh : as in cetaceous, gracious, mo-, 
tion, partial, ingratiate; pronounced cetashus, grashus, moshun, parshal, 
ingrashiate. 

SI, after an accented vowel, is pronounced like zh ; as in Ephesian, confusion : 
pronounced Ephezhan, confuzhon. 

'GH, both in the middle and at the end of words is silent; as in caught, bought, 
fright, nigh, sigh ; pronounced caut, baut, frite, ni, si. In the following excep¬ 
tions, however, £-A are pronounced as f: — cough, chough, clough, enough, laugh, 
rough, slough, tough, trough. 

When WH begins a word, the aspirate h precedes w in pronunciation: as in 
what, whiff, whale ; pronounced hwat, hwiffl, hwale, w having precisely the sound 
of oo, French ou. In the following words w is silent;— who, whom, whose, whoop, 
whole. 

H after r has no sound or use ; as in rheum, rhyme', pronounced reum, ryme. 

H should be sounded in the middle of words; as in forehead, abhor, behold, ex* 
Aaust, inAabit, unAorse. 

H should always be sounded except in the following words:—heir, herb, honest, 
ponor, hour, humor, and humble, and all their derivatives,— such as humorously, 
herived from humor. 

K and G are silent before n ; as know, gnaw ; pronounced no, naw. 

W before r is silent; as in wring, wreath ; pronounced ring, reath. 

B after m is silent; as in dumb, nwnb ; pronounced dum, num. 

L before k is silent as in balk, walk, talk ; pronounced bauk, wauk, tauk. 

PH has the sound of f : as in philosophy ; pronounced filosefy. 

NG has two sounds, one as in singer, the other as in fm-gcr. 

N after m, and closing a syllable, is silent; as in hymn, condemn. 

P before j and t is mute; as in psalm, pseudo, ptarmigan ; pronounced sarm, 
sudo, tarmigan. 

R has two sounds, one strong and vibrating, as at the beginning of words and sylla* 
bles, such as robber, reckon, error ; the other is at the terminations of the words, ot 
when succeeded by a consonant, as fariner, morn. 

There are other rules of pronunciation affecting the combinations of vowels, etc. ; 
but as they are more difficult to describe, and as they do not relate to errors which 
are commonly prevalent, it will suffice to give examples of them in the following list 
of words. When a syllable in any word in this list is printed in italics, accent oi 
6tress of voice should be laid on that syllable. 


WORDS OFTEN MISPRONOUNCED. 


Again, usually pronounced a -gen, not as 
spelled. 

Alien, ale-yen, not a-li-en. 

Antipodes, an-^-o-dees. 

Apostle, as a-pos’l, without the t. 

Arch, artch in compounds of our own 
language, as in archbishop, archduke ; 
but ark in words derived from the 
Greek, as archaic, ar-Aa-ik; archaeolo¬ 
gy, ar-keW-o-gy; archangel, ark -ain- 
gel; archetype, ar-ke-type ; archiepis- 


copal, ar-ke-e-//r-co-pal; archipelago, 
ar-ke-pel-a-go ; ar-chives, ar- kivz, etc 
Asia, a-shia. 

Asparagus as spe'led,[not asparagrass. 
Aunt, ant, not aif/nt. 

Awkward, awk -wurd, not awk -urd. 
Bade, bad. 

Because, b e-caws, not be-cos. 

Been, bin. 

Beloved, as a verb, b o-luvd ; as an ad¬ 
jective, be-/«z/-ed. Blessed, cursed, 

38 




GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 


etc., are subject to the same rule. 
Beneath, with the th in breath, not with 
the th in breathe. 

Eiog’raphy, as spelled, not beography. 
Caprice, capreece. 

Catch, as spelled, not ketch. 

Chaos, ka-oss. 

Charlatan, shar- latan. 

Chasm, kazm. 

Chasten, chasn. 

Chivalry, shiv-aXry. 

Chemistry, kem'-is-try. 

Choir, kwire. 

Combat, kom- bat. 

Conduit, kun- dit. 

Corps, kor: the plural corps Is pro¬ 
nounced korz. 

Covetous, cwz'-e-tus, not cuv-e-chus. 
Courteous curt- yus. 

Courtesy (politeness), cur- te-sey. 

Courtesy (a lowering of the body), curt- 

sey. 

Cresses, as spelled, not crcc-ses. 

Cu'riosity, cu-re-cr-e-ty, not curzvity. 
Cushion, coosh- un, not coosh-z«. 

Daunt, dawnt, not dant or darnt. 

Design and desist have the sound of s, not 
of z. 

Desire should have the sound of z. 

Dew, due, not doo. 

Diamond, as spelled, not di- mond. 
Diploma, de-//ii-ma, not dip- lo-ma. 
Diplomacy, de-^Z?-ma-cy, not dip-\o-m.a- 
cy. 

Divert (several), di-verz; but diverse 
(different), di-verse. 

Drought, drowt, not drawt. 

Duke, as spelled, not dook. 

Dynasty, ay- nas-ty, not dyn- as-te. 

Edict, c-dickt, not ccT-ickt. 

E’en, and e’er, een and air. 

Egotism, c-go-tism, not c^-o-tism. 

Either, c-ther. 

Engine, en-jin, not z*«-jin. 

Epistle, without the t. 

Epitome, e-//V-o-me. 

Epoch, <?/-ock, not <r-pock. 

Equinox, c-qui-nox, not cy-kwe-nox. 
Europe, U- rup, not iArope. 

Euro-/r-an, not Eu-r<?-pean. 

Every, ev-er-y, not ev-ry. 

Executor, egz-cc-utor, not with the sound 
of X. 

Extraordinary, ex-tror- di-ner-i, not ex- 
traordinary, nor extrornary. 

February, as spelled, not Febuary. 
Finance, (e-nance, not/?nance. 
Foundling, as spelled, notfond-Ymg. 
Garden, gar- dn, not gar-den, nor gard- 
ing. 

Gauntlet, gawnt-Iet, net gant-let. 


Geography, as spelled, not jography, or 
gehography. 

Geometry, as spelled, not jom-etry. 

Haunt, hawnt, not hant. 

Height, hite, not highth. 

Heinous, hay- nus, not hee- nus. 

Horizon, ho-rz"-z«, not hor- i-zon. 

Hymeneal, hy-men-<?-al, not hy-menal. 

Instead, in -sted, not instid. 

Isolate, z-so-late, not zz-olate, nor is¬ 
olate. 

Jalap, jat-ap, not jolup. 

January, as spelled, not Jenuary nor Jane- 
wary. 

Leave, as spelled, not leaf. 

Legend, /<y-end, or le-gend. 

Many, men- ney, not man-ny. 

Marchioness, zwar-shun-ess, not as spelled. 

Massacre, zzzzzj-sa-ker. 

Mattress, as spelled, not mat-t rass. 

Matron, ma- trun, not mat-ron. 

Medicine, med-e- cin, not med- cin. 

Minuve (sixty seconds), min- it. 

Minute (small), mi -nute. 

Mischievous, zzzzV-chiv-us, not mis -cheev- 
us. 

N e’er, for never, nare. 

New, nu, not noo. 

Oblige, as spelled, not obleege. 

Oblique, ob -leek, or o-blike. 

Odorous, <?-der-us, not czZ-ur-us. 

Of, ov, except when compounded witf 
there, here and where, which should 
be pronounced her e-cf, there-of, and 
where-gZl 

Off, as spelt, not awf. 

Organization, or-gan-i-za-shun. 

Ostrich, z>s-trich, not cs-tridge. 

Pageant, paj-e nt, not pa- jant. 

Parent, pare-e nt, not par-e nt. 

Partisan, par- te-zan, not par-te-z««, nor 
par- ti-zan. 

Physiognomy, as fiz-\-og-rtora.y, not physi- 
onnomy. 

Pincers, pin- cerz. not pinch-erz. 

Plaintiff, as spelled, not plantiff. 

Precedent (an example), pres-e-der\t; pre¬ 
cedent (going before in point of time, 
previous, former) is the pronunciation 
of the adjective. 

Prologue, pro- log, not prol- og. 

Radish, as spelled, not red-ish. 

Raillery, rail'-e r-y, or ral-e r-y, not as 
spelled. 

Rather, ra- ther, not ray-ther. 

Resort, re-zort. 

Resound, r e-zound. 

Respite, res- pit, not as spelled. 

Rout (a party; and to rout) should be pro¬ 
nounced rowt. Route (a road), root ot 
rowt. 


39 



GRAMMAR , SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. 


Saunter, sawn- ter, not sarn-ter or ja«-ter. 

Sausage, saw- sage, not .rai-sidge, sas- 
sage. 

Schedule, sl-ed- ule, not shed-ule. 

Seamstress is pronounced .yaawz-stress, but 
semp-stress, as the word is sometimes 
spelt, in pronounced .raw-stress. 

Shire, as spelled, when uttered as a single 
word, but shortened into shir in compo¬ 
sition. 

Shone, shon, not shun, nor as spelled. 

Soldier, sole- jer. 

Solecism, sol-e-c\zm, not ra-le-cizm. 

Soot, as spelled, not sut. 

Sovereign, sov-e r-in, or suv-er-in. 

Specious, r/a-shus, not spesh- us. 

Stomacher, stum-a-cber. 

Stone (weight), as spelled, not stun. 

Synod, sin- oa, not ry-nod. 

Tenure, te«-ure, not te- nure. 

Tenet, te»-et, not te-net. 


Than, as spelled, not thun. 

Tremor, trem- ur, not tre- mor. 

Twelfth should have the th sounded. 
Umbrella, as spelled, not um-ber-el-la. 
Vase, vaiz or vahz, not vawze. 

Was, woz, not wuz. 

Weary, weer- i, not wary. 

Were, wer, not ware. 

Wrath, rawth, not rath: as an adjective 
it is spelled wrath, and pronounced with 
the vowel sound shorter, as in wrath¬ 
ful, etc. 

Yacht, yot, not yat. 

Zenith, za«-ith, not za-nith. 

Zodiac, zo-de-ak. 

Zoology should have both ds sounded, as 
zo-ol- o-gy, not zaa-lo-gy. 

Note .—The tendency of all good elocu¬ 
tionists is to pronounce as nearly in ac* 
cordance with the spelling as possible. 


Pronounce— 

—ace, not iss, as furnace, notfurnter. 

—age, not idge, as cabbage, courage, postage, village. 

—ain, ane, not in, as certain, certain, not certz«. 

— ate, not it, as moderate, not moderzV 

— ect, not ec, as aspect, not aspac ; subject, not subjar. 

—ed, not id, or ud, as wicked, not wickz'd, or wickad. 

—el, not 1, model, not modi; novel, not nov 1. 

—en, not n, as sudda#, not sudd«.—Burden, burthen, garden, lengthen, seven, 
strengthen, often, and a few others, have the e silent. 

— ence, not unce, as influence, not influ -unce. 

—es, not is, as pleasar, not pleaste. 

—ile should be pronounced il, as fert/7, not fertzYe, in all words except chamomile 
(cam), exile, gentile, infantile, reconcile, and senila, which should be pronounced 
ile. 

—in, not n, as Latz'w, not Latw. 

—nd, not n, as husba«*f, not husbaw ; thousa«</, not thousaw. 

—ness, not nz'ss, as carefulwarr, not carefulness. 

—ng, not n, as singi«^, not singiw ; speakiw^, not speakiw. 

— ngth, not nth, as stre«£th not strewth. 

— son, the o should be silent; as in treason, tre-zn, not tre-son. 

—tal, not tie, as capita/, notcapitea ; metal, not met tie ; mortal, not mor t e /periodi- 
cal, not periodicte. 

—xt, not x, as next, not nex. 


WHAT’S IN A NAME? 

An Englishman whose name was Wemyss 
Went crazy at last, so it semyss. 

Because the people would not 
Understand that they ought 
To call him not Weemis, but Weems. 

Another whose last name was Knollys 
Tried vainly to vote at the pollys; 

But no ballot he cast 
Because to the last 

The clerk couldn’t call Knolliss Noles. 

40 




GRAMMAR, SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION . 

And then a young butcher named Belvoir 
Went and murdered a man with a devoir 
Because the man couldn’t, 

Or possibly wouldn’t, 

Pronounce his name properly Beever. 

There was an athlete named Strachan 
Who had plenty of sinew and brachan. 

And he’d knock a man down 
With an indignant frown 
If he failed to pronounce his name Strawn. 


SHORT RULES FOR SPELLING. 

Words ending in e drop that letter on taking a suffix beginning with a vowel. 
Exceptions—words ending in ge, ce, or oe. 

Final e of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with a conso¬ 
nant. Exceptions—words ending in dge, and truly, duly, etc. 

Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally changed 
Into. I on the addition of a suffix. Exceptions—retained before ing and ish, as 
pitying. Words ending in ie and dropping the e by Rule x, change the i to y, as 
lying. Final y is sometimes changed to e, as duteous. 

Nounsending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s; as 
money, moneys. Y preceded by a consonant is changed to ies in the plural; as 
bounty, bounties. 

Final y of a primitive word, preceded by a vowel, should not be changed into i 
before a suffix; as, joyless. 

In words containing el or le, c! Is used after the sound of s; as ceiling, seize, ex¬ 
cept in siege and a few words ending in cier. Inveigle, neither, leisure and weird 
also have ei. In other cases it is used, as in believe, achieve. 

Words endingin ceous or cious, when relating to matter, end In ceous; all 
others in cious. 

Words o? one syllable, endingin a consonant, with a single vowel before it, double 
the consonants in derivatives; as, ship, shipping, etc. But if ending in a consonant 
with a double vowel before it, they do not double the consonant in derivatives; as 
troop, trooper, etc. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending In a consonant preceded by a single 
vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant in derivatives; as 
commit, committed; but except chagrin, chagrined. 

All words of one syllable ending in 1, with a single vowel before it, have II at the 
close; as mill, sell. 

All words of one syllable ending in I, with a double vowel before it, have only one 
I at the close; as mail, sail. 

The words foretell, distill. Instill and fulfill, retain the double II of their primi¬ 
tives. Derivatives of dull, skill, will and full also retain the double II when the 
accent falls on these words; as dullness, skillful, willful, fullness. 


PUNCTUATION. 

A period (.) after every declarative and every imperative sentence; as. It Is true. 
Do right. 

A period after every abbreviation; as, Dr., Mr., Capt 
An interrogation point (?) after every question. 

The exclamation point (I) after exclamations; as, Alas! Oh, how lovely! 
Quotation marks (“ ") enclose quoted expressions; as, Socrates said; “ I be¬ 
lieve the soul is immortal.’* 

A colon (:) is used between parts of a sentence that are subdivided by semi- 
colons. . 

A colon Is used before a quotation, enumeration, or observation, that is intro- 

41 




PUNCTUA TION. 


ducecf by as /allows, tkt following, or any similar expression; as, Send me the 
following: io doz. “Armstrong’s Treasury,” 25 Schulte’s Manual, etc. 

A semicolon (;) between parts that are subdivided by commas. 

The semicolon is used also between clauses or members that are disconnected 
In sense; as, Man grows old; he passes away; all is uncertain. When as, namely, 
that is, is used to introduce an example or enumeration, a semicolon is put before 
it! and a comma after it; as. The night was cold; that is, for the time of year. 

A comma (,) is used to set off co-ordinate clauses, and subordinate clauses not 
restrictive; as, Good deeds are never lost, though sometimes forgotten. 

A comma is used to set off transposed phrases and clauses; as, “When the 
wicked entice thee, consent thou not.” 

A comma is used to set off interposed words, phrases and clauses; as. Let us, it 
we can, make others happy. 

A comma is used between similar or repeated words or phrases; as. The sky, 
the water, the trees, were illumined with sunlight. 

A comma is used to mark an ellipsis, or the omission of a verb orother important 
word. 

A comma is used to set off a short quotation informally introduced; as. Who 
said, “The good die young” ? 

A comma is used whenever necessary to prevent ambiguity. 

The marks of parenthesis () are used to enclose an interpolation where such 
Interpolation is by the writer or speaker of the sentence in which it occurs. Interpo¬ 
lations by an editor or by anyone other than the author of the sentence should be 
inclosed in brackets, []. 

Dashes (—) may be used to set off a parenthetical expression, also to denote an 
interruption or a sudden change of thought or a significant pause. 


THE USE OF CAPITALS. 

1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital. 

2. Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, should begin with a capital. 

3. All appellations of the Deity should begin with a capital. 

4. Official and honorary titles begin with a capital. 

5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital. 

6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and divisions are printed in 
capitals. 

7. The pronoun i, and the exclamation, O, are afways capitals. 

8. The days of the week, and the months of the year, begin with capitals. 

9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter. 

10. Names of religious denominations begin with capitals. 

11. In preparing accounts, each item should begin with a capital. 

12. Any word of special importance may begin with a capital. 


HOW TO WRITE A LETTER. 

A business letter should be written clearly, explicitly, and concisely. 

Figures should be written out, except dates; sums of money should be both in 
writing and figures. 

Copies should be kept of all business letters. 

When you receive a letter containing money It should be immediately counted 
and the amount marked on the top margin. 

Letters to a stranger about one’s own personal affairs, requesting answer, should 
always inclose a stamp. 

Short sentences are preferable to long ones. 

Letters requiring an answer should have prompt attention. 

Never write a letter while under excitement or when in an unpleasant humor. 

Never write an anonymous letter. 

Do not fill your letter with repetitions and apologies. 

42 




HOW TO WHITE A LETTER. 

Avoid writing with a pencil. Use black ink. Blue or violet may be used, but 
olack is better. 

In acknowledging receipt of a letter always mention date. 

Paper. Note, packet or letter size should be used. It is unbusinesslike and 
very poor taste to use foolscap or mere scraps. 

Paging. If single sheets are used they should be carefully paged. Business 
letters should be written on but one side of the sheet. 

Folding. A letter sheet should be folded from bottom upward. Bring lower 
edge near the top so as to make the length a trifle shorter than the envelope, then 
fold twice the other way. The folded sheet should be just slightly smaller than the 
envelope. 

If note sheet, fold twice from bottom upward. If envelope is nearly square, single 
fold of note sheet is sufficient. 

Envelopes, like the paper, should be white, and of corresponding size and 
quality. It is poor taste to use colored paper, or anything but black ink. 

The postage stamp should be placed at the upper right hand corner. 

Address. This should be so plainly written that no possible mistake could be 
made either in name or address. It is unnecessary to add the letters P. O. after the 
name of the place. When the letter reaches the town it is not likely to go to the 
court-house or jail. Letters of introduction should bear upon envelope the name 
and address of the person to whom sent, also the words in the lower left hand corner, 
*' Introducing Mr.-.” 


Luminous Paint. —This useful paint may, it is said, be made 
by the following simple method : Take oyster shells and clean 
them with warm water; put them into the fire for half an hour; 
at the end of that time take them out and let them cool. When 
quite cool pound them fine and take away any gray parts, as they 
are of no use. Put the powder in a crucible in alternate layers 
with flour and sulphur. Put on the lid and cement with sand 
made into a stiff paste with beer. When dry, put over the fire 
and bake for an hour. Wait until quite cold before opening the 
lid. The product ought to be white. You must separate all 
gray parts, as they are not luminous. Make a sifter in the follow¬ 
ing manner : Take a pot, put a piece of very fine muslin very 
lcosely across it, tie around with a string, put the powder into 
ihe top, and rake about until only the coarse powder remains; 
open the pot and you will find a very small powder; mix it into 
a thin paint with gum water, as two thin applications are better 
than one thick one. This will give a paint that will remain 
luminous far into the night, provided it is exposed to light during 
the day. 

Transferring Engravings. —It is said that engravings may 
be transferred on white paper as follows : Place the engraving 
a few seconds over the vapor of iodine. Dip a slip of white paper 
in a weak solution of starch, and when dry, in a weak solution of 
oil of vitriol. When again dry, lay a slip upon the engraving and 
place both for a few minutes under a press. The engraving will 
be reproduced in all its delicacy and finish. Lithographs and 
printed matter cannot be so transferred with equal success. 

43 




SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS 


A Dictionary of 12,000 Words of Similar and Contrary 
« Meaning. 

N O TWO words in the English language have exactly the 
same significance, but to express the precise meaning which 
one intends to convey, and also to avoid repetitions, it is 
often desirable to have at hand a Dictionary of Synonyms. Take 
President Cleveland’s famous phrase, “innocuous desuetude.” 
If he had said simply, “harmless disuse,” it would have sounded 
clumsy, whereas the words he used expressed the exact shade of 
meaning, besides giving the world a new phrase and the news¬ 
papers something to talk about. 

The following list of Synonyms, while not exhaustive, is 
quite comprehensive, and by cross-reference will answer most 
requirements. The appended Antonyms, or words of opposite 
meaning, enclosed in parentheses, will also be found extremely 
valuable, for one of the strongest figures of speech is a?itithesis, or 
contrast: 

ABANDON, leave, forsake, desert, renounce, relinquish, quit, forego, let go, 
waive. (Keep, cherish.) Abandoned, deserted, forsaken, wicked, reprobate, 
dissolute, profligate, flagitious, corrupt, depraved, vicious. (Cared for, virtuous ) 
Abandonment, leaving, desertion, dereliction, renunciation, defection. 
Abasement, degradation, fall, degeneracy, humiliation, abjection, debase¬ 
ment, servility. (Honor.) Abash, bewilder, disconcert, discompose, con¬ 
found, confuse, shame. (Embolden.) Abbreviate, shorten, abridge, condense, 
contract, curtail, reduce. (Extend.) Abdicate, give up, resign, renounce, aban¬ 
don, forsake, relinquish, quit, forego. Abet, help, encourage, instigate, incite, 
stimulate, aid, assist. (Resist.) Abettor, assistant, accessory, accomplice, pro¬ 
moter, instigator, particeps criminis, coadjutor, associate, companion, co-operator. 
(Opponent.) Abhor, dislike intensely, view with horror, hate, detest, abominate, 
loathe, nauseate. (Love.) Ability, capability, talent, faculty, capacity, qualifi¬ 
cation, aptitude, aptness, expertness, skill, efficiency, accomplishment, attain¬ 
ment. (Incompetency.) Abject, grovelling, low, mean, base, ignoble, worthless, 
despicable, vile, servile, contemptible. (Noble.) Abjure, recant, forswear, dis¬ 
claim, recall, revoke, retract, renounce. (Maintain.) Able, strong, powerful, 
muscular, stalwart, vigorous, athletic, robust, brawny, skillful, adroit, competent, 
efficient, capable, clever, self-qualified, telling, fitted. (Weak.) Abode, residence, 
habitation, dwelling, domicile, home, quarters, lodging. Abolish, quash, destroy, 
revoke, abrogate, annul, cancel, annihilate, extinguish, vitiate, invalidate, nullify. 
(Establish, enforce.) Abominable, hateful, detestable, odious, vile, execrable. 
(Lovable.) Abortive, fruitless, ineffectual, idle, inoperative, vain, futile. (Effec¬ 
tual.) About, concerning, regarding, relative to, with regard to, as to, respecting, 
vith respect to, referring to, around, nearly, approximately. Abscond, run off, 
steal away, decamp, bolt. Absent, a ., inattentive, abstracted, not attending to, 
listless, dreamy. (Present.) Absolute, entire, complete, unconditional unquali¬ 
fied, unrestricted, despotic, arbitrary, tyrannous, imperative, authoritative, imper¬ 
ious. (Limited.) Absorb, engross, swallow up, engulf, imbibe, consume, merge, 
fuse. Absurd, silly, foolish, preposterous, ridiculous, irrational, unreasonable, 
nonsensical, inconsistent. (Wise, solemn.) Abuse, 7> , asperse, revile, vilify, re¬ 
proach, calumniate, defame, slander, scandalize, malign, traduce, disparage, de- 

44 



STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 

predate, ill-use. (Praise, protect.) Abuse, n., scurrility, ribaldry, contumely, 
obloquy, opprobrium, foul, invective, vituperation, ill-usage. (Praise, protection.) 
Accede, assent to, consent, acquiesce, comply with, agree, coincide, concur, ap¬ 
prove. (Protest.) Accelerate, hasten, hurry, expedite, forward, quicken, des¬ 
patch. (Retard.) Accept, receive, take, admit. (Refuse.) Acceptable, agree¬ 
able, pleasing, pleasurable, gratifying, welcome. (Displeasing.) Accident, 
casualty, incident, contingency, adventure, chance. Accommodate, serve, 
oblige, adapt, adjust, fit, suit. (Disoblige, impede.) Accomplice, confederate, 
accessory, abettor, coadjutor, assistant, ally, associate, particeps criminis. (Ad¬ 
versary.) Accomplish, do, effect, finish, execute, achieve, complete, perfect, con¬ 
summate. (Fail.) Accomplishment, attainment, qualification, acquirement. 
(Defect.) Accord, grant, allow, admit, concede. (Deny.) Accost, salute, ad¬ 
dress, speak to, stop, greet Account, narrative, description, narration, relation, 
detail, recital, moneys, reckoning, bill, charge. Accountable, punishable, 
answerable, amenable, responsible, liable. Accumulate, bring together, amass, 
collect, gather. (Scatter, dissipate.) Accumulation, collection, store, mass, 
congeries, concentration. Accurate, correct, exact, precise, nice, truthful. 
(Erroneous, careless.) Achieve, do, accomplish, effect, fulfill, execute, gain, win. 
Achievement, feat, exploit, accomplishment, attainment, performance, acquire¬ 
ment, gain. (Failure.) Acknowledge, admit, confess, own, avow, grant, recog¬ 
nize, allow, concede. (Deny.) Acquaint, inform, enlighten, apprise, make 
aware, make known, notify, communicate. (Deceive.) Acquaintance, famil¬ 
iarity, intimacy, cognizance, fellowship, companionship, knowledge. (Unfamil¬ 
iarity.) Acquiesce, agree, accede, assent, comply, consent, give way, coincide 
with. (Protest.) Acquit, pardon, forgive, discharge, set free, clear, absolve. 
(Condemn, convict.) Act, do, operate, make, perform, play, enact. Action, 
deed, achievement, feat, exploit, accomplishment, battle, engagement, agency, 
instrumentality. Active, lively, sprightly, alert, agile, nimble, brisk, quick, sup¬ 
ple, prompt, vigilant, laborious, industrious. (Lazy, passive.) Actual, real, posi¬ 
tive, genuine, certain. (Fictitious.) Acute, shrewd, intelligent, penetrating, 
piercing, keen. (Dull.) Adapt, accommodate, suit, fit, conform. Addicted, 
devoted, wedded, attached, given up to, dedicated. Addition, increase, accession, 
augmentation, reinforcement. (Subtraction, separation.) Address, speech, dis¬ 
course, appeal, oration, tact, skill, ability, dexterity, deportment, demeanor. Ad¬ 
hesion, adherence, attachment, fidelity, devotion. (Aloofness.) Adjacent, 
near to, adjoining, contiguous, conterminous, bordering, neighboring. (Distant.) 
Adjourn, defer, prorogue, postpone, delay. Adjunct, appendage, appurtenance, 
appendency, dependency. Adjust, set right, fit, accommodate, adapt, arrange, 
settle, regulate, organize. (Confuse.) Admirable, striking surprising, wonderful, 
astonishing. (Detestable.) Admit, allow, permit, suffer, tolerate. (Deny.) Ad¬ 
vantageous, beneficial. (Hurtful.) Affection, love. (Aversion.) Affection¬ 
ate, fond, kind. (Harsh.) Agreeable, pleasant, pleasing, charming. (Disa¬ 
greeable.) Alternating, intermittent. (Continual.) Ambassador, envoy, 
plenipotentiary, minister. Amend, improve, correct, better, mend. (Impair.) 
Anger, ire, wrath, indignation, resentment. (Good nature.) Appropriate, 
assume, ascribe, arrogate, usurp. Argue, debate, dispute, reason upon. Arise, 
flow, emanate, spring, proceed, rise, issue. Artful, disingenuous, sly, tricky, in¬ 
sincere. (Candid.) Artifice, trick, stratagem, finesse. Association, combina¬ 
tion, company, partnership, society. Attack, assail, assault, encounter. (Defend, j 
Audacity, boldness, effrontery, hardihood. (Meekness.) Austere, rigid, rigor¬ 
ous, severe, stern. (Dissolute.) Avaricious, niggardly, miserly, parsimonious. 
(Generous.) Aversion, antipathy, dislike, hatred, repugnance. (Affection.) 
Awe, dread, fear, reverence. (Familiarity.) Awkward, clumsy. (Graceful.) 
Axiom, adage, aphorism, apothegm, by-word, maxim, proverb, saying, saw. 

BABBLE, chatter, prattle, prate. Bad, wicked, evil. (Good.) Baffle, confound, 
defeat, disconcert. (Aid, abet.) Base, vile, mean. (Noble.) Battle, action, 
:ombat, engagement. Bear, carry, convey, transport. Bear, endure, suffer, sup¬ 
port. Beastly, brutal, sensual, bestial. Beat, defeat, overpower, overthrow, 
rout. Beautiful, fine, handsome, pretty. (Homely, ugly.) Becoming, decent, 
fit, seemly, suitable. (Unbecoming.) Bog, beseech, crave, entreat, implore, solicit^ 


STNONTMS AND ANT ON TMS. 

supplicate. (Give.) Behavior, carriage, conduct, deportment, demeanor. Be¬ 
lief, credit, faith, trust. (Doubt.) Beneficient, bountiful, generous, liberal, 
munificent. (Covetous, miserly.) Benefit, favor, advantage, kindness, civility. 
(Injury.) Benevolence, beneficence, benignity, humanity, kindness, tender¬ 
ness. (Malevolence.) Blame, censure, condemn, reprove, reproach, upbraid. 
(Praise.) Blemish, flaw, speck, spot, stain. (Ornament.) Blind, sightless, heed¬ 
less. (Far-sighted.) Blot, cancel, efface, expunge, erase, obliterate. Bold, 
brave, daring, fearless, intrepid, undaunted. (Timid.) Border, brim, brink, edge, 
margin, rim, verge, boundary, confine, frontier. Bound, circumscribe, confine, 
limit, restrict. Brave, dare, defy. Bravery, courage, valor. (Cowardice.) 
Break, bruise, crush, pound, squeeze. Breeze, blast, gale, gust, hurricane, 
storm, tempest. Bright, clear, radiant, shining. (Dull.) Brittle. Burial, in¬ 
terment, sepulture. (Resurrection.) Business, avocation, employment, engage¬ 
ment, occupation, art, profession, trade. Bustle, stir, tumult, fuss. (Quiet.) 

CALAMITY, disaster, misfortune, mischance, mishap. (Good fortune.) 
Calm, collected, composed, placid, serene. (Stormy, unsettled.) Capa¬ 
ble, able, competent. (Incompetent.) Captious, fretful, cross, peevish, 
petulant. (Good-natured.) Care, anxiety, concern, solicitude, heed, at¬ 
tention. (Heedlessness, negligence.) Caress, kiss, embrace. (Spurn, buf¬ 
fet.) Carnage, butchery massacre, slaughter. Cause, motive, reason. (Ef¬ 
fect, consequence.) Cease, discontinue, leave off, end. (Continue.) Cen¬ 
sure, animadvert, criticise. (Praise.) Certain, secure, sure. (Doubt¬ 

ful.) Cessation, Intermission, rest, stop. (Continuance.) Chance, fate, 
fortune. (Design.) Change, barter, exchange, substitute. Changeable, fickle. 
Inconstant, mutable, variable. (Unchangeable.) Character, reputation, repute, 

standing. Charm, captivate, enchant, enrapture, fascinate. Chastity, purity, 

continence, virtue. (Lewdness.) Cheap, inexpensive, inferior, common. (De«*r.) 
Cheerful, gay, merry, sprightly. (Mournful.) Chief, chieftain, head, leader 
(Subordinate.) Circumstance, fact, incident. Class, degree, order, rank, 
Clear, bright, lucid, vivid. (Opaque.) Clover, adroit, dexterous, expert, skillful. 
(Stupid.) Clothed, clad, dressed. (Naked.) Coarse, rude, rough, unpolished. 
(Fine.) Coax, cajole, fawn, wheedle. Cold, cool, frigid, wintry, unfeeling, stoic¬ 
al, (Warm.) Color, dye, stain, tinge. Colorable, ostensible, plausible, 
specious. Combination, cabal, conspiracy, plot. Command, injunction, order, 
precept. Commodity, goods, merchandise, ware. Common, mean, ordinary, 
vulgar. (Uncommon, extraordinary.) Compassion, sympathy, pity, clemency. 
(Cruelty, severity.) Compel, force, oblige, necessitate. (Coax, lead.) Compen¬ 
sation, amends, recompense, remuneration, requital, reward. Compendium, 
compend, abridgment. (Enlargement.) Complain, lament, murmur, regret, re¬ 
pine. (Rejoice.) Comply, accede, conform, submit, yield. (Refuse.) Com¬ 
pound, complex. (Simple.) Comprehend, comprise, include, embrace, grasp, 
understand, perceive. (Exclude, mistake.) Comprise, comprehend, contain, em¬ 
brace, include. Conceal, hide, secrete. (Uncover.) Conceive, comprehend, 
understand. Conclusion, inference, deduction. Condemn, censure, blame, 
disapprove. (Justify, exonerate.) Conduct, direct, guide, lead, govern, regulate, 
manage. Confirm, corroborate, approve, attest. (Contradict.) Conflict, com¬ 
bat, contest, contention, struggle. (Peace, quiet.) Confute, disprove, refute, op¬ 
pugn. (Approve.) Conquer, overcome, subdue, surmount, vanquish. (Defeat ) 
Consequence, effect, event, issue, result. (Cause.) Consider, reflect, ponder, 
weigh. Consistent, constant, compatible. (Inconsistent.) Console, comfort, 
solace. (Harrow, worry.) Constancy, firmness, stability, steadiness. (Fickle¬ 
ness.) Contaminate, corrupt, defile, pollute, taint. Contemn, despise, dis¬ 
dain, scorn. (Esteem.) Contemplate, meditate, muse. Contemptible, de¬ 
spicable, paltry, pitiful, vile, mean. (Noble.) Contend, contest, dispute, strive, 
struggle, combat. Continual, constant, continuous, perpetual, incessant. (Inter¬ 
mittent. Continuance, continuation, duration. (Cessation.) Continue, persist, 
persevere, pursue, prosecute. (Cease.) Contradict, deny, gainsay, oppose. 
(Confirm.) Cool, cold, frigid. (Hot.) Correct, rectify, reform. Cost, charge, 
expense, price. Covetousness, avarice, cupidity. (Beneficence.) Cowardice, 
fear, timidity, pusillanimity. (Courage.) Crime, sin, vice, misdemeanor. (Vir- 

46 



STNOJVrMS AND ANTONT MS. 

tue.) Criminal, convict, culprit, felon, malefactor. Crooked, bent, curved. 
Oblique. (Straight.) Cruel, barbarous, brutal, inhuman, savage, (Kind.) Cul- 
tivation, culture, refinement. Cursory, desultory, hasty, slight. (Thorough.) 
Custom, fashion, manner, practice. 

DANGER, hazard, peril. (Safety.) Dark, dismal, opaque, obscure, dim. 
(i_.ignt.) Deadly, fatal, destructive, mortal. Dear, beloved, precious, costly, ex¬ 
pensive. (Despised, cheap.) Death, departure, decease, demise. (Life.) Decay, 
decline, consumption. (Growth.) Deceive, delude, impose upon, over-reach, gull, 
dupe cheat Deceit, cheat, imposition, trick, delusion, guile, beguilement, treach¬ 
ery, sham. (Truthfulness.) Decide, determine, settle, adjudicate, terminate, re= 
solve. Decipher, read, spell, interpret, solve. Decision, determination, con¬ 
clusion, resolution, firmness. (Vacillation.) Declamation, oratory, elocution, 
harangue, effusion, debate. Declaration, avowal, manifestation, statement, pro¬ 
fession. Decrease, diminish, lessen, wane, decline, retrench, curtail, reduce. 
(Growth.) Dedicate, devote, consecrate, offer, set, apportion. Deed, act, action, 
commission, achievement, instrument, document, muniment. Deem, judge, esti¬ 
mate, consider, think, suppose, conceive. Deep, profound, subterranean, sub¬ 
merged, designing, abstruse, learned. (Shallow.) Deface, mar, spoil, injure, dis¬ 
figure. (Beautify.) Default, lapse, forfeit, omission, absence, want, failure. De¬ 
fect, imperfection, flaw, fault, blemish. (Beauty, improvement ) Defend, guard, 
protect, justify. Defense, excuse, plea, vindication, bulwark, rampart. Defer, 
delay, postpone, put off, prorogue, adjourn. (Force, expedite.) Deficient, short, 
wanting, inadequate, scanty, incomplete. (Complete, perfect ) Defile, v., pollute, 
corrupt, sully. (Beautify.) Define, fix, settle, determine, limit. Defray, meet, 
liquidate, pay, discharge. Degree, grade, extent, measure. Deliberate, v., con¬ 
sider, meditate, consult, ponder, debate. Deliberate, a., purposed, intentional, 
designed, determined. (Hasty.) Delicacy, nicety, dainty, refinement, tact, soft¬ 
ness, modesty. (Boorishness, indelicacy.) Delicate, tender, fragile, dainty, re¬ 
fined. (Coarse.) Delicious, sweet, palatable.' (Nauseous.) Delight, enjoy¬ 
ment, pleasure, happiness, transport, ecstacy, gladness, rapture, bliss. (Annoy¬ 
ance.) Deliver, liberate, free, rescue, pronounce, give, hand over. (Retain.) 
Demonstrate, prove, show, exhibit, illustrate. Depart, leave, quit, decamp, re¬ 
tire, withdraw, vanish. (Remain.) Deprive, strip, bereave, despoil, rob, divest. 
Depute, appoint, commission, charge, intrust, delegate, authorize, accredit. De¬ 
rision, scorn, contempt, contumely, disrespect. Derivation, origin, source, be¬ 
ginning, cause, etymology, root. Describe, delineate, portray, explain, illustrate, 
define, picture. Desecrate, profane, secularize, misuse, abuse, pollute. (Keep 
holy.) Deserve, merit, earn, justify, win. Design, n., delineation, sketch, 
drawing, cunning, artfulness, contrivance. Desirable, expedient, advisable, val¬ 
uable, acceptable, proper, judicious, beneficial, profitable, good. Desire, »., 
longing, affection, craving. Desist, cease, stop, discontinue, drop, abstain, for- 
bare. (Continue, persevere.) Desolate, bereaved, forlorn, forsaken, deserted, 
wild, waste, bare, bleak, lonely. (Pleasant, happy.) Desperate, wild, daring, 
audacious, determined, reckless. Despised. Destiny, fate, decree, doom, end. 
Destructive, detrimental, hurtful, noxious, injurious, deleterious, baleful, bane¬ 
ful, subversive. (Creative, constructive.) Desuetude, disuse, discontinuance. 
(Maintenance.) Desultory, rambling, discursive, loose, unmethodical, superficial, 
unsettled, erratic, fitful. (Thorough.) Detail, n., particular, specification, minu¬ 
tiae. Detail, v., particularize, enumerate, specify. (Generalize.) Deter, warn, 
stop, dissuade, terrify, scare. (Encourage.) Detriment, loss, harm, injury, deter¬ 
ioration. (Benefit.) Develop, unfold, amplify, expand, enlarge. Device, artifice, 
expedient, contrivance. Devoid, void, wanting, destitute, unendowed, unprovided. 
(Full, complete.) Devoted, attached, fond, absorbed, dedicated. Dictate, 
prompt, suggest, enjoin, order, command. Dictatorial, imperative, imperious, 
domineering, arbitrary, tyrannical, overbearing. (Submissive.) Die, expire, de¬ 
part, perish, Secline, languish, wane, sick, fade, decay. Diet, food, victuals, 
nourishment, nutriment, sustenance, fare. Difference, separation, disagreement, 
discord, dissent, estrangement, variety. Different, various, manifold, diverse, 
unlike, separate, distinct. (Similar, homogeneous.) Difficult, hard, intricate, in¬ 
volved, perplexing, obscure, unmanageable. (Easy.) Diffuse, discursive, prolix, 

47 


STNONTMS AND AN TON VMS. 

diluted, copious. Dignify, aggrandize, elevate, invest, exalt, advance, promote, 
honor. (Degrade.) Dilate, stretch, widen, expand, swell, distend, enlarge, descant, 
expatiate. Dilatory, tardy, procrastinating, behindhand, lagging, dawdling. 
(Prompt.) Diligence, care, assiduity, attention, heed, industry. (Negligence.) 
Diminish, lessen,reduce, contract, curtail, retrench. (Increase.) Disability, un¬ 
fitness, incapacity. Discern, descry, observe, recognize, see, discriminate, separ¬ 
ate, perceive. Discipline, order, strictness, training, coercion, punishment, 
organization. (Confusion, demoralization. Discover, make known, find, invent, 
contrive, expose, reveal. Discreditable, shameful, disgraceful, scandalous, dis¬ 
reputable. (Creditable.) Discreet, cautious, prudent, wary, judicious. (Indiscreet ) 
Discrepancy, disagreement, difference, variance. (Agreement.) Discrimina¬ 
tion, acuteness, discernment, judgment, caution. Disease, complaint, malady, dis¬ 
order, ailment, sickness. Disgrace, n., disrepute, reproach, dishonor, shame, 
odium. (Honor.) Disgrace, v., debase, degrade, defame, discredit. (Exalt ) 
Disgust, dislike, distaste, loathing, abomination, abhorrence. (Admiration.) Dis¬ 
honest, unjust, fraudulent, unfair, deceitful, cheating, deceptive, wrongful. 
(Honest.) Dismay, v., terrify, frighten, scare, daunt, appall, dishearten. (En¬ 
courage.) Dismay, n., terror, dread, fear, fright. (Assurance.) Dismiss, send 
off, discharge, discard, banish. (Retain.) Dispel, scatter, drive away, disperse, 
dissipate. (Collect.) Display, show, spread out, exhibit, expose. (Hide.) Dis¬ 
pose, arrange, place, order, give, bestow. Dispute, v., argue, contest, contend, 
question, impugn. (Assent.) Disputa, n., argument, debate, controversy, quarrel, 
disagreement. (Harmony.) Dissent, disagree, differ, vary. (Assent) Distinct, 
clear, plain, obvious, different, separate. (Obscure, indistinct.) Distinguish, 
perceive, discern, mark out, divide, discriminate. Distinguished, famous, glor¬ 
ious, far-famed, noted, illustrious, eminent, celebrated. (Obscure, unknown, ordin¬ 
ary.) Distract, perplex, bewilder. (Calm, concentrate.) Distribute, allot, 
shar., dispense, apportion, deal. (Collect.) Disturb, derange, discompose, agi¬ 
tate, rouse, interrupt, confuse, annoy, trouble, vex, worry. (Pacify, quiet.) Dis¬ 
use discontinuance, abolition, desuetude. (Use.) Divide, part, separate, dis¬ 
tribute, deal out, sever, sunder. Divine, godlike, holy, heavenly, sacred, a par¬ 
son, clergyman, minister. Do, effect, make, perform, accomplish, finished, trans¬ 
act. Doci I, tractable, teachable, compliant, tame. (Stubborn.) Doctrine, tenet, 
articles of belief, creed, dogma, teaching. Doleful, dolorous, woe-begone, .ueful, 
dismal, piteous. (Joyous.) Doom, »., sentence, verdict, judgment, fate, lot, des¬ 
tiny. Doubt, n., uncertainty, suspense, hesitation, scruple, ambiguity. (Cer¬ 
tainty.) Draw, pull, haul, drag, attract, Inhale, sketch, describe. Dread, n., 
fear, horror, terror, alarm, dismay, awe. (Boldness, assurance.) Dreadtul, fear¬ 
ful, frightful, shocking, awful, horrible, horrid, terrific. Dress, n., clo.h ug, at¬ 
tire, apparel, garments, costume, garb, livery. Drift, purpose, meaning, scope, 
aim, tendency, direction. Droll, funny, laughable, comic, whimsical, queer, 
amusing. (Solemn.) Drow.i, inundate, swamp, submerge, overwhelm, engulf. 
Dry, a., and, parched, lifeless, dull, tedious, uninteresting, meagre. (Moist in¬ 
teresting, succulent.) Due, owing to, attributable to, just, fair, proper, debt, ignt. 
Dull, stupid, gloomy, sad, dismal, commonplace. (Bright.) Dunce, simpleton, 
fool, ninny, idiot. (Sage.) Durable, lasting, permanent, abiding, continuing. 
(Ephemeral, perishable ) Dwell, stay, stop, abide, sojourn, linger, iairy. Dwin¬ 
dle, pine, waste, diminish, decrease, fall off. (Grow.) 

EAGER, hot, ardent, impassioned, forward, impatient. (Diffident.) Earn, ac¬ 
quire, obtain, win, gain, achieve. Earnest, a., ardent, serious, grave, solemn, 
warm. (Trifling.) Earnest, n., pledge, pawn. Ease, n., comfort, rest. (Worry.) 
Ease, v., calm, alleviate, allay, mitigate, appease, assuage, pacify, disburden, rid, 
(Annoy, worry.) Easy, light, comfortable, unconstrained. (Difficult, hard.) 
Eccentric, irregular, anomalous, singular, odd, abnormal, wayward, particular, 
strange. (Regular, ordinary.) Economical, sparing, saving, provident, thrifty, 
frugal, careful, niggardly. (Wasteful.) Edge, border, brink, rim, brim, margin, 
verge. Efface, blot out, expunge, obliterate, wipe out, cancel, erase. Effect, n., 
consequence, result, issue, event, execution, operation. Effect, v. % accomplish, 
fulfill, realize, achieve, execute, operate, complete. Effective, efficient, operative, 
serviceable. (Vain, ineffectual.) Efficacy, efficiency, energy, agency, instrumen- 

4S 


STNONTMS AND A NT ON VMS. 

lality. Efficient, effectual, effective, competent, capable, able, fitted. Elimi¬ 
nate, drive out, expel, thrust out, eject, cast out, oust, dislodge, banish, proscribe. 
Eloquence, oratory, rhetoric, declamation. Elucidate, make plain, explain, 
clear up, illustrate. Elude, evade, escape, avoid, shun. Embarrass, perplex, 
entangle, distress, trouble. (Assist.) Embellish, adorn, decorate, bedeck, 
beautify, deck. (Disfigure.) Embolden, inspirit, animate, encourage, cheer, 
urge, impel, stimulate. (Discourage.) Eminent, distinguished, signal, conspicuous, 
noted, prominent, elevated, renowned, famous, glorious, illustrious. (Obscure, un¬ 
known.) Emit, give out, throw out, exhale, discharge, vent. Emotion, perturba¬ 
tion, agitation, trepidation, tremor, mental conflict. Employ, occupy, busy, take 
<.p with, engross. Employment, business, avocation, engagement, office, function, 
trade, profession, occupation, calling, vocation. Encompass, v., encircle, sur¬ 
round, gird, beset. Encounter, attack, conflict, combat, assault, onset, engage¬ 
ment, battle, action. Encourage, countenance, sanction, support, foster, cherish, 
inspirit, embolden, animate, cheer, incite, urge, impel, stimulate. (Deter.) End, 
n., aim, object, purpose, result, conclusion, upshot, close, expiration, termination, 
extremity, sequel. Endeavor, attempt, try, essay, strive, aim. Endurance, 
continuation, duration, fortitude, patience, resignation. Endure, v., last, con¬ 
tinue, support, bear, sustain, suffer, brook, submit to, undergo. (Perish ) Enemy, 
foe, antagonist, adversary, opponent. (Friend.) Energetic, industrious, effec¬ 
tual, efficacious, powerful, binding, stringent, forcible, nervous. (Lazy.) Engage, 
employ, busy, occupy, attract, invite, allure, entertain, engross, take up, enlist. 
Engross, absorb, take up, busy, occupy, engage, monopolize. Engulf, swallow 
up, absorb, imbibe, drown, submerge, bury, entomb, overwhelm. Enjoin, order, 
ordain, appoint, prescribe. Enjoyment, pleasure, gratification. (Grief, sorrow, 
sadness.) Enlarge, increase, extend, augment, broaden, swell. (Diminish.) 
Enlighten, illumine, illuminate, instruct, inform. (Befog, becloud.) Enliven, 
cheer, vivify, stir up, animate, inspire, exhilarate. (Sadden, quiet.) Enmity, ani¬ 
mosity, hostility, ill-will, maliciousness. (Friendship.) Enormous, gigantic, co¬ 
lossal, huge, vast, immense, prodigious. (Insignificant.) -lough, sufficient, 
plenty, abundance. (Want.) Enraged, infuriated, raging, wrathful. (Pacified.) 
Enrapture, enchant, fascinate, charm, captivate, bewitch. (Repel.) Enroll, en¬ 
list, list, register, record. Enterprise, undertaking, endeavor, venture, energy. 
Enthusiasm, earnest, devotion, zeal, ardor. (Ennui, lukewarmness.) Enthu¬ 
siast, fanatic, visionary. Equal, equable, even, like, alike, uniform. (Un¬ 
equal.) Eradicate, root out, extirpate, exterminate. Erroneous, incorrect, 
inaccurate, inexact. (Exact.) Error, blunder, mistake. (Truth.) Especially, 
chiefly, particularly, principally. (Generally.) Essay, dissertation, tract, treatise. 
Establish, build up, confirm. (Overthrow.) Esteem, regard, respect. (Con¬ 
tempt.) Estimate, appraise, appreciate, esteem, compute, rate. Estrangement, 
abstraction, alienation. Eternal, endless, everlasting. (Finite.) Evade, equivo¬ 
cate, prevaricate. Even, level, plain, smooth. (Uneven.) Event, accident, ad¬ 
venture, incident, occurrence. Evil, ill, harm, mischief, misfortune. (Good.) 
Exact, nice, particular, punctual. (Inexact ) Exalt, ennoble, dignify, raise. 
(Humble.) Examination, investigation, inquiry, research, search, scrutiny. Ex¬ 
ceed, excel, outdo, surpass, transcend. (FallShort.) Exceptional, uncommon, 
rare, extraordinary. (Common.) Excite, awaken, provoke, rouse, stir up. (Lull.) 
Excursion, jaunt, ramble, tour, trip. Execute, fulfill, perform. Exempt, free, 
cleared. (Subject.) Exercise, practice. Exhaustive, thorough, complete. 
(Cursory.) Exigency, emergency. Experiment, proof, trial, test. Explain, 
expound, interpret, illustrate, elucidate. Express, declare, signify, utter, tell. 
Extend, reach, stretch. (Abridge.) Extravagant, lavish, profuse, prodigal. 
(Parsimonious.) 

FABLE, apologue, novel, romance, tale. Face, visage, countenance. Face¬ 
tious, pleasant, jocular, jocose. (Serious.) Factor, agent. Fail, to fall short, be 
deficient. (Accomplish.) Faint, languid. (Forcible.) Fair, clear. (Stormy.) 
Fair, equitable, honest, reasonable. (Unfair.) Faith, creed. (Unbelief, infidelity.) 
Faithful, true, loyal, constant. (Faithless.) Faithless, perfidious, treacherous, 
(Faithful.) Fall, drop, droop, sink, tumble. (Rise.) Fame, renown, reputation, 
Famous, celebrated, renowned, illustrious. (Obscure.) Fanciful, capricious, 
fantastical, whimsical. Fancy, imagination. Fast, rapid, quick, fleet, expedl- 

49 


SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS. 


tious. (Slow.) Fatigue, weariness, lassitude. (Vigor.) Fear, timidity, timor¬ 
ousness. (Bravery.) Feeling, sensation, sense. Feeling, sensibility, suscepti¬ 
bility. (Insensibility.) Ferocious, fierce, savage, wild, barbarous. (Mild ) 
Fertile, fruitful, prolific, plenteous, productive. (Sterile.) Fiction, falsehood, 
fabrication. (Fact.) Figure, allegory, emblem, metaphor, symbol, type Find, 
find out, descry, discover, espy. (Lose, overlook.) Fine, a., delicate, nice. 
(Coarse.) Fine, forfeit, forfeiture, mulct, penalty. Fire, glow, heat, warmth. Firm, 
constant, solid, steadfast, fixed, stable. (Weak.) First, foremost, earliest. (Last.) 
Fit, accommodate, adapt, adjust, suit. Fix, determine, establish, settle, limit. 
jFlame, blaze, flare, flash, glare. Flat, level, even. Flexible, pliant, pliable, 
ductile, supple. (Inflexible.) Flourish, prosper, thrive. (Decay.) Fluctuating, 
wavering, hesitating, oscillating, vacillating, change. (Firm, steadfast, decided.) 
Fluent, flowing, glib, voluble, unembarrassed, ready. (Hesitating.) Folks, per¬ 
sons, people, individuals. Follow, succeed, ensue, imitate, copy, pursue. Fol¬ 
lower, partisan, disciple, adherent, retainer, pursurer, successor. Folly, silliness, 
foolishness, imbecility, weakness. (Wisdom.) Fond, enamored, attached, affec-> 
tionate. (Distant.) Fondness, affection, attachment, kindness, love. (Aversion.) 
Foolhardy, venturesome, incautious, hasty, adventurous, rash. (Cautious.) Fool¬ 
ish, simple, silly, irrational, brainless, imbecile, crazy, absurd, preposterous, ridicu¬ 
lous, nonsensical. (Wise, discreet.) Fop, <landy, dude, beau, coxcomb, puppy, 
jackanapes. (Gentlemen.) Forbear, abstain, refrain, withhold. Force, »., 
strength, vigor, dint, might, energy, power, violence, army, host. Force, v., com¬ 
pel. (Persuade.) Forecast, forethought, foresight, premeditation, prognostica¬ 
tion. Forego, quit, relinquish, let go, waive. Foregoing, antecedent, anterior, 
preceding, previous, prior, former. Forerunner, herald, harbinger, precursor, 
omen. Foresight, forethought, forecast, premeditation. Forge, coin, invent, 
frame, feign, fabricate, counterfeit. Forgive, pardon, remit, absolve, acquit, ex¬ 
cuse, except. Forlorn, forsaken, abandoned, deserted, desolate, lone, lonesome. 
Form, »., ceremony, solemnity, observance, rite, figure, shape, conformation, 
fashion, appearance, representation, semblance. Form, v., make, create, produce, 
constitute, arrange, fashion, mould, shape. Formal, ceremonious, precise, exact, 
stiff, methodical, affected. (Informal, natural.) Former, antecedent, anterior, 
previous, prior, preceding, foregoing. Forsaken, abandoned, forlorn, deserted, 
desolate, lone, lonesome. Forthwith, immediately, directly, instantly, instantane¬ 
ously. (Anon.) Fortitude, endurance, resolution, fearlessness, dauntlessness. 
(Weakness.) Fortunate, lucky, happy, auspicious, prosperous, successful. (Un¬ 
fortunate.) Fortune, chance, fate, luck, doom, destiny, property, possession, 
riches Foster, cherish, nurse, tend, harbor, nurture. (Neglect.) Foul, im¬ 
pure, nasty, filthy, dirty, unclean, defiled. (Pure, clean.) Fractious, cross, 
captious, petulant, touchy, testy, peevish, fretful, splenetic. (Tractable.) Fragile, 
brittle, frail, delicate, feeble. (Strong.) Fragments, pieces, scraps, chips, leav¬ 
ings, remains, remnants. Frailty, weakness, failing, foible, imperfection, fault, 
blemish. (Strength.) Frame, v., construct, invent, coin, fabricate, forge, mold, 
feign, make, compose. Franchise, right, exemption, immunity, privilege, free¬ 
dom, suffrage. Frank, artless, candid, sincere, free, easy, familiar, open, ingenu¬ 
ous, plain. (Tricky, insincere.) Frantic, distracted, mad, furious, raving, frenzied. 
(Quiet, subdued.) Fraud, deceit, deception, duplicity, guile, cheat, imposition. 
((Honesty.) Freak, fancy, humor, vagary, whim, caprice, crotchet. (Purpose, 
resolution.) Free, a., liberal, generous, bountiful, bounteous, munificent, frank, 
artless, candid, familiar, open, independent, unconfined, unreserved, unrestricted, 
exempt, clear, loose, easy, careless. (Slavish, stingy, artful, costly.) Free, v., 
release, set free, deliver, rescue, liberate, enfranchise, affranchise, emancipate, 
exempt. (Enslave, bind.) Freedom, liberty, independence, unrestraint, famili¬ 
arity, license, franchise, exemption, privilege. (Slavery.) Frequent, often, com¬ 
mon, usual, general. (Rare.) Fret, gall, chafe, agitate, irritate, vex. Friendly, 
amicable, social, sociable. (Distant, reserved, cool.) Frightful, fearful, dreadful, 
dire, direful, terrific, awful, horrible, horrid. Frivolous, trifling, trivial, petty. 
(Serious, earnest.) Frugal, provident, economical, saving (Wasteful, extrava¬ 
gant.) Fruitful, fertile, prolific, productive, abundant, plentiful, plenteous. (Bar¬ 
ren, sterile.) Fruitless, vain, useless, idle, abortive, bootless, unavailing, without 
avail. Frustrate, defeat, foil, balk, disappoint. Fulfill, accomplish, effect, 

50 



STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 

complete. Fully, completely, abundantly, perfectly. Fulsome, coarse gross, 
sickening, offensive, rank. (Moderate.) Furious, violent, boisterous, vehement 
dashing, sweeping, rolling, impetuous, frantic, distracted, stormy, angry raging* 
fierce. (Calm.) Futile, trifling, trivial, frivolous, useless. (Effective.) 

GAIN, n., profit, emolument, advantage, benefit, winnings, earnings. (Loss.) 
Gain, v., get, acquire, obtain, attain, procure, earn, win, achieve, reap, realize, 
reach (Lose.) Gallant, brave, bold, courageous, gay, fine, showy, intrepid, fear¬ 
less, heroic. Galling, chafing, irritating, vexing. (Soothing.) Game, play, 
pastime, diversion, sport, amusement. Gang, band, horde, company, troop, crew. 
Gap, breach, charm, hollow, cavity cleft, crevice, rift, chink. Garnish, embel¬ 
lish, adorn, beautify, deck, decorate. Gather, pick, cull, assemble, muster, infer, 
collect. (Scatter.) Gaudy, showy, flashy, tawdry, gay, glittering, bespangled. 
(Sombre.) Gaunt, emaciated, scraggy, skinny, meagre, lank, attenuated, spare, 
lean, thin. (Well-fed.) Gay, cheerful, merry, lively, jolly, sprightly, blithe. 
(Solemn.) Generate, form, make, beget, produce. Generation, formation, race, 
breed, stock, kind, age, era. Generous, beneficent, noble, honorable, bountiful, 
liberal, free. (Niggardly.) Genial, cordial, hearty, festive, joyous. (Distant, 
cold.) Genius, intellect, invention, talent, taste, nature, character, adept. Gen¬ 
teel, refined, polished, fashionable, polite, well-bred. (Boorish.) Gentle, placid, 
mild, bland, meek, tame, docile. (Rough, uncouth.) Genuine, real, true, un¬ 
affected, sincere. (False.) Gesture, attitude, action, posture. Get, obtain, earn, 
gain, attain, procure, achieve. Ghastly, pallid, wan, hideous, grim, shocking. 
Ghost, spectre, sprite, apparition, shade, phantom. Gibe, scoff, sneer, flout, jeer, 
mock, taunt, deride. Giddy, unsteady, flighty, thoughtless. (Steady.) Gift, 
donation, benefaction, grant, alms, gratuity, boon, present, faculty, talent. (Pur¬ 
chase.) Gigantic, colossal, huge, enormous, vast, prodigious, immense. (Diminu¬ 
tive.) Give, grant, bestow, confer, yield, impart. Glad, pleased, cheerful, joyful, 
gladsome, gratified, cheering. (Sad.) Gleam, glimmer, glance, glitter, shine, 
flash. Glee, gayety, merriment, mirth, jovialty, jovialness, catch. (Sorrow.) 
Glide, slip, slide, run, roll on. Glimmer, v., gleam, flicker, glitter. Glimpse, 
glance, look, glint. Glitter, gleam, shine, glisten, glister, radiate. Gloom, cloud, 
darkness, dimness, blackness, dulncss, sadness. (Light, brightness, joy.) Gloomy, 
lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, sad, glum. (Bright, clear.) Glorify, magnify, cele¬ 
brate, adore, exalt. Glorious, famous, renowned, distinguished, noble, exalted. 
(Infamous.) Glory, honor, fame, renown, splendor, grandeur. (Infamy.) Glutj 
gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, satiate, block up. Go, depart, proceed, move, budge, stir. 
God, creator, lord, almighty, jehovah, omnipotence, providence. Godly, right 
eous, devout, holy, pious, religious. Good, benefit, weal, advantage, profit, boon. 
(Evil.) Good, a., virtuous, righteous, upright, just, true. (Wicked, bad.) Gorge, 
glut, fill, cram, stuff, satiate. Gorgeous, superb, grand, magnificent, splendid 
(Plain, simple.) Govern, rule, direct, manage, command. Government, rule, 
state, control, sway. Graceful, becoming, comely, elegant, beautiful. (Awk 
ward.) Graoious, merciful, kindly, beneficent. Gradual, slow, progressive 
(Sudden.) Grand, majestic, stately, dignified, lofty, elevated, exalted, splendid, 
gorgeous, superb, magnificent, sublime, pompous. (Shabby.) Grant, bestow, in* 
part, give, yield, cede, allow, confer, invest. Grant, gift, boon, donation. Graph' 
ic, forcible, telling, picturesque, vivid, pictorial. Grasp, catch, seize, gripe ( 
clasp, grapple. Grateful, agreeable, pleasing, welcome, thankful. (Harsh.j 
Gratification, enjoyment, pleasure, delight,reward. (Disappointment.) Grave, 
a., serious, sedate, solemn, sober, pressing, heavy. (Giddy.) Grave, s., tomb 
sepulchre, vault. Great, big, huge, large, majestic, vast, grand, noble, august 
(Small.) Greediness, avidity, eagerness, voracity. (Generosity.) Grief, afflic 
tion, sorrow, trial, woe, tribulation. (Joy.) Grieve, mourn, lament, sorrow, pain 
hurt, wound, bewail. (Rejoice.) Grievous, painful, afflicting, heavy, baleful 
unhappy. Grind, crush, oppress, grate, harass, afflict. Grisly, terrible, hideous 
grim, ghastly, dreadful. (Pleasing.) Gross, coarse, outrageous, unseemly 
shameful, indelicate. (Delicate.) Group, assembly, cluster, collection, clump 
order, class. Grovel, crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak. Grow, increase, vegetate, ex 
pand, advance. (Decay, diminution.) Growl, grumble, snarl, murmur, complain 
Grudge, malice, rancor, spite, pique, hatred, aversion. Gruff, rough, rugged 

51 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 


blunt, rude, harsh, surly, bearish. (Pleasant.) Guile, deceit, fraud. (Candor.) 
Guiltless, harmless, innocent. Guilty, culpable, sinful, criminal. 

HABIT, custom, practice. Hail, accost, address, greet, salute, welcome, hap¬ 
piness, beatitude, blessedness, bliss, felicity. (Unhappiness.) Harbor, haven, 
port. Hard, firm, solid. (Soft.) Hard, arduous, difficult. (Easy.) Harm, in¬ 
jury, hurt, wrong, infliction. (Benefit.) Harmless, safe, innocuous, innocent, 
(ilurtful.) Harsh, rough, rigorous, severe, gruff, morose. (Gentle.) Hasten, 
accelerate, despatch, expedite, speed. (Delay.) Hasty, hurried, ill-advised. 
(Deliberate.) hateful, odious, detestable. (Lovable.) Hatred, enmity, ill-will, 
rancor. (Friendship.) Haughtiness, arrogance, pride. (Modesty.) Haughty, 
arrogant, disdainful, supercilious, proud. Hazard, risk, venture. Healthy, 
salubrious, salutary, wholesome. (Unhealthy.) Heap, accumulate, amass, pile. 
Hearty, a., cordial, sincere, warm. (Insincere.) Heavy, burdensome, ponderous, 
weighty. (Light.) Heed, care, attention. Heighten, enhance, exalt, elevate, 
raise. Heinous, atrocious, flagitious, flagrant. (Venial.) Help, aid, assist, re¬ 
lieve, succor. (Hinder.) Heretic, sectary, sectarian, schismatic, dissenter, non¬ 
conformist. Hesitate, falter, stammer, stutter. Hideous, grim, ghastly, grisly. 
(Beautiful.) High, lofty, tall, elevated. (Deep.) Hinder, impede, obstruct, pre¬ 
vent. (Help.) Hint, allude, refer, suggest, intimate, insinuate. Hold, detain, 
keep, retain. Holiness, sanctity, piety, sacredness. Holy, devout, pious, religious. 
Homely, plain, ugly, coarse. (Beautiful.) Honesty, integrity, probity, upright¬ 
ness. (Dishonesty.) Honor, v., respect, reverence, esteem. (Dishonor.) Hope, 
confidence, expectation, trust. Hopeless, desperate. Hot, ardent, burning, fiery. 
(Cold.) However, nevertheless, notwithstanding, yet. Humble, modest, sub¬ 
missive, plain, unostentatious, simple. (Haughty.) Humble, degrade, humiliate, 
mortify, abase. (Exalt.) Humor, mood, temper. Hunt, seek, chase. Hurtful, 
noxious, pernicious. (Beneficial.) Husbandry, cultivation, tillage. Hypocrite, 
dissembler, impostor, canter. Hypothesis, theory, supposition. 

IDEA, thought, imagination. Ideal, imaginary, fancied. (Actual.) Idle, in¬ 
dolent, lazy. (Industrious.) Ignominious, shameful, scandalous, infamous. 
^’Honorable.) Ignominy, shame, disgrace, obloquy, infamy, reproach. Ignorant, 
unlearned, illiterate, uninformed, uneducated. (Knowing.) Ill, n., evil, wicked¬ 
ness, misfortune, mischief, harm. (Good.) Ill, a., sick, indisposed, unwell, dis¬ 
eased. (Well.) Ill-tempered, crabbed, sour, surly, acrimonious. (Good- 
natured.) Ill-will, enmity, hatred, antipathy. (Good-will.) Illegal, unlawful, 
illicit, contraband, illegitimate. (Legal.) Illimitable, boundless, immeasurable, 
unlimited, infinite. Illiterate, unlettered, unlearned, untaught, uninstructed. 
(Learned, educated.) Illusion, fallacy, deception, phantasm. Illusory, imagin¬ 
ary, chimerical, visionary. (Real.) Illustrate, explain, elucidate, clear. Illus¬ 
trious, celebrated, noble, eminent, famous, renowned. (Obscure.) Image, 
likeness, picture, representation, effigy. Imaginary, ideal, fanciful, illusory. 
(Real.) Imagine, conceive, fancy, apprehend, think, presume. Imbecility, silli¬ 
ness, senility, dotage. Imitate, copy, ape, mimic, mock, counterfeit. Im¬ 
maculate, unspotted, spotless, unsullied, stainless. (Soiled.) Immediate, 
pressing, instant, next, proximate. Immediately, instantly, forthwith, directly, 
presently. Immense, vast, enormous, huge, prodigious, monstrous. Immunity, 
privilege, prerogative, exemption. Impair, injure, diminish, decrease. Impart, 
reveal, divulge, disclose, discover, bestow, afford. Impartial, just, equitable, un¬ 
biased. (Partial.) Impassioned, glowing, burning, fiery, vehement, intense. 
Impeach, accuse, charge, arraign, censure. Impede, hinder, retard, obstruct, 
prevent. (Help.) Impediment, obstruction, hindrance, obstacle, barrier. (Aid.) 
Impel, animate, induce, incite, instigate, embolden. (Retard.) Impending, 
imminent, threatening. Imperative, commanding, authoritative, despotic. Im¬ 
perfection, fault, blemish, defect, vice. Imperil, endanger, hazard, jeopardize. 
Imperious, commanding, dictatorial, authoritative, imperative, lordly, overbear¬ 
ing, domineering. Impertinent, intrusive, meddling, officious, rude, saucy, im¬ 
pudent, insolent. Impetuous, violent, boisterous, furious, vehement. (Calm.) 
Impious, profane, irreligious, godless. (Reverent.) Implicate, involve, en¬ 
tangle, embarrass, compromise. Imply, involve, comprise, infold, import, denote. 
Signify. Importance, signification, significance, avail, consequence, weight, 

52 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 


gravity, moment. Imposing, impressive, striking, majestic, august, noble, grand. 
(Insignificant.) Impotence, weakness, incapacity, infirmity, frailty, feebleness. 
(Power.) Impotent, weak, feeble, helpless, enfeebled, nerveless, infirm. (Strong.) 
Impressive, stirring, forcible, exciting, affecting, moving. Imprison, incarcer¬ 
ate, shut up, immure, confine. (Liberate.) Imprisonment, captivity, durance. 
Improve, amend, better, mend, reform, rectify, ameliorate, apply, use, employ. 
(Deteriorate.) Improvident, careless, incautious, imprudent, prodigal, wasteful, 
reckless, rash. (Thrifty.) Impudence, assurance, impertinence, confidence, in¬ 
solence, rudeness. Impudent, saucy, brazen, bold, impertinent, forward, rude, 
insolent, immodest, shameless. Impulse, incentive, incitement, motive, instiga¬ 
tion. Impulsive, rash, hasty, forcible, violent. (Deliberate.) Imputation, 
blame, censure, reproach, charge, accusation. Inadvertency, error, oversight, 
blunder, inattention, carelessness, negligence. Incentive, motive, inducement, 
impulse. Incite, instigate, excite, provoke, stimulate, encourage, urge, impel. 
Inclination, leaning, slope, disposition, tendency, bent, bias, affection, attachment, 
wish, liking, desire. (Aversion.) Incline, v., slope, lean, slant, tend, bend, turn, 
bias, dispose. Inclose, surround, shut in, fence in, cover, wrap. Include, com¬ 
prehend, comprise, contain, embrace, take in. Incommode, annoy, plague, 
molest, disturb, inconvenience, trouble. (Accomodate.) Incompetent, incapa¬ 
ble, unable, inadequate, insufficient. (Competent.) Increase, v., extend, en¬ 
large, augment, dilate, expand, amplify, raise, enhance, aggravate, magnify, grow. 
(Diminish.) Increase, n., augmentation, accession, addition, enlargement, exten¬ 
sion. (Decrease.) Incumbent, obligatory. Indefinite, vague, uncertain, un¬ 
settled, loose, lax. (Definite.; Indicate, point out, show, mark. Indifference, 
apathy, carelessness, listlessness, insensibility. (Application, assiduity.) Indi¬ 
gence, want, neediness, penury, poverty, destitution, privation. (Affluence.) In¬ 
dignation, anger, wrath, ire, resentment. Indignity, insult, affront, outrage, 
obloquy, opprobrium, reproach, ignominy. (Honor.) Indiscriminate, promis¬ 
cuous, chance, indistinct, confused. (Select, chosen.) Indispensable, essential, 
necessary, requisite, expedient. (Unnecessary, supernumerary.) Indisputable, 
undeniable, undoubted, incontestable, indubitable, unquestionable, sure, infallible. 
Indorse, ratify, confirm, superscribe. Indulge, foster, cherish, fondle. (Deny.) 
Ineffectual, vain, useless, unavailing, fruitless, abortive, inoperative. (Effective.) 
Inequality, disparity, disproportion, dissimilarity, unevenness. (Equality.) In¬ 
evitable, unavoidable, not to be avoided, certain. Infamous, scandalous, shame¬ 
ful, ignominious, opprobrius, disgraceful. (Honorable.) Inference, deduction, 
corollary, conclusion, consequence. Infernal, diabolical, fiendish, devilish, hellish. 
Infest, annoy, plague, harass, disturb. Infirm, weak, feeble, enfeebled. (Robust.) 
Inflame, anger, irritate, enrage,chafe, incense, nettle, aggravate, imbitter, exas¬ 
perate. (Allay, soothe.) Influence, v., bias, sway, prejudice, prepossess. Influ¬ 
ence, n., credit, favor, reputation, character, weight, authority, sway, ascendency. 
Infringe, invade, intrude, contravene, break, transgress, violate. Ingenuous, 
artless, candid, generous, open, frank, plain, sincere. (Crafty.) Inhuman, cruel, 
brutal, savage, barbarous, ruthless, merciless, ferocious. (Humane.) Iniquity, 
injustice, wrong, grievance. Injure, damage, hurt, deteriorate, wrong, aggrieve, 
harm, spoil, mar, sully. (Benefit.) Injurious, hurtful, baneful, pernicious, dele¬ 
terious, noxious, prejudicial, wrongful, damaging. (Beneficial.) Injustice, wrong, 
iniquity, grievance. (Right.) Innocent, guiltless, sinless, harmless, inoffensive, 
innoxious. (Guilty.) Innocuous, harmless, safe, innocent. (Hurtful.) Inordi¬ 
nate, intemperate, irregular, disorderly, excessive, immoderate. (Moderate.) In¬ 
quiry, investigation, examination, research, scrutiny, disquisition, question, query, 
interrogation. Inquisitive, prying, peeping, curious, peering. Insane, mad, 
deranged, delirious, demented. (Sane.) Insanity, madness, mental aberration, 
lunacy, delirium. (Sanity.) Insinuate, hint, intimate, suggest, infuse, introduce, 
ingratiate. Insipid, dull, flat, mawkish, tasteless, vapid, inanimate, lifeless. 
(Bright, sparkling.) Insolent, rude, saucy, pert, impertinent, abusive, scurrilous, 
opprobrious, insulting, offensive. Inspire, animate, exhilarate, enliven, cheer, 
breathe, inhale. Instability, mutability, fickleness, mutableness, wavering. 
(Stability, firmness.) Instigate, stir up, persuade, animate, incite, urge, stimulate, 
encourage. Instil, implant, inculcate, infuse, insinuate. Instruct, inform, 
teach, educate, enlighten, initiate. Instrumental, conducive, assistant, helping 

53 


SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS. 

ministerial. Insufficiency, inadequacy, incompetency, incapability, deficiency, 
lack. Insult, affront, outrage, indignity, blasphemy. (Honor.) Insulting, in* 
solent, rude, saucy, impertinent, impudent, abusive. Integrity, uprightness, hon¬ 
esty, probity, entirety, entireness, completeness, rectitude, purity. (Dishonesty.) 
intellect, understanding, sense, brains, mind, intelligence, ability, talent, genius. 
(Body.) Intellectual, mental, ideal, metaphysical. (Brutal.) Intelligible, 
clear, obvious, plain, distinct. (Abstruse.) Intemperate, immoderate, excessive, 
drunken, nimious, inordinate. (Temperate.) Intense, ardent, earnest, glowing, 
fervid, burning, vehement. Intent, design, purpose, intention, drift, view, aim, 
purport, meaning. Intercourse, commerce, connection, intimacy, acquaintance. 
Interdict, forbid, prohibit, inhibit, proscribe, debar, restrain from. (Allow.) In¬ 
terfere, meddle, intermeddle, interpose. Interminable, endless, interminate, 
infinite, unlimited, illimitable, boundless, limitless. (Brief, concise.) Interpose, 
intercede, arbitrate, mediate, interfere, meddle. Interpret, explain, expound, 
elucidate, unfold, decipher. Intimate, hint, suggest, insinuate, express, signify, 
impart, tell. Intimidate, dishearten, alarm, frighten, scare, appal, daunt, cow, 
browbeat. (Encourage.) Intolerable, insufferable, unbearable, insupportable, 
unendurable. Intrepid, bold, brave, daring, fearless, dauntless, undaunted, 
courageous, valorous, valiant, heroic, gallant, chivalrous, doughty. (Cowardly, 
faint-hearted.) Intrigue, plot, cabal, conspiracy, combination, artifice, ruse, 
amour. Intrinsic, real, true, genuine, sterling, native, natural. (Extrinsic.) In¬ 
validate, quash, cancel, overthrow, vacate, nullify, annul. Invasion, incursion, 
irruption, inroad, aggression, raid, fray. Invective, abuse, reproach, railing, cen¬ 
sure, sarcasm, satire. Invent, devise, contrive, frame, find out, discover, design. 
Investigation, examination, search, inquiry, research, scrutiny. Inveterate, 
confirmed, chronic, malignant. (Inchoate.) Invidious, envious, hateful, odious, 
malignant. Invigorate, brace, harden, nerve, strengthen, fortify. (Enervate.) 
Invincible, unconquerable, impregnable, insurmountable. Invisible, unseen, 
imperceptible, impalpable, unperceivable. Invite, ask, call, bid, request, allure, 
attract, solicit. Invoke, invocate, call upon, appeal, refer, implore, beseech. In¬ 
volve, implicate, entangle, compromise, envelop. Irksome, wearisome, tiresome, 
tedious, annoying. (Pleasant.) Irony, sarcasm, satire, ridicule, raillery. Irra¬ 
tional, foolish, silly, imbecile, brutish, absurd, ridiculous. (Rational.) Irregu¬ 
lar, eccentric, anomalous, inordinate, intemperate. (Regular.) Irreligious, 
profane, godless, impious, sacrilegious, desecrating. Irreproachable, blameless, 
spotless, irreprovable. Irresistible, resistless, irrepressible. Irresolute, waver¬ 
ing, undetermined, undecided, vacillating. (Determined.) Irritable, excitable, 
irascible, susceptible, sensitive. (Calm.) Irritate, aggravate, worry, embitter, 
madden, exasperate. Issue, v ., emerge, rise, proceed, flow, spring, emanate. 
Issue, n., end, upshot, effect, result, offspring, progeny. 

JADE, harass, weary, tire, worry. Jangle, wrangle, conflict, disagree. Jar¬ 
ring, conflicting, discordant, inconsonant, inconsistent. Jaunt, ramble, excur¬ 
sion, trip. Jealousy, suspicion, envy. Jeopard, hazard, peril, endanger. 
Jest, joke, sport, divert, make game of. Journey, travel, tour, passage. Joy, 
gladness, mirth, delight. (Grief.) Judge, justice, referee, arbitrator. Joyful, 
glad, rejoicing, exultant. (Mournful.) Judgment, discernment, discrimination, 
understanding. Justice, equity, right. Justice is right as established bylaw; 
equity according to the circumstances of each particular case. (Injustice.) Just¬ 
ness, accuracy, correctness, precision. 

KEEP, preserve, save. (Abandon.) Kill, assassinate, murder, slay. Kindred, 
affinity, consanguinity, relationship. Knowledge, erudition, learning, science. 
(Ignorance.) 

LABOR, toil, work, effort, drudgery. (Idleness.) Lack, need, deficiency, 
scarcity, insufficiency.. (Plenty.) Lament, mourn, grieve, weep. (Rejoice.) 
Language, dialect, idiom, speech, tongue. Lascivious, loose, unchaste, lustful, 
lewd, lecherous. _ (Chaste.) Last, final, latest, ultimate. (First.) Laudable, 

„ commendable, praiseworthy. (Elamable.) Laughable, comical, droll, ludicrous. 
(beri° us ) Lawful, legal, legitimate, licit. (Illegal.) Lead, conduct, guide. 

J ollow.) Lean, meagre. (Fat.) Learned, erudite, scholarly. (Ignorant.) 
Leave, v., quit, relinquish. Leave, n., liberty, permission, licence. (Prohibition.) 

54> 


SYNONTMS AND ANTONYMS. 


Life, existence, animation, spirit, vivacity. (Death.) Lifeless, dead, inanimate. 
Lift, erect, elevate, exalt, raise. (Lower.) Light, clear, bright. (Dark.) Light* 
ness, flightiness, giddiness, le\'ity, volatility. (Seriousness.) Likeness, resem¬ 
blance, similarity. (Unlikeness.) Linger, lag, loiter, tarry, saunter. (Hasten.) 
Little, diminutive, small. (Great.) Livelihood, living, maintenance, subsistence, 
support Lively, jocund, merry, sportive, sprightly, vivacious. (Slow, languid, 
sluggish.) Long, extended, extensive. (Short.) Look, appear, seem. Lose, 
miss, forfeit. (Gain.) Loss, detriment, damage, deprivation. (Gain.) Loud, 
clamorous, high-sounding, noisy. (Low, quiet.) Love, affection, (Hatred.) Low, 
abject, mean. (Noble.) Lunacy, derangement, insanity, mania, madness. 
(Sanity.) Lustre, brightness, brilliancy, splendor. Luxuriant, exuberant 
(Sparse.) 

MACHINATION, plot, intrigue, cabal, conspiracy. (Artlessness.) Mad, 
crazy, delirious, insane, rabid, violent, frantic. (Sane, rational, quiet.) Madness, 
insanity, fury, rage, frenzy. Magisterial, august, dignified, majestic, pompous, 
stately. Make, form, create, produce. (Destroy.) Malediction, anathema, 
curse, imprecation, execration. Malevolent, malicious, virulent, malignant 
(Benevolent) Malice, spite, rancor, ill-feeling, grudge, animosity, ill-will. 
(Benignity.) Malicious, see malevolent. Manacle, v., shackle, fetter, chain. 
(Free.) Manage, contrive, concert, direct Management, direction, superin¬ 
tendence, care, economy. Mangle, tear, lacerate, mutilate, cripple, maim. 
Mania, madness, insanity, lunacy. Manifest, v., reveal, prove, evince, exhibit 
display, show. Manifest, a., clear, plain, evident, open, apparent, visible. 
(Hidden, occult.) Manifold, several, sundry, various, divers, numerous. Manly, 
masculine, vigorous, courageous, brave, heroic. (Effeminate.) Manner, habit, 
custom, way, air, look, appearance. Manners, morals, habits, behavior, carriage. 
Mar, spoil, ruin, disfigure. (Improve.) March, tramp, tread, walk, step, space. 
Margin, edge, rim, border, brink, verge. Mark, n., sign, note, symptom, token, 
indication, trace, vestige, track, badge, brand. Mark, v., impress, print, stamp, 
engrave, note, designate. Marriage, wedding, nuptials, matrimony, wedlock. 
Martial, military, warlike, soldier-like. Marvel, wonder, miracle, prodigy. 
Marvelous, wondrous, wonderful, amazing, miraculous. Massive, bulky, heavy, 
weighty, ponderous, solid, substantial. (Flimsy.) Mastery, dominion, rule, sway, 
ascendancy, supremacy. Matchless, unrivaled, unequaled, unparalleled, peer* 
less, incomparable, inimitable, surpassing. (Common, ordinary.) Material, a., 
corporeal, bodily, physical, temporal, momentous, important. (Spiritual, imma- 
terial.) Maxim, adage, apophthegm, proverb, saying, by-word, saw. Meager, 
poor, lank, emaciated, barren, dry, uninteresting. (Rich.) Mean, a., stingy, 
niggardly, low, abject, vile, ignoble, degraded, contemptible, vulgar, despicable. 
(Generous.) Mean, v., design, purpose, intent, contemplate, signify, denote, in¬ 
dicate. Meaning, signification, import, acceptation, sense, purport. Medium, 
organ, channel, instrument, means. Medley, mixture, variety, diversity, miscel¬ 
lany. Meek, unassuming, mild, gentle. (Proud.) Melancholy, low-spirited, 
dispirited, dreamy, sad. (Jolly, buoyant.) Mellow, ripe, mature, soft. (Imma¬ 
ture.) Melodious, tuneful, musical, silver, dulcet, sweet. (Discordant) Mem¬ 
orable, signal, distinguished, marked. Memorial, monument, memento, com¬ 
memoration. Memory, remembrance, recollection. Menace, n., threat. Mend, 
repair, amend, correct, better, ameliorate, improve, rectify. Mention, tell, name, 
communicate, impart, divulge, reveal, disclose, inform, acquaint. Merciful, com¬ 
passionate, lenient, clement, tender, gracious, kind. (Cruel.) Merciless, hard¬ 
hearted, cruel, unmerciful, pitiless, remorseless, unrelenting. (Kind.) Merri¬ 
ment, mirth, joviality, jollity, hilarity. (Sorrow.). Merry, cheerful, mirthful, joy- 
ous, gay, lively, sprightly, hilarious, blithe, blithesome, jovial, sportive, jolly 
(Sad.) Metaphorical, figurative, allegorical, symbolical. Method, way, man¬ 
ner mode, process, order, rule, regularity, system. Mien, air, look, manner, as¬ 
pect, appearance. Migratory, roving, strolling, wandering, vagrant. (Settled, 
sedate, permanent.) Mimic, imitate, ape, mock. Mindful, observant, attentive, 
heedful, thoughtful. (Heedless.) Miscellaneous, promiscuous, indiscriminate, 
mixed. ’ Mischief, injury, harm, damage, hurt, evil, ill. (Benefit.) Miscreant, 
caitiff, villain, ruffian. Miserable, unhappy, wretched, distressed, afflicted 
(Happy.) Miserly, stingy, niggardly, avaricious, griping. Misery, wretched-- 


STNONTMS AND ANTONYMS. 

ness, woe, destitution, penury, privation, beggary. (Happiness.) Misfortune, 
calamity, disaster, mishap, catastrophe. (Good luck.) Miss, omit, lose, fail, mis¬ 
carry. Mitigate, alleviate, relieve, abate, diminish. (Aggravate.) Moderate, 
temperate, abstemious, sober, abstinent. (Immoderate.' Modest, chaste, virtu¬ 
ous, bashful, reserved. (Immodest.) Moist, wet, damp, dank, humid. (Dry.) 
Monotonous, unvaried, dull, tiresome, undiverSified. (Varied.) Monstrous, 
shocking, dreadful, horrible, huge, immense. Monument, memorial, record, re¬ 
membrancer, cenotaph. Mood, humor, disposition, vein, temper. Morbid, sick, 
ailing, sickly, diseased, corrupted. (Normal, sound.) Morose, gloomy, sullen, 
surly, fretful, crabbed, crusty. (Joyous.) Mortal, deadly, fatal, human. Mo¬ 
tion, proposition, proposal, movement. Motionless, still, stationary, torpid, stag¬ 
nant. (Active, moving.) Mount, arise, rise, ascend, soar, tower, climb, scale. 
Mournful, sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, grievous, doleful, heavy. (Happy.) Move, 
actuate, impel, induce, prompt, instigate, persuade, stir, agitate, propel, push. 
Multitude, crowd, throng, host, mob, swarm. Murder, v., kill, assassinate, slay, 
massacre, despatch. Muse, v., meditate, contemplate, think, reflect, cogitate, 
ponder. Music, harmony, melody, symphony. Musical, tuneful, melodious, 
harmonious, dulcet, sweet. Musty, stale, sour, fetid. (Fresh, sweet.) Mute, 
dumb, silent, speechless. Mutilate, maim, cripple, disable, disfigure. Muti¬ 
nous, insurgent, seditious, tumultuous, turbulent, riotous.. (Obedient, orderly.) 
Mutual, reciprocal, interchanged, correlative. (Sole, solitary.) Mysterious, 
dark, obscure, hidden, secret, dim, mystic, enigmatical,, unaccountable. (Open, 
clear.) Mystify, confuse, perplex, puzzle. (Clear, explain.) 

NAKED, nude, bare, uncovered, unclothed, rough, rude, simple. (Covered, 
clad.) Name, v., denominate, entitle, style, designate, term, call, christen. 
Name, appellation, designation, denomination, title, cognomen, reputation, 
character, fame, credit, repute. Narrate, tell, relate, detail, recount, describe, 
enumerate, rehearse, recite. Nasty, filthy, foul, dirty, unclean, impure, indecent, 
gross, vile. Nation, people, community, realm, state. Native, indigenous, in¬ 
born, vernacular. Natural, original, regular, normal, bastard. (Unnatural, forced.) 
Near, nigh, neighboring, close, adjacent, contiguous, intimate. (Distant.) Neces¬ 
sary, needful, expedient, essential, requisite, indispensable. (Useless.) Ne¬ 
cessitate, v., compel, force, oblige. Necessity, need, occasion, exigency, emer¬ 
gency, urgency, requisite. Need, «., necessity, distress, poverty, indigence, want, 
penury. Need, v., require, want, lack. Neglect, v., disregard, slight, omit, over¬ 
look. Neglect, n., omission, failure, default, negligence, remissness, carelessness, 
slight. Neighborhood, environs, vicinity, nearness, adjacency, proximity. 
Nervous, timid, timorous, shaky. New, fresh, recent, novel. (Old.) News, 
tidings, intelligence, information. Nice, exact, accurate, good, particular, precise, 
fine, delicate. (Careless, coarse, unpleasant.) Nimble, active, brisk, lively, alert, 
quick, agile, prompt. (Awkward.) Nobility, aristocracy, greatness, grandeur, 
peerage. Noble, exalted, elevated, illustrious, great, grand, lofty. (Low.) Noise, 
cry, outcry, clamor, row, din, uproar, tumult. (Silence.) Nonsensical, irrational, 
absurd, silly, foolish. (Sensible.) Notable, plain, evident, remarkable, signal, 
striking, rare. (Obscure.) Note, s., token, symbol, mark, sign, indication, re¬ 
mark, comment. Noted, distinguished, remarkable, eminent, renowned. (Ob¬ 
scure.) Notice, s., advice, notification, intelligence, information. Notice, v., 
mark, note, observe, attend to, regard, heed. Notify, v., publish, acquaint, ap¬ 
prise, inform, declare. Notion, conception, idea, belief, opinion, sentiment. No¬ 
torious, conspicuous, open, obvious, ill-famed. (Unknown.) Nourish, nurture, 
cherish, foster, supply. (Starve, famish.) Nourishment, food, diet, sustenance, 
nutrition. Novel, modern, new, fresh, recent, unused, strange, rare. (Old.) 
Noxious, hurtful, deadly, poisonous, deleterious, baneful. (Beneficial.) Nullify, 
annul, vacate, invalidate, quash, cancel, repeal. (Affirm.) Nutrition, food, diet, 
nutriment, nourishment. 

OBDURATE, hard, callous, hardened, unfeeling, insensible. (Yielding, tract¬ 
able.) Obedient, compliant, submissive, dutiful, respectful. (Obstinate.) Obese, 
corpulent, fat, adipose, fleshy. (Attenuated.) Obey, v., conform, comply, submit. 
(Rebel, disobey.) Object, s., aim, end, purpose, design, mark, butt. Object, v., 
oppose, except to, contravene, impeach, deprecate. (Assent.) Obnoxious, offen¬ 
sive. (Agreeable.) Obscure, undistinguished, unknown. (Distinguished.) 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 


Obstinate, contumacious, headstrong, stubborn, obdurate. (Yielding.) Occa¬ 
sion, opportunity. Offense, affront, misdeed, misdemeanor, transgression, tres¬ 
pass. Offensive, insolent, abusive, obnoxious. (Inoffensive.) Office, 
charge, function, place. Offspring, issue, progeny. Old, aged, superannuated, 
ancient, antique, antiquated, obsolete, old-fashioned. (Young, new.) Omen, pre¬ 
sage, prognostic. Opaque, dark. (Bright, transparent.) Open, candid, unre¬ 
served, clear, fair. (Hidden, dark.) Opinion, notion, view, judgment, belief, 
sentiment. Opinionated, conceited, egoistical. (Modest.) Oppose, resist, 
withstand, thwart. (Give way.) Option, choice. Order, method, rule, system, 
regularity. (Disorder.) Origin, cause, occasion, beginning, source. (End.) 
Outlive, survive. Ou.ward, external, outside, exterior. (Inner.) Over., above. 
(Under.) Overbalance, outweigh, preponderate. Overbear, bear down, over¬ 
whelm, overpower, subdue. Overbearing, haughty, arrogant, proud. (Gentle.) 
Overflow, inundation, deluge. Overrule, supersede, suppress. Overspread, 
overrun, ravage. Overturn, invert, overthrow, reverse, subvert. (Establish, 
fortify.) Overwhelm, crush, defeat, vanquish. 


PAIN, suffering, qualm, pang, agony, anguish. (Pleasure.) Pallid, pal*, wan. 
(Florid.) Part, division, portion, share, fraction. (Whole.) Particular, exact, 
distinct, odd, singular, strange. (General.) Patient, passive, submissive, meek. 
(Obdurate.) Peace, calm, quiet, tranquillity. (War, riot, trouble, turbulence.) 
Peaceable, pacific, peaceful, quiet. (Troublesome, riotous.) Penetrate, bore, 
pierce, perforate. Penetration, acuteness, sagacity. (Dullness.) People, 
nation, persons, folks. Perceive, note, observe, discern, distinguish. Percep¬ 
tion, conception, notion, idea. Peril, danger, pitfall, snare. (Safety.) Permit, 
allow, tolerate. (Forbid.) Persuade, allure, entice, prevail upon. Physical, 
corporeal, bodily, material. (Mental.) Picture, engraving, print, representation, 
illustration, image. Piteous, doleful, woful, rueful. (Joyful.) Pitiless, see 
merciless. Pity, compassion, sympathy. (Cruelty.) Place, »., spot, site, position, 
post, situation, station. Place, v., order, dispose. Plain, open, manifest, evi¬ 
dent. (Secret.) Play, game, sport, amusement. (Work.) Please, gratify, paci¬ 
fy. (Displease.) Pleasure, charm, delight, joy. (Pain.) Plentiful, abundant, 
ample, copious, plenteous. (Scarce.) Poise, balance. Positive, absolute, per¬ 
emptory, decided, certain. (Negative.) Possessor, owner, master, proprietor. 
Possible, practical, practicable. (Impossible.) Poverty, penury, indigence, 
need, want. (Wealth.) Power, authority, foice, strength, dominion. Powerful, 
mighty, potent. (Weak.) Praise, commend, extol, laud. (Blame.) Prayer, 
entreaty, petition, request, suit. Pretense, n., pretext, subterfuge. Prevailing, 
predominant, prevalent, general. (Isolated, sporadic.) Prevent, v., obviate, pre¬ 
clude. Previous, antecedent, introductory, preparatory, preliminary. (Subse¬ 
quent.) Pride, vanity, conceit. (Humility.) Principally, chiefly, essentially, 
mainly. Principle, ground, reason, motive, impulse, maxim, rule, rectitude, in¬ 
tegrity. Privilege, immunity, advantage, favor, prerogative, exemption, right, 
claim. Probity, rectitude, uprightness, honesty, integrity, sincerity, soundness. 
(Dishonesty.) Problematical, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, questionable, dis¬ 
putable, suspicious. (Certain.) Prodigious, huge, enormous, vast, amazing, as¬ 
tonishing, astounding, surp:*ing, remarkable, wonderful. (Insignificant.) Pro¬ 
fession, business, trade, occupation, vocation, office, employment, engagement, 
avowal. Proffer, volunteer, offer, propose, tender. Profligate, abandoned, dis¬ 
solute, depraved, vicious, degenerate, corrupt, demoralized. (Virtuous.) Pro¬ 
found, deep, fathomless, penetrating, solemn, abstruse, recondite. (Shallow) 
Profuse, extravagant, prodigal, lavish, improvident, excessive, copious, plentiful. 
(Succinct.) Prolific, productive, generative, fertile, fruitful, teeming. (Barren ) 
Prolix, diffuse, long, prolonged, tedious, tiresome, wordy, verbose, prosaic. (Con¬ 
cise, brief.) Prominent, eminent, conspicuous, marked, important, leading. 
(Obscure.) Promiscuous, mixed, unarranged, mingled, indiscriminate. (Select.) 
Prompt, see punctual. Prop, v., maintain, sustain, support, stay. Propa¬ 
gate, spread, circulate, diffuse, disseminate, extend, breed, increase. (Suppress.) 
Proper, legitimate, right, just, fair, equitable, honest, suitable, fit, adapted, meet, 
becoming, befitting, decent, pertinent, appropriate. (Wrong.) Prosper, flourish, 
succeed, grow rich, thrive, advance. (Fail.) Prosperity, well-being, weal, wel¬ 
fare, happiness, good luck. (Poverty.) Proxy, agent, representative, substitute. 


57 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 


delegate, deputy. Prudence, carefulness, judgment, discretion, wisdom (Indis* 
cretion.) Prurient, itching, craving, hankering, longing. Puerile, youthful, 
juvenile, boyish, childish, infantile, trifling, weak, silly. (Mature.) Punctilious, 
nice, particular, formal, precise. (Negligent.) Punctual, exact, precise, nice, 
particular, prompt, timely. (Dilatory.) Putrefy, rot, decompose, corrupt, decay. 
Puzzle, v., perplex, confound, embarrass, bewilder, confuse, pose, mystify. (En¬ 
lighten.) 

QUACK, impostor, pretender, charlatan, empiric, mountebank. (Savant.) 
Quaint, artful, curious, far-fetched, fanciful, odd, singular. Qualified, compe¬ 
tent, fitted, adapted. (Incompetent.) Quality, attribute, rank, distinction. 
Querulous, doubting, complaining, fretting, repining. (Patient.) Question, 
query, inquiry, interrogatory. Quibble, cavil, evade, equivocate, shuffle, prevari¬ 
cate. Quick, lively, ready, prompt, alert, nimble, agile, active, brisk, expeditious, 
adroit, fleet, rapid, swift, impetuous, sweeping, dashing, clever, sharp. (Slow.) 
Quote, note, repeat, cite, adduce. 

RABID, mad, furious, raging, frantic. (Rational.) Race, course, match, pur¬ 
suit, career, family, clan, house, ancestry, lineage, pedigree. Rack, agonize, 
wring, torture, excruciate, distress, harass. (Soothe.) Racy, spicy, pungent, 
smart, spirited, lively, vivacious. (Dull, insipid.) Radiance, splendor, bright¬ 
ness, brilliance, brilliancy, lustre, glare. (Dullness.) Radical, organic, innate, 
fundamental, original, constitutional, inherent, complete, entire. (Superficial. In 
a political sense, uncompromising; antonym, moderate.) Rancid, fetid, rank, 
stinking, sour, tainted, reasty. (Fresh, sweet.) Rancor, malignity, hatred, hos¬ 
tility, antipathy, animosity, enmity, ill-will, spite. (Forgiveness.) Rank, order, 
degree, dignity, nobility, consideration. Ransack, rummage, pillage, overhaul, 
explore, plunder. Ransom, emancipate, free, unfetter. Rant, bombast, fustian, 
cant. Rapacious, ravenous, voracious, greedy, grasping. (Generous.) Rapt, 
ecstatic, transported, ravished, entranced, charmed. (Distracted.) Rapture, 
ecstasy, transport, delight, bliss. (Dejection.) Rare, scarce, singular, uncommon, 
unique. Rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, scamp, vagabond. Rash, hasty, pre¬ 
cipitate, foolhardy, adventurous, heedless, reckless, careless. (Deliberate.) Rate, 
value, compute, appraise, estimate, chide, abuse. Ratify, confirm, establish, sub¬ 
stantiate, sanction. (Protest, oppose.) Rational, reasonable, sagacious, judicious, 
wise, sensible, sound. (Unreasonable.) Ravage, overrun, overspread, desolate, 
despoil, destroy. Ravish, enrapture, enchant, charm, delight, abuse. Raze, de¬ 
molish, destroy, overthrow, ruin, dismantle. (Build up.) Reach, touch, stretch, 
attain, gain, arrive at. Ready, prepared, ripe, apt, prompt, adroit, handy. (Slow, 
dilatory.) Real, actual, literal, practical, positive, certain, genuine, true. (Un¬ 
real.) Realize, accomplish, achieve, effect, gain, get, acquire, comprehend. 
Reap, gain, get, acquire, obtain. Reason, motive, design, end, proof, cause, 
ground, purpose. Reason, deduce, draw from, trace, infer, conclude. Reason¬ 
able, rational, wise, honest, fair, right, just. (Unreasonable.) Rebellion, insur¬ 
rection, revolt. Recant, recall, abjure, retract, revoke. Recede, retire, retreat, 
withdraw, ebb. Receive, accept, take, admit, entertain. Reception, receiving, 
levee, receipt, admission. Recess, retreat, depth, niche, vacation, intermission. 
Recreation, sport, pastime, play, amusement, game, fun. Redeem, ransom, re¬ 
cover, rescue, deliver, save, free. Redress, remedy, repair, remission, abate¬ 
ment, relief. Reduce, abate, lessen, decrease, lower, shorten, conquer. Re¬ 
fined, polite, courtly, polished, cultured, genteel, purified. (Boorish.) Reflect, 
consider, cogitate, think, ponder, muse, censure. Reform, amend, correct, better, 
restore, improve. (Corrupt.) Reformation, improvement, reform, amendment. 
(Corruption.) Refuge, asylum, protection, harbor, shelter, retreat. Refuse, v., 
deny, reject, repudiate, decline, withhold. (Accept.) Refuse, s., dregs, dross, 
scum, rubbish, leavings, remains. Refute, disprove, falsify, negative. (Affirm.) 
Regard, v., mind, heed, notice, behold, view, consider, respect. Regret, s., 
grief, sorrow, lamentation, repentance, remorse. Regular, orderly, uniform, cus¬ 
tomary, ordinary, stated. (Irregular.) Regulate, methodize, arrange, adjust, 
organize, govern, rule. (Disorder.) Reimburse, refund, repay, satisfy, indemni¬ 
fy Relevant, fit, proper, suitable, appropriate, pertinent, apt. (Irrelevant.) Re¬ 
liance, trust, hope, dependence, confidence. (Suspicion.) Relief, succor, aid, 

58 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 


help, redress, alleviation. Relinquish, give up, forsake, resign, surrender, auit, 
leave, forego. (Retain.) Remedy, help, relief, redress, cure, specific, reparation. 
Remorseless, pitiless, relentless, cruel, ruthless, merciless, barbarous. (Merciful, 
humane.) Remote, distant, far, secluded,‘indirect. (Near.) Reproduce, pro¬ 
pagate, imitate, represent, copy. Repudiate, disown, discord, disavow, renounce, 
disclaim. (Acknowledge.) Repugnant, antagonistic, distasteful. (Agreeable.) 
Repulsive, forbidding, odious, ugly, disagreeable, revolting. (Attractive.) Res¬ 
pite, reprieve, interval, stop, pause. Revenge, vengeance, retaliation, requital, 
retribution. (Forgiveness.) Revenue, produce, income, fruits, proceeds, wealth. 
Reverence, «., honor, respect, awe, veneration, deference, worship, homage. 
(Execration.) Revise, review, reconsider. Revive, refresh, renew, renovate, 
animate, resuscitate, vivify, cheer, comfort. Rich, wealthy, affluent, opulent, 
copious, ample, abundant, exuberant, plentiful, fertile, fruitful, superb, gorgeous. 
(Poor.) Rival, n., antagonist, opponent, competitor. Road, way, highway, 
route, course, path, pathway, anchorage. Roam, ramble, rove, wander, stray, 
stroll Robust, strong, lusty, vigorous, sinewy, stout, sturdy, stalwart, able-bodied. 
(Puny.) Rout, v., discomfit, beat, defeat, overthrow, scatter. Route, road, 
course, march way, journey, path, direction. Rude, rugged, rough, uncouth, un¬ 
polished, harsh, gruff, impertinent, saucy, flippant, impudent, insolent, churlish. 
(Polished, polite.) Rule, sway, method, system, law, maxim, precept, guide, for¬ 
mula, regulation, government, standard, test. Rumor, hearsay, talk, fame, 
report, bruit. Ruthless, cruel, savage, barbarous, inhuman, merciless, remorseless, 
relentless, unrelenting. (Considerate.) 

SACRED, holy, hallowed, divine, consecrated, dedicated, devoted. (Profane.) 
Safe, secure, harmless, trustworthy, reliable. (Perilous, dangerous.) Sanction, 
confirm, countenance, encourage, support, ratify, authorize. (Disapprove.) Sane, 
sober, lucid, sound, rational. (Crazy.) Saucy, impertinent, rude, impudent, in¬ 
solent, flippant, forward. (Modest.) Scandalize, shock, disgust, offend, calum¬ 
niate, vilify, revile, malign, traduce, defame, slander. Scanty, bare, pinched, in¬ 
sufficient, slender, meager. (Ample.) Scatter, strew, spread, disseminate, dis¬ 
perse, dissipate, dispel. (Collect.) Secret, clandestine, concealed, hidden, sly, 
underhand, latent, private. (Open.) 8educe, allure, attract, decoy, entice, ab¬ 
duct, inveigle, deprave. Sense, discernment, appreciation, view, opinion, feeling, 
perception, sensibility, susceptibility, thought, judgment, signification, import, sig¬ 
nificance, meaning, purport, wisdom. Sensible, wise, intelligent, reasonable, 
sober, sound, conscious, aware. (Foolish.) 8ettle, arrange, adjust, regulate, con¬ 
clude, determine. Several, sundry, divers, various, many. Severe, harsh, 
stern, stringent, unmitigated, rough, unyielding. (Lenient.) Shake, tremble, 
shudder, shiver, quake, quiver. Shallow, superficial, flimsy, slight. (Deep, 
thorough.) Shame, disgrace, dishonor. (Honor.) Shameful, degrading, scan¬ 
dalous, disgraceful, outrageous. (Honorable.) Shameless, immodest, impudent, 
indecent, indelicate, brazen. Shape, form, fashion, mold, model. Share, por¬ 
tion, lot, division, quantity, quota, contingent. Sharp, acute, keen. (Dull.) 
Shine, glare, glitter, radiate, sparkle. Short, brief, concise, succinct, summary. 
(Long.) -Show, v., indicate, mark, point out, exhibit, display. Show, n., exhibi¬ 
tion, representation, sight, spectacle. Sick, diseased, sickly, unhealthy, morbid. 
(Healthy.) Sickness, n., illness, indisposition, disease, disorder. (Health.) 
Significant, a., expressive, material, important. (Insignificant.) Signification, 
import, meaning, sense. Silence, speechlessness, dumbness. (Noise.) Silent, 
dumb, mute, speechless. (Talkative.) Simile, comparison, similitude. Simple, 
single, uncompounded, artless, plain. (Complex, compound.) Simulate, dis¬ 
simulate, dissemble, pretend. Sincere, candid, hearty, honest, pure, genuine, 
real. (Insincere.) Situation, condition, plight, predicament, state, position. 
Size, bulk, greatness, magnitude, dimension. Slavery, servitude, enthrallment, 
thralldom. (Freedom.) Sleep, doze, drowse, nap, slumber. Sleepy, somnolent. 
(Wakeful.) Slow, dilatory, tardy. (Fast.) Smell, fragrance, odor, perfume, 
scent. Smooth, even, level, mild. (Rough.) Soak, drench, imbrue, steep. 
Social, sociable, friendly, communicative. (Unsocial.) Soft, gentle, meek, 
mild. (Hard.) Solicit, importune, urge. Solitary, sole, only, single. Sorry, 
grieved, poor, paltry, insignificant. (Glad, respectable.) Soul, mind, spirit. 
(Soul is opposed to body, mind to matter.) Sound, v., healthy, sane. (Unsound.) 


STNONTMS AND ANTONTMS. 

Sound, n., tone, noise, silence. Space, room. Sparse, scanty, thin. (Lux¬ 
uriant.) Speak, converse, talk, confer, say, tell. Special, particular, specific. 
(General.) Spend, expend, exhaust, consume, waste, squander, dissipate. (Save.) 
Sporadic, isolated, rare. (General, prevalent.) Spread, disperse, diffuse, ex¬ 
pand, disseminate, scatter. Spring, fountain, source. Staff, prop, support, stay. 
Stagger, reel, totter. Stain, soil, discolor, spot, sully, tarnish. State, common¬ 
wealth, realm. Sterile, barren, unfruitful. (Fertile.) Stifle, choke, suffocate, 
smother. Stormy, rough, boisterous, tempestuous. (Calm.) Straight, direct, 
right. (Crooked.) Strait, a., narrow, confined. Stranger, alien, foreigner. 
(Friend.) Strengthen, fortify, invigorate. (Weaken.) Strong, robust, sturdy, 
powerful. (Weak.) Stupid, dull, foolish, obtuse, witless. (Clever.) Subject, 
exposed to, liable, obnoxious. (Lxempt.) Subject, inferior, subordinate. (Su¬ 
perior to, above.) Subsequent, succeeding, following. (Previous.) Substan¬ 
tial, solid, durable. (Unsubstantial.) Suit, accord, agree. (Disagree.) Super¬ 
ficial, flimsy, shallow, untrustworthy. (Thorough.) Superfluous, unnecessary, 
excessive. (Necessary.) Surround, encircle, encompass, environ. Sustain, 
maintain, support. Symmetry, proportion. Sympathy, commiseration, com¬ 
passion, condolence. System, method, plan, order. Systematic, orderly, regu¬ 
lar, methodical. (Chaotic.) 

TAKE, accept, receive. (Give.) Talkative, garrulous, loquacious, communi¬ 
cative. (Silent.) Taste, flavor, relish, savor. (Tastlessness.) Tax, custom, 
duty, impost, excise, toll. Tax, assessment, rate. Tease, taunt, tantalize, tor¬ 
ment, vex. Temporary, a., fleeting, transient, transitory. (Permanent.) Tena¬ 
cious, pertinacious, retentive. Tendency, aim, drift, scope. Tenet, position, 
view, conviction, belief. Term, boundary, limit, p’eriod, time. Territory, do¬ 
minion. Thankful, grateful, obliged. (Thankless.) Thankless, ungracious, 
profitless, ungrateful, unthankful. Thaw, melt, dissolve, liquefy. (Freeze.) 
Theatrical, dramatic, showy, ceremonious, meretricious. Theft, robbery, depre¬ 
dation, spoliation. Theme, subject, topic, text, essay. Theory, speculation, 
scheme, plea, hypothesis, conjecture. Therefore, accordingly, consequently, 
hence. Thick, dense, close, compact, solid, coagulated, muddy, turbid, misty, 
foggy, vaporous. (Thin.) Thin, slim, slender, slight, flimsy, lean, attenuated, 
scraggy. Think, cogitate, consider, reflect, ponder, contemplate, meditate, muse,con- 
ceive, fancy, imagine, apprehend, hold, esteem, reckon, consider, regard, deem, be¬ 
lieve, opine. Thorough, accurate, correct, trustworthy, reliable, complete. (Super¬ 
ficial.) Thought, idea, conception, imagination, fancy, conceit, notion, supposition, 
care, provision, consideration, opinion, view, sentiment, reflection, deliberation. 
Thoughtful, considerate, careful, cautious, heedful, contemplative, reflective, 
provident, pensive, dreamy. (Thoughtless.) Thoughtless, inconsiderate, rash, 
precipitate, improvident, heedless. Tie, v., bind, restrain, restrict, oblige, secure, 
unite, join. (Loose.) Tie, n., band, ligament, ligature. Time, duration, season, 
period, era, age, date, span, spell. Tolerate, allow, admit, receive, suffer, per¬ 
mit, let, endure, abide. (Oppose.) Top, summit, apex, head, crown, surface. 
(Bottom, base.) Torrid, burning, hot, parching, scorching, sultry. Tortuous, 
twisted, winding, crooked, indirect. Torture, torment, anguish, agony. ' Touch¬ 
ing, tender, affecting, moving, pathetic. Tractable, docile, manageable, amen¬ 
able. Trade, traffic, commerce, dealing, occupgjion, employment, office. Tra¬ 
ditional, oral, uncertain, transmitted. Traffic, trade, exchange, commerce, in¬ 
tercourse. Trammel, «., fetter, shackle, clog, bond, chain, impediment, hin¬ 
drance. Tranquil, still, unrufflled, peaceful, quiet, hushed. (Noisy, boisterous ) 
Transactipn, negotiation, occurrence, proceeding, affair. Trash, nonsense, 
twaddle, trifles, dross. Travel, trip, ramble, peregrination, excursion, journey, 
tour, voyage. Treacherous, traitorous, disloyal, treasonable, faithless, false¬ 
hearted, perfidious, sly, false. (Trustworthy, faithful.) Trite, stale, old, ordinary, 
commonplace, hackneyed. (Novel.) Triumph, achievement, ovation, victory, 
conquest, jubilation. (Failure, defeat.) Trivial, trifling, petty, small, frivolous, 
unimportant, insignificant. (Important.) True, genuine, actual, sincere, un¬ 
affected, true-hearted, honest, upright, veritable, real, veracious, authentic, exact, 
accurate, correct. Tumultuous, turbulent, riotous, disorderly, disturbed, con¬ 
fused, unruly. (Orderly.) Tune, tone, air, melody, strain. Turbid, foal, thick, 

00 


SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS . 


muddy, impure, unsettled. (Placid.) Type, emblem, symbol, figure, sign, kinft, 
sort, letter. Tyro, novice, beginner, learner. , 

UGLY, unsightly, plain, homely, ill-favored, hideous. (Beautiful.) Umbrage, 
offence, dissatisfaction, displeasure, resentment. Umpire, referee, arbitrator, 
judge, arbiter. Unanimity, accord, agreement, unity, concord. (Discord.) 
Unanimous, agreeing, like-minded. Unbridled, wanton, licentious, dissolute, 
loose, lax. Uncertain, doubtful, dubious, questionable, fitful, equivocal, ambigu¬ 
ous, indistinct, variable, fluctuating. Uncivil, rude, discourteous, disrespectful, 
disobliging. (Civil.) Unclean, dirty, foul, filthy, sullied. (Clean.) Uncom¬ 
mon, rare, strange, scarce, singular, choice. (Common, ordinary.) Uncon¬ 
cerned, careless, indifferent, apathetic. (Anxious.) Uncouth, strange, odd, 
clumsy, ungainly. (Graceful.) Uncover, reveal, strip, expose, lay bare, divest. 
(Hide.) Under, below, underneath, beneath, subordinate, lower, inferior. 
(Above.) Understanding, knowledge, intellect, intelligence, faculty, comprehen¬ 
sion, mind, reason, brains. Undertake, engage in, embark in, agree, promise. 
Undo, annul, frustrate, untie, unfasten, destroy. Uneasy, restless, disturbed, un¬ 
quiet, stiff, awkward. (Quiet.) Unequal, uneven, not alike, irregular, insuffi¬ 
cient. (Even.) Unequaled, matchless, unique, novel, new, unheard of. Un¬ 
fair, wrongful, dishonest, unjust. (Fair.) Unfit, a., improper, unsuitable, incon¬ 
sistent, untimely, incompetent. (Fit.) Unfit, v., disable, incapacitate, disqualify. 
(Fit.) Unfortunate, calamitous, ill-fated, unlucky, wretched, unhappy, miser¬ 
able. (Fortunate.) Ungainly, clumsy, awkward, lumbering, uncouth. (Pretty.) 
Unhappy, miserable, wretched, distressed, afflicted, painful, disastrous, drear, 
dismal. (Happy.) Uniform, regular, symmetrical, equal, even, alike, unvaried. 
(Irregular.) Uninterrupted, continuous, perpetual, unceasing, incessant, end¬ 
less. (Intermittent.) Union, junction, combination, alliance, confederacy, league, 
coalition, agreement, concert. (Disunion, separation.) Unique, unequal, un¬ 
common, rare, choice, matchless. (Common, ordinary.) Unite, join, conjoin, 
combine, concert, add, attach, incorporate, embody, clench, merge. (Separate, 
disrupt, sunder.) Universal, general, all, entire, total, catholic. (Sectional.) 
Unlimited, absolute, undefined, boundless, infinite. (Limited.) Unreasonable, 
foolish, silly, absurd, preposterous, ridiculous. Unrivaled, unequaled, unique, 
unexampled, incomparable, matchless. (Mediocre.) Unroll, unfold, open, dis¬ 
cover. Unruly, ungovernable, unmanageable, refractory. (Tractable, docile.) 
Unusual, rare, unwonted, singular, uncommon, remarkable, strange, extraordi¬ 
nary. (Common.) Uphold, maintain, defend, sustain, support, vindicate. (Desert, 
abandon.) Upright, vertical, perpendicular, erect, just, equitable, fair, pure, 
honorable. (Prone, horizontal.) Uprightness, honesty, integrity, fairness, good¬ 
ness, probity, virtue, honor. (Dishonesty.) Urge, incite, impel, push, drive, in¬ 
stigate, stimulate, press, induce, solicit. Urgent, pressing, important, imperative, 
immediate, serious, wanted. (Unimportant.) Usage, custom, fashion, practice, 
prescription. Use, usage, practice, habit, custom, avail, advantage, utility, 
benefit, application. (Disuse, desuetude.) Use, v., employ, exercise, occupy, 
practise, accustom, inure. (Abuse.) Useful, advantageous, serviceable, avail¬ 
able, helpful, beneficial, good. (Useless.) Useless, unserviceable, fruitless, idle, 
profitless. (Useful.) Usual, ordinary, common, accustomed, habitual, wonted, 
customary, general. (Unusual.) Usurp, arrogate, seize, appropriate, assume. 
Utmost, farthest, remotest, uttermost, greatest. Utter, a., extreme, excessive, 
sheer, mere, pure. Utter, v.. speak, articulate, pronounce, express, issue. 
Utterly, totally, completely, wholly, quite, altogether, entirely. 

VACANT, empty, unfilled, unoccupied, thoughtless, unthinking. (Occupied.) 
Vagrant, n., wanderer, beggar, tramp, vagabond, rogue. Vague, unsettled, un¬ 
determined, uncertain, pointless, indefinite. (Definite ) Vain, useless, fruitless, 
empty, worthless, inflated, proud, conceited, unreal, unavailing. (Effectual, 
humble, real.) Valiant, brave, bold, valorous, courageous, gallant. (Cowardly.) 
Valid, weighty, strong, powerful, sound, binding, efficient. (Invalid.) Valor, 
courage, gallantry, boldness, bravery, heroism. (Cowardice.) Value, v., appraise, 
assess, reckon, appreciate, estimate, prize, esteem, treasure. (Despise, condemn.) 
Vanish, disappear, fade, melt, dissolve. Vanity, emptiness, conceit, self-conceit, 
aflcctcdness, Vapid, dull, flat, insipid, stale, tame. (Sparkling.) Vapor, fumcv 

Cl 


STNONTMS AND ANTONYMS. 

smoke, mist, fog, steam. Variable, changeable, unsteady, inconstrnt, rhifting, 
wavering, fickle, restless, fitful. (Constant.) Variety, difference, diversity, 
change, diversification, mixture, medley, miscellany. (Sameness, monotony) 
Vast, spacious, boundless, mighty, enormous, immense, colossal, gigantic, huge, 
prodigious. (Confined.) Vaunt, boast, brag, puff, hawk, advertise, flourish, 
parade. Venerable, grave, sage, wise, old, reverend. Venial, pardonable, 
excusable, justifiable. (Grave, serious.) Venom, poison, virus, spite, malice, 
malignity. Venture, n., speculation, chance, peril, stake. Venture, v., dare, 
adventure, risk, hazard, jeopardize. Veracity, tr*th, truthfulness, credibility, 
accuracy. (Falsehood.) Verbal, oral, spoken, literal, parole, unwritten. Verdict, 
judgment, finding, decision, answer. Vexation, chagrin, mortification. (Pleasure ) 
Vibrate, oscillate, swing, sway, wave, undulate, thrill. Vice, vilenesa, corruption, 
depravity, pollution, immorality, wickedness, guilt, iniquity, crime. (Virtue.) 
Vicious, corrupt, depraved, debased, bad, contrary, unruly, demoralized, profli¬ 
gate, faulty. (Virtuous, gentle.) Victim, sacrifice, food, prey, sufferer, dupe, gull. 
Victuals, viands, bread, meat, provisions, fare, food, repast. View, prospect, 
survey. Violent, boisterous, furious, impetuous, vehement. (Gentle.) Virtu* 
ous, upright, honest, moral. (Profligate.) Vision, apparition, ghost, phantom, 
spectre. Voluptuary, epicure, sensualist. Vote, suffrage, voice. Vouch, 
affirm, asseverate, assure, aver. 

WAIT, await, expect, look for, wait for. Wakeful, vigilant, watchful. (Sleepy.) 
Wander, range, ramble, roam, rove, stroll. Want, lack, need. (Abidance.) 
Wary, circumspect, cautious. (Foolhardy.) Wash, clean, rinse, wet, moisten, 
stain, tint. Waste, v., squander, dissipate, lavish, destroy, decay, dwindle, wither. 
Wasteful, extravagant, profligate. (Economical.) Way, method, plan, system, 
means, manner, mode, form, fashion, course, process, road, route, track, path, 
habit, practice. Wave, breaker, billow, surge. Weak, feeble, infirm. (Strong.) 
Weaken, debilitate, enfeeble, enervate, invalidate. (Strengthen.) Wearisome, 
tedious, tiresome. (Interesting, entertaining.) Weary, harass,jade, tire, fatigue. 
(Refresh.) Weight, gravity, heaviness. (Lightness.) Weight, burden, load. 
Well-being, happiness, prosperity, welfare. Whole, entire, complete, total, 
integral. (Part.) Wicked, iniquitous, nefarious. (Virtuous.) Will, wish, desire. 
Willingly, spontaneously, voluntarily. (Unwillingly.) Win, get, obtain, gain, 
procure, effect, realize, accomplish, achieve. (Lose.) Winning, attractive, 
charming, fascinating, bewitching, enchanting, dazzling, brilliant. (Repulsive.) 
Wisdom, prudence, foresight, far-sightedness, sagacity. (Foolishness.) Wit, 
humor, satire, fun, raillery. Wonder, v. , admire, amaze, astonish, surprise. 
Wonder, n., marvel, miracle, prodigy. Word, n., expression, term. Work, 
labor, task, toil. (Play.) Worthless, valueless. (Valuable.) Writer, author, 
penman. Wrong, injustice, injury. (Right.) 

YAWN, gape, open wide. Yearn, hanker after, long for, desire, crave. Yell, 
bellow, cry out, scream. Yellow, golden, saffron-like. Yeip, bark, sharp cry, 
howl. Yet, besides, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however, still, ultimately, at 
last, so far, thus far. Yield, bear, give, afford, impart, communicate, confer, 
bestow, abdicate, resign, cede, surrender, relinquish, relax, quit, forego, give up, 
let go, waive, comply, accede, assent, acquiesce, succumb, submit. Yielding, 
supple, pliant, bending, compliant, submissive, unresisting. (Obstinate.) Yoke, 
v , couple, link, connect. Yore, long ago, long since. Young, juvenile, inex¬ 
perienced, ignorant, youthful. Youth, boy, lad, minority, adolescence, juvenility. 
Youthfui, young, juvenile, boyish, girlish, puerile. (Old.) 

ZEAL, energy, fervor, araor, earnestness, enthusiasm, eagerness. (Indifference.) 
Zealous, warm, ardent, fervent, enthusiastic, anxious. (Indifferent, careless.) 
Zest, relish, gusto, flavor. (Disgust.) 


Lead in the form of filings, under a pressure of 2,000 atmospheres, or thir¬ 
teen tons to the square inch, becomes compressed into a solid block, in 
which it is impossible to detect the slightest vestige of the original grains 
Under a pressure of 5,000 atmospheres it liquifies. 

G2 



THE WORLD AND THE UNIVERSE 


Facts Astronomical, Geographical, Historical and Statistical. 


A CCORDING to the System of Copernicus ( b . 1473), the 
Sun was regarded as the center of the universe. The 
planets, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and 
Saturn, revolved round it in circular orbits; the Moon was a satel¬ 
lite of the Earth, spun round it as a center, and accompanied 
it on its annual rotation round the Sun. Since then this view 
has been firmly established in its main principles, but it is now 
known that the Sun itself moves steadily toward the constella¬ 
tion Hercules, and that it is by no means the largest body in the 
universe. The Solar System is known to consist of a central 
Sun, round which all the other members revolve. These consist 
of eight primary planets, viz.: Mercury, Venus, the Earth, 
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune ; twenty secondary 
planets, satellites , or attendants upon the planets, of which the 
Earth has one, Mars two, Jupiter four, Saturn eight, Uranus 
four, and Neptune one ; a number of minor planets or asteroids 
situated between Mars and Jupiter, of which 271 are known; sev¬ 
eral comets, and a great number of small meteoric bodies. 

In their broad general features the planets are all alike. The 
ball or globe-like form is peculiar to all of them, they are all 
dark bodies, deriving light and heat from the sun, and conse¬ 
quently they all reflect the same borrowed light. In common, 
they all perform two motions, the one a spinning or rotatory mo¬ 
tion on an axis, the other a motion of translation, which whirls 
them round the sun. Both these motions are from west to east, 
and the orbits which they describe round the sun are not circu¬ 
lar, as represented by the Copernican System, but assume more 
the form of an oval or ellipse. 


SOME ELEMENTS OF THE PLANETARY SYSTEM. 


Names of 
the Planets. 

Diameter 
in miles. 

Periodic 
time. Days. 

Dis. from the 
Sun. Miles. 

Revolves on 
its Axis. 

Moves in its Or¬ 
bit per hour. 

Mercury 

3,200 

88 

37 

Mill. 

24 h. 5 m 

110,000 Miles 

Venus . . 

7,700 

224.7 

69 

66 

23 h. 21 m 

83,000 

66 

Earth.. . 

7,916 

365 % 

95 

66 

23 h. 56 m 

68,000 

u 

Mars. .. 

4,200 

687 

145 

%6 

24 h. 39 m 

54,000 

a 

Jupiter. . 

88,000 

4,332^ 

494 

u 

9 h. 56 m 

30,000 

u 

Saturn. . 

75,000 

10,759 

906 

u 

10 h. 29 m 

22,000 

66 

Uranus 

35,000 

30,687 

1,822 

u 

Unknown 

15,000 

66 

Neptune 

38,000 

60,127 

2,853 

u 

66 

12,000 

66 

Moon. .. 

2,180 

Dist. from Earth, 238,000 miles. 

2,280 

66 

Sun .... 

887,000 

1,400,000 times larger than Earth 

U nknown. 


63 














THE WORLD AND THE UNIVERSE. 


The circumference of the earth is measured in this way : Sup 
pose two astronomers, A and B, stationed on the same meridian, 
a certain distance apart, and with accurate instruments, should 
make careful observations on a certain star at the moment it 
crossed the meridian ; and A should find the star 16 degrees south 
of the zenith, and B, who is exactly 415 miles south of A, should 
find it only 10 degrees south of the zenith; there would then be 
a difference of 6 degrees between the two places ; and as they 
are 415 miles apart, one degree must be i-6th of 415 or 69 i-6th 
miles. 

Now, if 1 degree, which is the 360th part of the earth’s cir¬ 
cumference, is 69 1-6th miles, the whole circumference must be 
360 times 69 1-6th, or 24,900 miles. 

It is in this manner that the earth’s magnitude is computed 
very accurately. 

The Nebular Hypothesis, now generally accepted by 
scientists as explaining, as far as possible by human conception, 
‘the genesis of the heavenly bodies, was first suggested by Her- 
schel, and developed by Laplace. It assumes that the solar sys¬ 
tem was once an enormous mass of gaseous substance. Rapid 
rotation being set up in this gaseous mass, it took the form of a 
disc, and at last, centrifugal force overcoming cohesion, whole 
rings and fragments flew off from this disc, and by centripetal 
force contracted into spheroid masses. As in the original mass, 
the velocity of the outer circle of each body thrown off is greater 
than the inner circle, and this causes each spheroid to revolve on 
its own axis. This process goes on, and the central mass con¬ 
tinues to cool and shrink, until we have at last a central body 
with a number of smaller spheroidal bodies revolving around it 
in orbits the smaller the nearer they are to the central orb. 
Certain points are assumed in this hypothesis to explain the dis¬ 
tribution of matter in our solar system. It is assumed that in the 
throwing off of great masses from the central disk, immense quan¬ 
tities of minute particles were also thrown, which continued to 
revolve, in the same plane with the large mass, around the center 
body. By slow degrees these minute atoms, by the law of gravi¬ 
tation, were aggregated into the mass nearest to them. These 
subordinate aggregations would form with most difficulty nearest 
the large central mass, because of the superior attractive force of 
the latter, wherefore the interior planets—Mercury, Venus, the 
Earth, Mars—are smaller than the two great orbs in the zone be¬ 
yond them. These two enormous planets, Jupiter and Saturn, 
occupy the spa»e where conditions are most favorable to subor¬ 
dinate aggregations, but, beyond them, the gravity of aggregat¬ 
ing material becomes reduced, and so the planets found in the 

64 



THE WORLD AND THE UNTVERSE. 

outer zone, Uranus and Neptune, are smaller than the planets of 
the middle zone. 


Our Globe and Its Inhabitants. 

The three primary divisions of man, as indicated by Latham, 
are the Indo-European, the Mongolian, and the African. 

I. Thb Indo-European or Caucasic race originally extended from India across 
Europe, and increasing ever in civilization and intellectual power from age to age, 
has become the dominant one in the world, extending its influence to every part ol 
the earth, supplanting many inferior races, and repeopling wide areas, as in America 
and Australia. 

The Caucasic race comprises two principal branches—the Aryan and the Semitic. 
A third branch, according to M. de Quatrefages, includes the Caucasians proper, 
Euscarians (Basques), and others. 

Most of the inhabitants of Europe belong to the Aryan Family; they are arranged 
in the following groups: 

1. The Keltic, in the N. W., comprising the Welsh, Gaels, Erse, Manx, and 
Armoricans. 

2. The Italic, chiefly in the S. W. and S., comprising the Italians and other Ro¬ 
mance nations—French, Spanish, Portuguese, Roumanesch, and Roumanians. 

3. The Thraco-Hellenic, in the S. E., Greeks and Albanians. 

4. The Teutonic, in the N. N. W., and center, comprising the Germans, Scandi¬ 
navians, Danes, Icelanders, Dutch, Flemings, English. 

5. The Lithuanian, S. E. of the Baltic. 

6. The Slavonic, in the E., comprising the Russians, Poles, Tsekhs, Serbs, Croats 
Bulgarians, etc. 

The Indo European or Caucasic race In Asia comprises the Hindus, Baluchis. 
Afghans, Iranians (Persia), Galchas (Zarafshan), and the Semitic tribes of Armenia, 
Syria, Arabia, etc. 

II. The Mongolian is divisible into three branches, according to geo 
graphical position, which again form numerous smaller families. 

1. The Asiatic, comprising the Mongolians of the Chinese Empire, India, and 
Indo-China; the Kalmucks, adjoining the Turks, who extend from Southern Europe 
far into Central Asia; The Magyars of Hungary; the Yakuts and Samoeids (ot 
Samoyedes) of Siberia; with the Lapps, Finns, and various tribes of East Europe. 

2. The Oceanic Mongolians are composed of two classes. I. The black-skinned 
found in New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, and the islands between New Zealand 
and New Caledonia. II. The yellow, olive or brown race, occupying New Zea¬ 
land, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Moluccas, Philippines, Mada¬ 
gascar, etc. 

3. The American Mongolians comprise a large number of tribes, the chief of which 
In North America are—the Athabaskans, Algonkins, Sioux, Paducas, and Mexicans. 
In South America the Quichuas, Chilians, and Patagonians extend along the west 
coast. The Caribs, Maypures, Brazilians, Moxos, and Chiquitos occupy the north, 
east, and center of the continent. The Eskimos form a connecting link between the 
Asiatic and American branches of this family. 

III. The African, forming the third great division of the human race, is exhibited 
in its purest form by the natives of Western Africa. The Negroes occupy the whole 
central portion of the country from Cape Verd on the west to Khartoom on the east, 
and south to the Congo. South of the Negros are the Bantus (including the Kafirs), 
inhabiting the greater part of Africa between the 4th parallel of N. lat. and the 
Cape. In the S. W. are the Hottentots. Certain dwarfish tribes are found in dif¬ 
ferent parts of the continent, as the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert, the Obongo ol 
the Ogowe basin, and others. The Fulas and Nubas occupy parts of the Soudan; 
the former, in the N. W., extend from the Senegal and Niger towards Lake Tchad ; 
the latter are found in Nubia, Kordofan, Darfur, etc. The Gallas, Copts, Somali, 
of the Sahara, Egypt, and East Africa; the Abyssinians ; and the Berbers, Kabyles, 
Tuareks and other tribes of North Africa, belong to the Hamitic race, which i* 
closely allied to the Semitic race. The latter is represented by the Arabs of the N. 
coast, and of the Arabian Peninsula, and by the Tigres and other tribes or Abyssinia. 

65 



THE GREAT NATIONS OF THE WORLD. 


THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 

Area, 11,288,277 square miles; population (1900), 395,152,105. 

Government, a limited monarchy; the king- is represented by a 
prime minister and his cabinet, and the legislative authority is 
vested in Parliament, which consists of an hereditary House of 
Lords, in which also sit bishops, life peers elected in Ireland, 
and scotch peers elected for duration of Parliament, in all (1901) 
592; and a House of Commons elected by the people cf the 
United Kingdom, numbering 670. 

UNITED KINGDOM. 

L T NITED KINGDOM. This part of the British empire consists 
strictly of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. There are 
also in the British Isles 91 other islands, 224 of which are un¬ 
inhabited. The Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, and the Isle 
of Wight have special ancient governments of their own. 

Population (1901): England, 30,805,466; Wales, 1,720,609; Scotland, 
4,471,957; Ireland, 4,456546; Total 41,454,578. 

Religion.—England and Wales: The Established Church (Prot¬ 
estant Episcopal), 1,974,629 communicants; Dissenting Protest¬ 
ants, about 1,800,000; Jews, 120,000; Roman Catholics, 1,500,000. 
Scotland: Church of Scotland (Presbyterian), 661,629 communi¬ 
cants; United Free Church, 488,795; Espiscopal Church, 121,796; 
Roman Catholic, 365,000. Ireland: Roman Catholic, 3,310,028 
adherents; Protestant Episcopal, 579,3S5; Presbyterians, 443,494; 
Methodists, 61,255. 

Education.—There are 12 universities, Oxford (3,481 students), 
Cambridge (2,958), London University (7,335 candidates for ex¬ 
amination in 1901, 3,880 successful), Durham (590), Victoria (2,304, 
besides 792 evening students), Birmingham (677), University of 
Wales (1,428, besides 2,350 evening students), St. Andrew’s (417), 
Aberdeen (755), Glasgow (2,013), Edinburgh (2,929), Dublin Uni¬ 
versity (976). Also numerous colleges and higher schools, and 
20,000 elementary schools, with an attendance of 5,686,114. 

National revenue (1901), £130.384,684; expenditures, £183,592,- 
264. National debt, 1901, £690,992,622. National wealth, over ten 
billion pounds. Army, 818,605. Navy, 118.625 men, 234 vessels. 
Imports. $1,937,613,165; exports, $2,815,833,295. Mineral products 
(1900), £135,957,676. Textiles, £170,000,000. 

INDIA. 

INDIA. Area, 985,000 sq. miles; population, 231,080,000. Govern¬ 
ed by Secretary of State for India (in England) and Governor 
General in India (who is also viceroy), the latter assisted by 
Council of five. 

Religion.—Three-fourths of the population is Hindu, and with 
Mohammedans they constitute 92 per cent. The Buddhists axe 
chiefly in Burma. Christians number 2,250,000. 

66 



THE GEE a T HA T10NS OF THE WOULD. 


Education.—In 1S91, 246,546,176 could not read or write, 12,000,- 
000 could read and write, and 3,195,220 were in schools. There 
were in 1900, 150,569 schools, with 4,462,844 pupils, and five uni¬ 
versities, with about 7,500 students. 

Revenue, $328,955,934; expenditures, $316,103,507. Debt, $1,031,603,- 
705. Production chiefly agriculture, especially rice; also wheat 
and other grains, sugar, tea, cotton, oil, seeds, indigo, and to¬ 
bacco. Exports, $405,000,000; imports, $350,000,000. 


CANADA. 


CANADA.—Area, 3,653,946 square miles, of which 3,048,711 is land 
area. Population (census March 31, 1901), is 5,338,883, as against 
4,833,239 in 1891. 

Government.—Governor-General (Earl of Minto) appointed by 
the crown, assisted by council of which premier is Sir Wilfrid 
Laurier (1902); and parliament consisting of 81 life senators and 
house of commons numbering 213. 

Religion.—There is no State Church in the whole of British 
North America. The Church of England is governed by twenty 
bishops, with about 1,000 clergy; the Roman Catholic Church 
by one cardinal, seven archbishops, twenty-three bishops, and 
about 1,500 clergj’-; and the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 
with about 1,000 ministers—formed in 1875 by the union of two 
formerly distinct bodies—by presbyteries, synods, and an annual 
assembly as in the Scotch Church, with 2,358 churches and 
stations. The Methodists have 1,700 and the Baptists about 
600 ministers. The number of members of each religious creed 
in the Dominion was as follows at the census of April 6, 1891:— 


Roman Catholics.1,992,017 

Presbyterians . 755,326 

Anglicans . 646,CC9 

Methodists . 847,765 

Baptists . 303,S30 

Lutherans . 63,982 


Oongregationalists .. 28,157 

Miscellaneaus creeds 106,739 
No creed stated. 189,355 


Total .4,833,239 


Education.—There are 18,963 schools, with 27,548 teachers, and 
1,088,152 pupils; also one or more universities and colleges in 
each of the provinces. 

General Statistics.—The total value of the imports for the 
year ended June 30, 1900, was $189,622,513; exports, $191,894,723. 
Net public debt, $265,493,807. Revenue, $51,029,994; expenditure, 
$42,975,280. Tonnage of shipping entered, 7,262,721; cleared, 6,912,- 
400. Government expenditure on railways, $4,068,348; on canals, 
$2,772,092; other public works, $1,689,548. Paid-up capital of char¬ 
tered banks, $64,735,145; assets, $440,348,102: liabilities, $340,295,278. 
Number of postoffice savings banks, 847; depositors, 150,987; 
savings, $37,507,456. 

There are 28,537,000 acres of improved land, the principal prod¬ 
uct being wheat. Lumber, fisheries and mining are also im¬ 
portant. 


67 












TllEGREA T NA TIONS OF THE WORLD. 

AUSTRALIA. 

AUSTRALIA.—Area, 2,972,573 square miles; population, 3,767,- 
443. 

Government.—July 9, 1900, the British Parliament passed an 
act empowering - the six provinces of Australia to form a federal 
union, and Jan. 1, 1901, the new commonwealth was proclaimed 
at Sydney, N. S. W. Its first parliament was opened May 9, 
1901, by the Duke of York, heir-apparent to the British throne, 
acting for his father. King Edward VII. 

The federal parliament is made up of a senate of thirty-six 
members, six from each original state, and a house of repre¬ 
sentatives of seventy-five members, apportioned as follows: 
New South Wales, 26; Victoria., 23; Queensland, 9; South Aus¬ 
tralia, 7; Western Australia, 5; Tasmania, 5. The king is repre¬ 
sented by the governor-general. He and the council of seven 
ministers exercise the executive power. 

Religion (aborigines not included): Church of England, 502,980 
adherents; Roman Catholic, 286,911; Presbyterian, 109,390; Wes¬ 
leyan, 87,516; other Methodist, 22,596; Congregational, 24,112; Bap¬ 
tist, 13,112; Lutherans, 7,950; Unitarians, 1,329; Hebrew, 5,484; 
others, 62,574; total, 1,123,954. The total number of clergy is 1,179. 

Education.—In 1900 there were 2,745 government schools, with 
5,063 teachers, and 238,382 pupils; also about 1,500 private and 
denominational schools; University of Sidney, with 50 pro¬ 
fessors and 583 students. 

Revenue, $145,000,000 (£29.184,385 ; expenditures, $142,000,000 (£28,- 
595,573. Debt, $971,SOO.OOO (£194,378,427). About 1.8 per cent of the 
total area was under crop in 1900-1, by far the larger part 
being in wheat, production of which in 1901 was over 16,000,000 
bushels. Gold mining is important. Imports, $317,852,000; ex¬ 
ports, $385,331,400. 

GERMAN EMPIRE. 

Area, 1,135,950 square miles (dependencies included, the govern¬ 
ing states having area of 208,830 square miles); population of 
states, 56,345,044 (census, 1900); of dependencies, 14,687,000. Govern- 
made ruler of the empire. The emperor is represented by an 
Imperial chancellor and various department secretaries acting 
separately, not as a cabinet. The legislative functions are vest¬ 
ed in two bodies, the Bundesrath, consisting of 58 members ap¬ 
pointed by the governments of the separate states for each ses¬ 
sion, and the Reichstag, numbering 397, chosen by ballot for a 
term of five years. The emperor has no veto on legislation 
passed by both these bodies. 

Religion.—Protestants, 32.000.000; Roman Catholics, 18,000,000; 
Jews, 600,000 (estimated from last religious census, changes from 
year to year being slight). 

Education.—Compulsory throughout Germany. Elementary 
schools estimated at 60,000; attending pupils 8,000,000; teachers 
125,000. Also 9 technical high schools; 31 schools of agriculture; 
15 schools of mining; 23 schools of art and industry; 7 public 

68 


THE GEE AT NATIONS OF THE WORLD. 


music schools, besides naval and military schools. There are 
21 universities, with over 35,000 regular students and 5,000 non- 
matriculated. All government officers must have a university 
education. 

National revenue (1901), 2,311,980,000 marks; expenditure, 2,344,- 
586,000 marks; receipts and expenditures for 1902 are estimated 
to balance at 2,349,742,456 marks, the expenses including repay¬ 
ments to the various states of surplus revenue over 130,000,000 
marks. Debt (1900), funded, 1,240,000,000 marks; unfunded 120,- 
000,000, largely offset by various investments. There is a war 
treasure fund kept at Spandau in gold uninvested, amounting 
to 120,000,000 marks. Army, peace footing, 580,023 men, 24,145 offi¬ 
cers, 104.485 horses; war footing, estimated at 3,000,000. All Ger¬ 
man citizens are required to serve in the army. Navy, 28,300 
officers and men, 1,300 boys, 237 vessels launched, 22 building. 
Agriculture—91 per cent of land productive, the farms support¬ 
ing over 18,000,000 persons. Minerals (1900), value produced 1,262 
million marks. Manufactures—Nearly 3,000,000 persons engaged. 
Total exports (1899), $1,092,102,250; imports, $1,445,907,000; for 1901, in 
marks, imports, 5,967,017,000; exports, 4,759,407,000. 

FRANCE. 

Area, 204,092 square miles; colonies and dependencies, 4,367,- 
746 square miles. Population of France (census 1901), 38,641,333; 
of colonies and dependencies, estimated at 51,600,000. Govern¬ 
ment, republic established 1870; President, elected for seven 
years, represented by President of the Council and Minister of 
the Interior and the cabinet which he forms. The ligislative 
function is vested in a Chamber of Deputies, now numbering 
584, elected for four years by universal suffrage, and a Senate 
composed of 300 members, elected for nine years (they must be 
40 years old). 

Religion.—All religions are equal before the law, and any 
sect numbering 100,000 adherents gets a grant from the govern¬ 
ment. At present only Roman Catholics, Protestants and Jews 
are entitled to these grants, the Roman Catholics receiving 
40,990.923 francs; Protestants, 1,495,100 francs; Jews, 206,530 francs. 
Numbers (estimated), 37,740,000 Roman Catholics and 690,000 
Protestants. 

Education.—Instruction is controlled by a minister of educa¬ 
tion. There are 84,585 (1900) public and private elementary schools, 
with 5,530,232 pupils, the numbers steadily decreasing since 1889. 
Higher education is supplied by the state and by the communes: 
Lycees, 110, with 51,997 pupils (1901), communal colleges 238, with 
33,372 pupils. There are university faculties of five different 
kinds, 2 of theology, 13 of law, 7 of medicine, 15 of science, 
15 of letters, and 23 other schools, with a total (1901) of 31,3S3 
students. 

Revenues (1902) estimated to be 3.597,164.082 francs; expendi¬ 
tures, 3,597,072.199 francs, being a trifle higher than the verified 
figures for 1900. Such is the budget estimate from year to year 
in France, but the “compte definitif” published several years 

69 


THE GEE AT NATIONS OF TIIE WOULD . 


later invariably shows a deficit and the debt of France increases 
from year to year steadily, being' in 1889, 21,251,000,000 francs, 
and 30,096,632,622 francs Jan. 1, 1901, or $5,800,691,814 in U. S. cur¬ 
rency, or $150 per capita, the largest national debt in the world, 
and considerably greater than the debts of the United States, 
Great Britain and Germany combined. Army (1902) 589,444 men 
and 29,842 officers; estimated war footing (available), 2,500,000. 
Navy, 1,733 officers, 40,589 men (reserve 114,000 men); ships, 124, 
besides 162 torpedo boats and 14 submarines. The leading agri¬ 
cultural product is wine, amounting in 1900 to 1,513,930,000 gallons. 
Imports (1899), $903,600,000; exports, $830,600,000. 

RUSSIA. 

Area of Russian Empire, 8,660,395 square miles; population 
(census of 1897), 129,004,514; population of Russia in Europe, in¬ 
cluding Poland, 103,671,368. Government, absolute monarchy, the 
sole power, executive and legislative, being vested in the Em¬ 
peror or Czar. Administration of the empire is entrusted to 
four boards or councils, the Council of State, divided into four 
departments (consulted by the ministers in regard to legisla¬ 
tion), the Ruling Senate, whose duty it is to promulgate the 
laws, and to act as high court of justice, the Holy Synod, 
charged with superintending the religious affairs of the empire, 
and the Committee of Ministers (of whom there are 13, and with 
whom are included grand dukes and other functionaries). 

Religion.—The established religion is the Orthodox-Catholic, or 
Greek Catholic. All religions, except that of the Jews, may, 
however, be freely professed in the empire. It is estimated that 
71 per cent of the population adheres to the Greek church, 9 
per cent to the Roman Catholic, 5 per cent to the Protestant, 
9 per cent to the Mohammedan, 1 per cent to the United Church 
and Armenians, 3 per cent Jews and 2 per cent all others. There 
were, in 1898, 66,146 churches public and private, with 59,063 
priests and deacons. 

Education.—Under Ministry of Public Instruction for the most 
part. Elementary schools in Russian Empire, 78,699, with 154,- 
652 teachers, and 4,193,594 pupils; over 1,000 middle schools, 
with over 250,000 pupils (exact figures not obtainable); and 9 
universities, with a total of 16,497 students (Jan. 1, 1900). 

Estimated revenue for 1902, 1,800,784,482 paper rubles ordinary, 
1,800,000 paper rubles extraordinary; expenditures, 1,775,913,481 
rubles ordinary, 170,658,495 extraordinary; in 1899, in U. S. 
currency, revenue, $891,772,000; expenditures, $921,068,000. Debt, 
$3,167,320,000. Military service is obligatory on all young men 
reaching their 21st year; of 870,000 each year reaching their 21st 
year, 219,000 are taken into the active army and fleet, and the 
rest enrolled in the reserve. The total peace footing of the army 
is estimated at 1,100,000, war footing 4,600,000. Navy, 75 effective 
ships, besides 187 torpedo boats, 60 submarine boats projected, 
and other boats now building; 39,546 men. Previous to 1861, all 
peasants were serfs of the state, the crown, or of the nobility. 
In 1861 the serfs were given their freedom and the land sold 

70 


the great nations of the world. 


to them in consideration of 49 annual payments, each amount¬ 
ing to 40 million rubles. In European Russia, 36.7 per cent of 
the land is owned by the State and Imperial family, nearly one- 
third of this being unfit for cultivation, 35 per cent is owned 
by the peasants, 28.3 per cent by private owners and towns. 
The chief cereal product is rye, which is nearly double that of 
wheat, the total of wheat, rye, oats, barley and millet being 
over 2 million bushels in European Russia alone. The mineral 
products, especially coal and petroleum, are large. The total 
manufactories, mines and industrial establishments, according 
to the census of 1897, in European Russia alone, not including 
Poland, were 30,029, employing 2,098,242 work people. Exports, 
U. S. currency, 1899, $313,237,000, imports, $321,389,000. 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Area.—Austria, 115,903 square miles; Hungary, 125,039 square 
miles. Population of Austria, census 1900, 26,150,597; Hungary, 
19,092,292. 

Government.—The Austrian Empire and the Hungarian King¬ 
dom are separate and independent states, though the mon¬ 
archical head of both is the same, and certain departments 
of state are managed in common. The legislative and ex¬ 
ecutive organizations are separate. Foreign affairs are man¬ 
aged by a common foreign minister, military affairs by a 
minister of war, and the common finance by a minister of 
finance. The common revenue and expenditure for 1900 are esti¬ 
mated at $73,659,000 each. Debt, $1,154,791,000, incurred before 1867, 
since which time no joint loans have been made. Army, peace 
footing 1901, 26,070 officers, 338,808 men, total, 359,878; war footing, 
45,238 officers, 1,8246,940 men. Navy, 34 effective ships, besides 71 
torpedo boats; 18,680 men. Austro-Hungarian customs territory, 
exports, 1899, $464,200,000; imports, $395,150,000. 

AUSTRIA. 

AUSTRIA. The legislative functions for Austria proper, or 
the western part of the monarchy, are vested in the Reichsrath, 
consisting of an upper and lower house. The upper house is 
formed of princes, nobles, archbishops and bishops, and life 
members appointed by the Emperor—139 in 1901. The lower 
house consists (1902) of 425 members, whose term is six years if 
the parliament is not sooner dissolved by the Emperor. There 
is also a cabinet of ministers for the affairs of Austria alone. 

Religion.—The Emperor must be a Roman Catholic. Full 
liberty of belief prevails. The population is divided as follows: 
Roman Catholics, 79.2 per cent; Greek Catholic, 11.8 per cent; 
Jews, 4.8 per cent; Greek Oriental, 2.4 per cent; Evangelical, 
3.8 per cent; R. C. priests, 16,172; Greek Catholic, 2,649; Greek 
Oriental, 475; Protestant, 279. 

Education.—Elementary schools, 20,067; pupils, 3,541,675; gym¬ 
nasia, 201, with 62,107 pupils, and 97 realschulen, with 28,867 
pupils. There are 8 universities maintained by the state, with 

71 


TEE GEE A T NA TIONS OF TEE WOELD. 


a total of 1,180 professors, and 14,521 students. There are also 
48 theological colleges, and 6 government technical high schools. 

Revenue estimated (1902), $337,193,291; expenditure, $337,023,589. 
Debt, $720,000,000. Of the total area, 34.6 per cent is woodland, 
25 per cent pastures and meadows, 37.6 per cent arable. The 
largest area is given to oats, next rye, third barley, and fourth 
wheat, a slightly larger area to potatoes than to wheat. The 
largest mineral product is lignite. Persons employed in manu¬ 
factures, over 3,000,000, with twice that number dependent on 
manufacturing industries. 

HUNGARY. 

HUNGARY. The Hungarian parliament consists of an upper 
House of Magnates (consisting in 1900 of 225 hereditary peers, 
17 archdukes, 76 life peers, 42 archbishops and bishops, and a 
few other dignitaries), and a lower house, or House of Repre¬ 
sentatives, elected by vote of all male citizens 20 years old, 
now numbering 453. The executive power is in the hands of a 
responsible ministry. 

Religion.—Of the entire population, 50.85 per cent are Roman 
Catholic, 15.17 per cent Greek Oriental, 19.76 per cent Evangeli¬ 
cal, 9.64 per cent Greek Catholics, 4.18 per cent Jews. Roman 
Catholic priests, 5,964; Greek Catholic, 2,227; Greek Oriental, 
2,648; Protestant, 3,459; Jewish clergy, 1,756. 

Education.—Compulsory since 1868. In 1900, 18,455 elementary 
schools, 31,213 teachers, and 2,476,260 pupils; 175 gymnasia, with 
3,180 teachers and 55,655 pupils; 41 realschulen, with 894 teachers 
and 12,853 pupils; 3 universities, with 462 professors, and 7,426 
students. Also various technical and industrial schools. 

Revenue, 1900, $209,001,000; expenditures, $208,509,000. Debt, $904,- 
911,000. Of the total land, 41 per cent is arable, 23 per cent pas¬ 
tures and meadows, 28 per cent woods. The chief agricultural 
product is wheat, next to that maize or Indian corn; also pota¬ 
toes and beets. Next to iron, the chief mineral product is 
lignite. Only about 5.25 per cent of the population are engaged 
in manufacturing. 

ITALY. 

Area, 110,646 square miles; population (census 1901), 32,449,754. 
The executive branch of the government is absolutely in the 
hands of the king; the legislative function is held conjointly 
by the king and a parliament composed of a Senate and a 
Chamber of Deputies, or Lower House. The Senate consists 
of royal princes and members nominated by the king for life 
(number unlimited). In 1901 there were 343 senators. The 
deputies are elected by general suffrage of the people, there 
being 508 in 1901. The king exercises his executive power through 
eleven ministers. 

Religion—The established religion is nominally Roman Cath¬ 
olic, but the power of the church has recently been limited, 
and freedom of worship secured to all classes of believers. At 
the last religious census there were 62,000 Protestants and 38,000 

72 


THE GEE A T NA TIONS OF THE WORLD. 


Jews. Of the Roman Catholics, there were then 76,560 clergy, 
with 55,263 churches and chapels. 

Education—There are 51,748 public elementary schools, with 
2,444,288 pupils, or, including all elementary schools, 2,637,000. 
There are also 116 lyceums with 10,675 pupils; 183 gymnasiums. 
25,551 pupils; 54 technical institutes, 10,382 pupils; technical 
schools, 184, with 24,649 pupils; 18 mercantile marine schools, with 
926 pupils. There are 21 universities, with 962 instructors and 
22,475 students. 

Revenue (1901-2), 1,811,509 lire, or $360,000,000; expenditures, 

1.790.779 lire, or $356,000,000. Debt (1899), $2,583,983,780. Army 

(1900), 263,684 under arms, 811,948 available, and 3,308,650 nominal 
war footing. Navy, 57 effective ships besides 182 torpedo boats; 

1.779 officers, 23,796 men, total 25,575. Of the total area, over 70 
per cent is productive, but agriculture is in a primitive condi¬ 
tion. Chief cereal product is wheat, second maize or Indian 
corn; also wine and olive oil. Over 10,000,000 of population en¬ 
gaged in agriculture. There are 1,103 productive mines, with 
67,748 workers, producing ore valued at about $17,000,000. Im¬ 
ports (1899), $301,312,237; exports, $287,483,279, chief exports (manu¬ 
factured goods) being silk, wine, and oil. 

SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 

The two countries of Sweden and Norway have one king, 
with whom is associated a joint council of state composed of 
both Swedes and Norwegians. Otherwise the kingdoms are 
separate. 

SWEDEN. 

SWEDEN.—Area, 172,786 square miles; population (census Dec. 
31, 1900), 5,136,441. Government, limited monarchy. Royal princes 
are excluded from civil appointments. Legislative power vested 
chiefly in a Diet acting In concert with the sovereign. First 
Chamber is elected for nine years by provinces and municipal 
corporations, and numbers 150. Second Chamber consists of 230, 
80 elected by towns and 150 by rural districts. The executive 
power is in the hands of the king, who exercises it through 
eleven ministers. 

Religion—The king must be a Lutheran, and the Lutheran 
Protestant Church is recognized as the state religion. The 
greater part of the population is Lutheran, but there are also 
44,378 dissenting Protestants, 1,390 Roman Catholics, 46 Greek 
Catholics, 3,402 Jews, 234 Mormons, and 313 Irvingites. Of the 
Lutherans, there were 2,571 parishes. 

Education—Elementary instruction compulsory; in 1899, 11,845 
schools, 16,270 teachers and 741,109 pupils. Of higher schools there 
were, in 1900, 79 public high schools, with 17,244 pupils; 29 people’s 
high schools, with 1,388 pupils; 13 elementary normal schools, 
with 1,299 pupils; 2 high and 6 elementary technical schools; 
10 navigation schools, besides schools for deaf, medical schools, 
military schools, etc. There are two universities, with 2,000 
students. 


73 


TUE GEE AT NATIONS OF THE WOULD. 


Revenue (1900), 156,143,000 crowns (about $39,000,000); expendi¬ 
tures the same. Debt (1899), $85,154,320. Army (1901), 2,217 officers, 
30,385 men. Navy (wholly for coast defense), 14 armor-clads and 
26 torpedo boats. Of the total area, 8.6 per cent is under culti¬ 
vation and nearly half in forest. The value of cereal crops 
estimated at about $60,000,000. Mining is important, the iron ore 
raised in 1900 being 2,607,925 tons, with 30,738 persons engaged 
in all kinds of mining. Imports (1899), $80,726,100; exports, 

$41,440,620. Leading exports, timber and machinery. 

NORWAY. 

NORWAY.—Area, 124,445 square miles; population (census of 
Dec. 3, 1900), 2,239,880. 

Government, limited monarchy. The constitution of Norway, 
called the Grundlov, vests the legislative power of the realm 
in the Storthing, or Great Court, the representative of the 
sovereign people. The king, however, possesses the right of 
veto over laws passed by the Storthing, but only for a limited 
period. The Storthing has 114 members—38 from towns, 76 
from rural districts. 

The executive is represented by the king, who exercises his 
authority through a Council of State, composed of two Minis¬ 
ters of State and at least seven Councillors. 

Religion—The Evangelical Lutheran religion is the national 
church and the only one endowed by the state. Its clergy 
are nominated by the king. All other Christian sects (except 
Jesuits), as well as the Jews, are tolerated, and free to exercise 
their religion within the limits prescribed by the law. In 1891 
there were 30,685 dissenters, including 1,004 Roman Catholics, 
8,187 Methodists, 4,228 Baptists, 348 Mormons, 231 Quakers. 

Education is compulsory, the school age being from six and 
a half in towns and seven in the country to fourteen. There 
are 85 secondary schools; 14 public, • 42 communal, 29 private. 
Number of pupils, 15,793. Besides these, 69 communal and pri¬ 
vate schools have 3,414 pupils more or less advanced. There 
wt'.re, in 1897, 6 public normal schools and 6 private, with 810 
students. Christiania has a university, attended in 1899 by about 
1,400 students. 

Revenue (1S99), $21,457,420; expenditures, $20,912,308 (estimated 
budget for 1902 a trifle larger, for 1900 about $1,000,000 larger). 
Debt, $53,211,132. Army, 30,000 men, 900 officers, with militia 
numbering 50,000, with 800 officers. Navy, for coast defense only, 
4 modern armor-clads and 4 monitors, with 31 small boats and 
24 torpedo boats; 120 officers, 700 men. Of the total area, 75 per 
cent is unproductive, 22 per cent forest, and 3 per cent under 
cultivation. Food supplies largely imported. Forty-one mining 
establishments, employing 2,457 workmen. Imports, $77,871,000; 
exports, $39,836,000. 

SPAIN. 

Area, 197,670 square miles; population (census 1897), 18,089,500. 
Government, constitutional monarchy. Legislative power vested 

74 


THE GREAT NATIONS OF THE WORLD . 


in Cortes and king. Cortes composed of Senate (180 life or 
hereditary members, 180 elected), and Congress (with 431 elected 
deputies). Executive is exercised by the king through a Council 
of Ministrs. 

Religion—National church is Catholic, and whole population 
Roman Catholic, except 6,654 Protestants, 402 Jews, 9,645 ration¬ 
alists, 510 of other religions, and 13,175 religion not stated. 
Catholic church has about 33,000 priests and 18,564 churches. 

Education—Nominally compulsory, but law is not enforced. 
Less than 30 per cent can read and write. About 30,000 lower 
schools, with 1,843,183 pupils; 9 middle institutions, with 16,000 
pupils; 8 universities, with 311 professors and over 10,000 students. 

Revenue, $170,99S,000; expenditures, $174,752,000. Debt, $1,727,994,- 
620. Army, 117,774 (in war, 183,972). Navy, 16 armored vessels, 
60 gunboats, 27 torpedo boats; 1,002 officers, 14,000 men. Of the 
total area, 80 per cent is considered productive, 20 per cent 
under grass, and the remainder in vineyards, olive culture, 
fruits (20 per cent), and general agriculture or gardens. Wheat 
is the principal cereal. Producing mines, 2,046, with 89,066 work¬ 
men; output valued at about $3,500,000. Imports, $144,680,000; ex¬ 
ports, $183,780,000. 

JAPAN. 

Area, 147,655 square miles; population (census Dec. 31, 1898), 
43,763,153, not including Formos and Pescadores. Government 
constitutional monarchy since 1889. Legislative functions vested 
in Mikado with consent of the Imperial Diet, composed of a 
House of Peers (300), and a House of Representatives (369). Ex¬ 
ecutive is exercised by the Mikado, with advice and counsel of 
his cabinet ministers. 

Religion—By the constitution absolute freedom of religious 
belief and practice is secured, so long as it is not prejudicial 
to peace and order. The chief forms of religion are—(1) Shinto¬ 
ism, with 11 sects; (2) Buddhism, with 16 sects and 25 creeds. 
There is no state religion, and no state support. In 1S99—Shinto 
priests, 89,531; students, 525. Buddhist temples, 71,977; bonze, 
106,788; students, 8,439. There are also numerous Roman Catho¬ 
lics, adherents of the Greek Church, and Protestants. 

There* are shrines dedicated to the eminent ancestors of the 
Imperial House, and to meritorious subjects; these are inde¬ 
pendent of any religious sect, and some of them are supported 
by state or local authorities. In 1898 the shrines numbered 
191,878, and the ritualists, 15,446. 

Education, compulsory. There are 29.997 elementary schools 
with a teaching staff of 88,660, and 4.302,623 pupils. Besides these 
there are 1,975 middle, high, normal, special and technical 
schools, kindergartens and universities, with 13,086 teachers and 
242,224 pupils and students. 

Revenue (1902), $138,748,501; expenditures, $137,943,712 (these fig¬ 
ures include receipts from Chinese indemnity and temporary 
expenditures amounting to more than one-third of the whole). 
Debt, $251,483,625. Army, 8,046 officers, 158,214 men. The reserve 

75 


THE GEE A T NA TI0N3 OF TUE WOBLD. 


brings the grand total up to 632,007 in time of war. Navy, 32 
effective ships, besides 100 torpedo boats; 30,061 officers and men. 
Principal agricultural products, rice, silk and tea. Consider¬ 
able silver is mined, and petroleum is being developed. Manu¬ 
factures of cotton and silk are rapidly increasing. Imports, 
$100,200,963; exports, $107,464,947. 

CHINA. 

Area of Chinese Empire, 4,234,910 square milec; population, 
399,680,000 (estimated); area of China proper is 1,353,350 square 
miles, and population 383,000,000. Government is a monarchy; 
ruler Kwangsu, but Sept. 22, 1898, an edict proclaimed that the 
emperor resigned power to the dowager empress, Tszu-Hszi, 
who had acted as regent till Kwangsu came of age in 1887. 
Supreme direction of empire in hands of a Grand Council 
(Ta-tc’ing-hwei-tien); administration in hands of a Cabinet 
(Nei-ko) of four members, two Chinese, two Manchu. Under 
them are seven boards of government. Independent of the 
government and nominally above it is the Board of Public 
Censors (Tu-ch’a-yuen) of 40 to 50 members. One censor must 
be present at the meetings of each of the government boards. 
The Tsung-li-Yamen or Foreign Office, created in 1861, was su¬ 
perseded in July, 1902, by a new foreign office called the Wai- 
wu-pu. Each province is ruled by a governor-general responsi¬ 
ble to the emperor for the entire administration. 

Religion—There are three native religions, Confucianism, Bud¬ 
dhism, and Taoism. Emperor is sole high priest of the nation. 
There is no ecclesiastical hierarchy or priesthood for the Con- 
fucian religion, which is the state religion. Bulk of the people 
are Buddhist. Also there are about 30,000,000 Mohammedans; 
1.000.000 Roman Catholics, and 50,000 Protestants. 

Education, general, though vast numbers can neither read 
nor write. An educated upper class alone knows the literature 
of the country, which constitutes the principal learning. In all 
important cities there are colleges for training students for 
degrees, and examinations are held twice in three years for 
the lower degree, though only sixty out of the two or three 
thousand candidates can be admitted. Those finally admitted 
to the higher degree are appointed to public office. 

Revenue, about $73,500,000; expenditures, about the same. 
Debt (1899), $287,123,500. In 1901 China agreed to pay the foreign 
powers an indemnity for the Boxer outbreak amounting to 
about $320,000,000, a gold debt payable in thirty-nine installments 
up to 1941. The total charge upon the debt is now about $20,000,- 
000 each year. Army: The Eight Banners, nominally 300,000, really 
45,000 (in garrisons in Manchuria and as Imperial Guard at Pekin), 
and National Army, nominally over 600,000 men, really about 
35,000, with modern organization, drill and arms; also mercenary 
troops, etc., nominally 200,000, really about 20,000, but of no 
military value. The Chinese navy was nearly destroyed in the 
Japanese war, but a number of cruisers have since been built. 

76 


POPULATION, AREA AND CAPITALS 
of the Great Countries of the World. 


countries. Population. 

China .402,680,000 

♦British Empire.395,152,105 

England . 32,526,075 

Wales . 

Scotland . 4,471,957 

Ireland . 4,456,546 

Islands . . 

Europe: 

Gibraltar . 26,203 

Malta, etc. 177,745 

Asia : 

India (including 

Burmah .294,266,701 

Ceylon . 3,008,239 

Cyprus . 187,000 

Aden and Socotra.... 44,000 

Straits Settlements . . 506,577 

Hong Kong. 221,441 

Labuan . 5,853 

British North Borneo. 150,000 
Africa : 

Cape Colony . 1,766,100 


Natal and Zululand. 

St. Helena . 

Ascension . 

Sierra Leone . 

British Guinea, Gold 

Coast, etc. 23,455,000 

Mauritius, etc. 392,500' 

British South and 

East Africa . 14,911,000 

Transvaal . 1,091,156 

Orange River Colony 
America : 


828,500 

4,116 

200 

300,000 


207,503 


Sq. Miles. 
4,218,401 
11,712,170 
50,840 
7,470 
29,785 
32,583 
295 

2 

122 


1,800,258 

25,365 

3,584 

3,070 

1,500 

30% 

31 

31,000 

276,800 

34,700 

47 

15,000 

339,900 

1,063 

1,989,247 

119,139 

48,326 


Canada Proper . 

New Brunswick . 

Nova Scotia . 

Manitoba . 

5,338,883 • 

370,488 

28,200 

20,907 

73.956 

British Columbia, etc. 
Northwest Territories. 
Prince Edward Island 
Newfoundland . 

198,000 

‘ 383,300 
3,257,500 
2,133 
42.200 

British Guiana . 

282,000 

76,000 

British Honduras . . . 

28,000 

7,562 

Jamaica . 

581,000 

4,193 

Trinidad and Tobago. 

205,000 

1,754 

Barbados . 

172,000 

166 

Bahamas . 

48,000 

5,794 

Bermuda . 

16,000 

41 

Other islands . 

255,000 

8,742 

Listralasia : 

New South Wales.... 

1,362,232 

310,700 

Victoria .*. . 

1.195.874 

87,884 

South Australia. 

362.595 

903,690 

Queensland . 

502,892 

668,497 


Capitals. 

Peking. 

London. 


♦These estimates of the population and area of the British 
pire include the recently acquired great possessions in Africa. 

77 


Em- 








































POPULATION, AREA AND CAPITALS. 


COUNTRIES. 

Population. 

Sq. Miles. 

Capitals. 

Western Australia ... 

182,553 

975,876 


Tasmania . 

171,066 

26,215 


New Zealand . 

743,214 

104,032 


Fiji . 

121,798 

7,423 


New Guinea (British) 

350,000 

88,460 


Russian Empire. 

128,932,173 

8,660,395 

St. Petersburg 

United States. 

76,295,220 

3,602,990 

Washington. 

United States and Colonies. 

.188,000,000 

3,756,884 

Washington. 

Philippines . 

8,000,000 

143,000 

Manila. 

Porto Rico . 

900,000 

3,600 

San "Juan. 

Hawaii . 

109,029 

6,740 

Honolulu. 

Tutuila, Samoa . 

9,000 

500 


Guam . 

4,000 

54 


France and Colonies. 

65,166,967 

3,250,000 

Paris. 

France . 

38,641,333 

184,092 

Paris. 

Colonies . 

21,448,064 

2,923,679 


Algeria . 

4,790,000 

184,474 

Algiers. 

Senegal, etc. 

183,237 

580,000 

St. Louis. 

Tunis . 

1,900,000 

45,000 

Tunis. 

Cayenne . 

26,502 

46,697 

Cayenne. 

Cambodia . 

1,500,000 

40,530 

Saigon. 

Cochin-China . 

2.323,499 

23,160 


Tonquin . 

12,000,000 

119,660 

Hanoi. 

New Caledonia . 

62,752 

7,624 

Noumea. 

Tahiti . 

12,800 

462 


Sahara . 

1,100,000 

1,550,000 


Madagascar . 

3,500,000 

28,500 

Antananarivo. 

German Empire . 

56,343,014 

208,830 

Berlin. 

Prussia . 

34,463,377 

134,603 

Berlin. 

Bavaria . 

6,175,153 

29,282 

Munich. 

Saxony . 

4,199,758 

5,787 

Dresden. 

Wurtemberg . 

2,081,151 

7,528 

Stuttgart. 

Baden . 

1,866,584 

5,821 

Karlsruhe. 

Alsace-Lorraine . 

1,717,451 

5,600 

Strasburg. 

Hesse . 

956.170 

2,965 

Darmstadt. 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin . . 

575,140 

5,137 

Schwerin. 

Hamburg . 

622,530 

158 


Brunswick . 

372,580 

1,425 

Brunswick. 

Oldenburg . 

341,250 

2,479 

Oldenburg. 

Saxe-Weimar . 

313,668 

1,387 

Weimar. 

Anhalt . 

247.603 

906 

Dessau. 

Saxe-Meiningen . 

214,697 

953 

Meiningen. 

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha . 

198,717 

760 

•Gotha. 

Bremen . . 

180,443 

99 


Saxe-Altenburg . 

161,129 

511 

Altenburg. 

Lippe . 

123,250 

472 

Detmold. 

Reuss (Younger line)... 

112,118 

319 

Gera. 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz .. 

98,371 

1,131 

Neu Strelitz. 

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 

83,939 

363 

Rudolstadt. 

Schwarzburg-Sond’s’s'n 

73,623 

333 

S’ndershausen, 

Lubeck . 

76,485 

115 


Waldeck . 

56,565 

433 

Arolsem 

Reuss (Elder line). 

53,787 

122 

Greiz. 

Schaumburg Lippe . 

37,204 

131 

Buckeburg. 

German Africa. 

. 5,950,000 

822,000 


Austro-Hungarian Empire, 

. 47.102,000 

201,591 

Vienna. 

Japan . 

. 43,760,815 

147,669 

Tokio. 


•{■Estimated for January 1, 1902. 


78 


















































POPULATION t AREA AND CAPITALS. 


COUNTRIES. 

Population. 

Sq. Miles. 

Capitals. 

Netherlands . 

5,103,924 

12,680 

The Hague. 

Netherlands and Colonies 33,042,238 

Borneo . 1,073,500 

Celebes . 2,000,000 

778,187 

203,714 

72,000 

The Hague. 

Java . 

21,974,161 

50,848 

Batavia. 

Moluccas . 

New Guinea . 

Sumatra . 

353,000 

200,000 

2,750,000 

42,420 

150,755 

170,744 

Amboyna. 

Surinam . 

57,141 

46,060 

Paramaribo. 

Turkish Empire. 

33.559,787 

1,652,533 

Constantinople 

European Turkey . 

4,790,000 

63,850 

Asiatic Turkey. 

16,133,900 

729,170 

Tripoli. 

Tripoli . 

1,000,000 

398,873 

Sofia. 

Bulgaria . 

3,154,375 

37,860 

Cairo. 

Egypt . 

9,700,000 

400,000 

Rome. 

Italy . 

Italy and Colonies 

Abyssinia . 

Eritrea . 

32,449,754 

34,970,785 

4,500,000 

660,000 

110.665 

425,765 

189,000 

56,100 

Rome. 

Somal Coast . 

Spain . 

Spanish Africa . 

210,000 

17,550,216 

437,000 

70,000 

196,173 

203,767 

Madrid. 

Spanish Islands. 

• 127,172 

1,957 

Rio Janeiro. 

Brazil . 

18,000,000 

3,218,130 

City of Mexico 

Mexico . 

Korea . 

13,570,545 

10,519,000 

767,316 

85,000 

Seoul. 

Congo State . 

8,000,000 

802,000 

Teheran. 

Persia . 

7,653,600 

636,000 

Lisbon. 

Portugal . 

Portugal and Colonies.. 

Portuguese Africa . 

Portuguese Asia . 

Sweden and Norway . 

4,708,178 

11,073,681 

5,416,000 

847,503 

7,328,797 

34,038 

951,785 

841,025 

7,923 

297,321 

Lisbon. 

Sweden . 

5,097,402 

172,876 

Stockholm. 

Norway . 

2.231,395 

124,445 

Kristiania. 

Morocco . 

6,500,000 

314,000 

Fez. 

Belgium . 

6,069,321 

11,373 

Brussels. 

Siam . 

5,700,000 

280,550 

Bangkok. 

Roumania . 

5,376,000 

46,314 

Bucharest. 

Argentine Republic . 

4,800,000 

1.095,013 

Buenos Ayres 

Colombia . 

4,600,000 

331,420 

Bogota. 

Afghanistan . 

4,000,000 

279,000 

C'abul. 

Chile . 

3,110,085 

256,860 

Santiago. 

Peru . 

3,000,000 

405,040 

Lima. 

Switzerland . 

3,312,551 

15,981 

Berne. 

Bolivia . 

2,500,000 

472,000 

La Paz. 

Greece . 

2,433,806 

24,977 

Athens. 

Denmark . 

2,447,441 

14,780 

Copenhagen. 

Denmark and Colonies . 

2,288,193 

101,403 

Copenhagen. 

Iceland . 

72,445 

39,756 

Reykjavik. 

Greenland . 

West Indies . 

9,780 

33,763 

46,740 

118 

Godthaab. 

Venezuela . 

2,444,816 

566,159 

Caracas. 

Servia . 

2,096,043 

18,757 

Belgrade. 

Nepaul . 

2,000,000 

56,800 

Khatmandu. 

Cuba . 

1,600,000 

41,655 

Havana. 

Oman . 

1,600,000 

81,000 

Muscat. 

Guatemala . 

1,574,340 

46,774 

N. Guatemala. 
























































POPULATION , AREA AND CAPITALS. 


COUNTRIES. 

Population. 

Sq. miles. 

Capitals. 

Ecuador . 

.. . 1,300,000 

144,000 

Quito. 

Liberia . 

. . . 1,050,000 

14,000 

Monrovia, 

Hayti . 

. . . 1,211.625 

29,830 

Port au Prince 

Salvador . 

915,512 

7.228 

San Sanvaldor 

Uruguay . 

840,725 

72.112 

Montevideo. 

Khiva . 

700.000 

22,320 

Khiva. 

Paraguay . 

600,000 

145.000 

Asuncion. 

Honduras . 

420,000 

42.658 

Tegucigalpa. 

Nicaragua . 

420.000 

51.660 

Managua. 

Dominican ReDublic . . . 

600.000 

20,596 

San Domingo. 

Montenegro . 

245.380 

3.486 

Cettinje. 

Costa Rica.. 

309,683 

19,985 

San Jose. 


RELIGION IN THE UNITED STATES. 


Exact figures on the members representing different churches are 
impossible for the reason that members are admitted at different 
ages in different churches; some statisticians speak of “adherents.” 
others of “communicants,” and there is great difference of opinion 
as to what churches should be counted, owing to schisms and minor 
sectarian differences. Therefore no two tables of estimates will 
agree. The following is believed to be a fair average, made up 
from the Year Book of the denominations for 1900, 1901 and 1902 . 


Com- 



Churches. 

Ministers. 

municants. 

Adventists . 

... 2,641 

1.614 

107,953 

Baptists . 

. . . 43,959 

29,810 

4,233,226 

Brethren (United) . 

. . . 4,229 

2,413 

243,841 

Catholics . 

. . . 12,062 

11.636 

8,610,220 

Christian Scientists. 

600 

12.000 

1,000,000 

C’ongregationalists . 

.. . 5,650 

5.568 

635,791 

Disciples of Christ. 

. . . 10,68!) 

6,385 

1,179,541 

Dowieites. 


55 

40,000 

Dunkards . . 


2,993 

142,787 

Episcopalians (Protestant) 

. . . 5,553 

4,822 

708,199 

(Reformed) . 

104 

103 

9,743 

Friends . 

. . . 1,083 

1,443 

118,421 

German Evangelical . 

... 1,806 

1,052 

240,000 

Jews. 

570 

201 

1,058,135 

Lutherans . 

. .. 12,425 

6,914 

1,705,185 

Mennonites . 

600 

1,200 

57,000 

Methodists (Episcopal) .... 

. . . 27.574 

17,879 

2,948,137 

(Southern) . 

. . . 14.244 

6,041 

1.457.864 

(Various) . 

. .. 14,000 

14,000 

1,650,000 

Moravians ... 

111 

118 

14,817 

Mormons . 

. . . 1,400 

3,000 

350,000 

Presbyterians . 

... 7.750 

7,467 

1,007,689 

(Allied) . 

. . . 7.500 

4.000 

600.000 

Reformed . 


1,800 

370,000 

Swedenborglan . 

173 

143 

7,679 

Unitarians . 

464 

555 

75,00(i 

Universalists . 


735 

52,926 


80 







































THE CENSUS OF 1900, 


THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES—OFFICIAL TABULATION. 

The population of the United States on June i, 1900 , as 
shown by the official count, including Alaska, Hawaii and the 
Indian Territory, was 76 . 299 , 047 . The following comparative 
table gives the figures for each State. The black figures after 
the name of each State show that State’s rank as regards popu¬ 
lation. The changes in rank, compared with 1890 , are as 
follows: Texas changes places with Massachusetts; Georgia 
with Kentucky; Wisconsin with Tennessee; North Carolina ad¬ 
vances from 16 th to 15 th; New Jersey from 18 th to 16 th; Minne¬ 
sota from 20 th to 19 th; Mississippi from 21 st to 20 th; California 
from 22 nd to 21 st; Louisiana from 25 th to 23 rd; Maryland from 
27 th to 26 th; Washington from 34 th to 33 rd; Rhode Island 
from 35 th to 34 th; Oregon from 38 th to 35 th; Oklahoma from 
48 th to 38 th; Montana from 45 th to 44 th. ' Besides those men¬ 
tioned the following States fell in rank in 1900 : Virginia, 
Alabama, Kansas, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
District of Columbia, Utah, Delaware, Nebraska and Wyoming, 


STATES AND TERRITORIES 

POPULATION. 

increase 

FROM 1890 

TO 1900. 

INCREASE 

FROM I860 

TO 1890 



1900 . 

1890 . 

1880 . 

PERCENTAGE. 

’ERGENTACE. 

The United States. 


76,299,047 

62,622,250 

50 , 155,783 

21.84 

24.86 

Alabama. 


1,828,697 

1,513,017 

1,262,505 

20 8 

19.8 

Alaska. 

.51 

63 592 

32,052 

33,426 

98.4 

4.x* 

Arizona. 

.49 

122,212 

1,311,564 

59,620 

40,440 

104 9 

47-4 

Arkansas. 

.25 

1,128,179 

802,525 

16.2 

40.5 

California. 

..2 1 

1,485.053 

1,208,130 

864,694 

22.9 

39-7 

Colorado. 

.31 

539,700 

412,198 

194,327 

30.9 

112.1 

Connecticut. 

.29 

908,355 

746,258 

622,700 

21.7 

19.8 

Delaware. 

.46 

184.735 

168.493 

146 608 

9.6 

14 9 

Dist. of Columbia.. 

.42 

278.718 

230,392 

177.624 

20.9 

29.7 

Florida. 

.32 

528 542 

391,422 

269 493 

35-0 

45-2 

Georgia . 

IT Q TTTO 1 1 

1 1 

48 

2,216,331 

I^A.OOI 

1 , 837.353 
89 990 

84.385 

1,542,180 

20.6 
71. 1 

91.7 

19.1 

Idaho . 

.47 

161,772 

32 610 

158.7 

Illinois. 

. 3 

4 821.550 

3,826.351 

3,077,871 

26.0 

24-3 

Indiana.. 

. 8 

2 516,462 

2.192 404 

1,978,301 

14.8 

10.8 

Indian Territory.. 

.39 

391,960 

180.182 

1 624,615 

H 7.5 


Iowa. 


2,231,853 

1,911.896 

16 7 

17.7 

Kansas. 

.22 

1,470,495 

1,427 096 
1,858,635 

996,096 

3 0 

43.3 

Kentucky. 

. 1 2 

2,147,174 

1,648,690 

15-5 

12.7 

Louisiana. 

Maine. 

.23 

1,381,625 

1,118.587 

939,946 

23-5 

19.0 

30 

694.466 

661,086 

648 936 

5-0 

i -9 


81 


















































THE CENSUS OF iqoo. 


POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES— (Continued.) 


STATES AND TERRITORIES 

POPULATION. 

INCREASE 

FROM 1890 

TO 1900 . 

INCREASE 

FROM 1880 

TO 1890 . 

1900 . 

1890 . 

1880 . 

PERCENTAGE. 

PERCENTAGE. 

Maryland. 

..26 

1,190,050 

1,042,390 

934,943 

14.2 

n.5 

Massachusetts.... 

.. 7 

2,805,346 

2,238,943 

1,783,085 

25.2 

2 . 5-5 

Michigan. 


2,420,982 

2,093,889 

1,636,937 

15-6 

27.9 

Minnesota. 


U 75 U 394 

1,301,826 

78 o ,773 

34-5 

66.7 

Mississippi. 


1,551,270 

1,289,600 

i,i 3 i ,597 

20.3 

14.0 

Missouri. 

5 

3,106,665 

2,679,184 

2,168,380 

16.0 

23.6 

Montana. 


243 , 3 2 9 

132,159 

39 ,i 59 

84.1 

237-5 

Nebraska. 


1,068,539 

1,058,910 

452,402 

0.9 

134 -i 

Nevada. 


42.335 

45 , 76 i 

62,266 

7 - 5 * 

26.5* 

New Hampshire. 

..36 

411,588 

376,530 

346,991 

9-3 

8.5 

New Jersey. 

.16 

1,883,669 

1 , 444,933 

1 131,116 

30.4 

27.7 

New Mexico. 


i 95 , 3 io 

153 593 

119,565 

27.2 

28.5 

New York. 


7,268,012 

5 , 997,853 

5,082,871 

21.2 

18.0 

North Carolina... 


1,893,810 

1,617,947 

1 , 399.750 

17.1 

15-6 

North Dakota_ 

..41 

319,146 

182,719 

36.909 

74-7 

395-1 

Ohio. 


4 , 157.545 

3,672,316 

3,198,062 

132 

14.8 

Oklahoma. 

. .38 

1 q 8 TIT 

61.814 


S 44-2 


Oregon. 

..35 

413,536 

313,767 

174,768 

31-8 

79-5 

Pennsylvania. 

.. 2 

6 , 302,115 

5,258,014 

4 282,891 

19.9 

22.8 

Rhode Island. 

..34 

428,556 

345,506 

276,531 

24.0 

24.9 

South Carolina... 

..24 

1 , 340,316 

I,i 5 i,i 49 

995 577 

16.4 

15 £ 

South Dakota. 

..37 

401,570 

328,808 

98,268 

22.1 

234.6 

Tennessee. 

..14 

2,020,6l6 

1,767,518 

1 , 542,359 

14.3 

14.6 

Texas. 

.. 6 

3,048,710 

2,235,523 

1 591,749 

36.4 

40-4 

Utah. 


276,749 

207,905 

143,963 

33 -i 

44-4 

Vermont.. . 


343 641 

332 422 

332,286 

3-3 

0.09 

Virginia.. . 


1,854 184 

1,655,980 

1 512,565 

12.0 

9-5 

Washington. 

..33 

518,103 

349,390 

75 ,h 6 

48.3 

365-1 

West Virginia.... 

..28 

958,800 

762,794 

618,457 

25-7 

23-3 

Wisconsin.... 

.. 1 3 

2 , 069,042 

1,686,880 

1,315,497 

22.7 

28.2 

Wyoming. 

..50 

92,531 

60,705 

20,789 

52.4 

192.0 

Persons in service of 






U. S. abroad 


84,400 






*Decrease. 


THE POPULATION OF PORTO RICO 

according to the census of 1899 , taken under the direction of the U. S. War 
Department, was 953 , 243 , the density of population being 264 to the square 
mile. Of the total population 589,426 were white, and 363,817 were colored; 
of the latter 59,390 were negroes and 304,352 were mixed. Of the total 
population 792 , 984 , or 83.2 per cent, could not read. 

THE POPULATION OF CUBA 

according to the census of 1899 . taken by the U. S. War Department, was 
I -57 2 -797 } the density of population being 35.7 per square mile. Of the total 
population 1 , 052,497 were white; 234,638 were negroes; 270.805 mixed, and 
14,857 Chinese. Over one-half of those over ten years of age could neither 
read nor write. 























































POPULATION OP CITIES. 

The fifteen leading cities of the United States in 1900, with their popula¬ 
tion and rank in 1900, 1890 and 1880, and their percent of increase from 
1880 to 1890, and 1890 to 1900, 


CITIES. 

1900 

1890 

18 8 0 

Rank. 

Population. 

Per Cent 

of 

Increase. 

Rank. 

Population. 

Per Cent 

of 

Increase. 

M 

0 

rt 

Pi 

Population. 

New York. 

1 

3,437,202 

37-8 

1 

2,492,591 

3 i-o 

I 

1,901,345 

Chicago. 

2 

1-698,575 

54-4 

2 

1,099,850 

118.5 

3 

503,185 

Philadelphia . 

3 

1,293,697 

23-5 

3 

1,046,964 

23-5 

2 

847,170 

St. Louis. 

4 

575.238 

27-3 

4 

451,770 

28.8 

5 

350,518 

Boston. 

5 

560,892 

25.0 

5 

448,477 

23.6 

4 

362,839 

Baltimore. 

6 

508.957 

17.1 

6 

434,439 

30.7 

6 

332,313 

Cleveland. 

7 

381.768 

46.0 

9 

261,353 

63.1 

11 

160,146 

Buffalo. 

8 

352,387 

37-8 

10 

255,664 

64.8 

13 

155,134 

San Francisco. 

9 

342,782 

14.6 

7 

298,997 

27.7 

8 

233,959 

Cincinnati. 

10 

325,902 

9-7 

8 

296,908 

16.3 

7 

255,139 

Pittsburg. 

11 

321,616 

34 7 

12 

238,617 

52.5 

12 

156,389 

New Orleans. 

12 

287,104 

18.6 

11 

242,039 

12.0 

9 

216,090 

Detroit. 

13 

285,704 

38.7 

14 

205,876 

76.9 

17 

116,340 

Milwaukee . 

H 

285,315 

39-5 

15 

204,468 

76.8 

18 

115,587 

Washington. 

15 

278,718 

20.9 

13 

230,392 

29.7 

10 

177,624 


Cities and Towns of over 10,000 Population in 1900 . 


CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1900. 

1890. 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1900. 

1890. 

Alabama 



New Britain. 

25,998 

16.519 

Birmingham. 

38,415 

26,178 

New Haven. 

108 027 

81,298 

Mobile. 

38,469 

31,076 

New London. 

1 ',548 

13-757 

Montgomery. 

30,346 

21,883 

Norwich. 

17,251 

16,156 

Alaska 



Stamford. 

L 5.997 


Nome . 

12,486 


Waterbury. 

45,859 

28,646 

Arkansas 



Delaware 

Fort Smith. 

11,587 

11,311 

Wilmington ...... 

76,508 

61,431 

Little Rock. 

38,30/ 

25,874 

District of Columbia 



Pine Bluff. 

11,496 

9,952 

Washington. 

278,718 

230,392 

California 



Florida 



Alameda. 

16,464 

11,165 

Jacksonville. 

28,429 

17,201 

Berkeley.. 

13,214 

5, 101 

Key West. 

17,114 

18,080 

Fresno. 

12,470 

10,818 

Pensacola. 

17,747 

11,750 

Los Angeles. 

102,479 

50,395 

Tampa. 

15.839 

5,532 

Oakland. 

66,960 

48,682 

Georgia 



Sacramento. 

29,282 

26,386 

Athens.. 

10,245 

8.639 

S in Diego. 

17,700 

16,159 

Atlanta..,. 

89 872 

65,533 

San Francisco.... 

342,782 

298,997 

Augusta........... 

39.441 

33-300 

San Jose. 

21,500 

18,060 

Columbus. 

17,614 

17303 

Stockton. 

17,506 

14,424 

Macon. 

23,272 

22,746 

Colorado 



Savannah. 

54-244 

43,189 

Colorado Springs. 

21,085 

11,140 

Hawaii 




TO 147 


Honolulu. 

39,306 

22,907 

Denver. 

133 859 

106,713 

Illinois 

Leadville. 

12,455 

10,384 

Alton. 

14,210 

10,294 


28,157 

24,558 

Aurora. 

24,147 

19,688 

Connecticut 

Belleville. 

17.484 

15.361 

\ nQnnifl t _ T T T . ^ 

12,682 


Bloomington. 

23,286 

20,484 

Bridgeport. 

70,996 

48,866 

Cairo. 

12,566 

10 324 

Danbury. 

16,537 

16,552 

Chicago. 1 , 698,575 

1,099 850 

Hartford. 

79,850 

53 230 

Danville. 

16 354 

11 491 

Meriden. 

24 296 

21,652 

Decatur. 

20 754 

16,841 

Naugatuck.. .. 

10.S41 


East St. Louis. 

29 655 

15,16* 


83 





































































































Cities and Towns of over 10,000 Population— Continued. 


CITIES AND TOWNS. I 9 OO. 


Elgin. 22 433 

Evanston.- 19,259 

Freeport... 13.258 

Galesburg. 18,607 

Jacksonville. 15,078 

Joliet. 29,353 

Kankakee. 13,595 

LaSalle. 10 446 

Moline. 17,248 

Ottawa. 10,588 

Peoria. 56,100 

Quincy. 36,252 

Rockford. 31 051 

Rock Island. 19 ,493 

Springfield. 34.159 

Streator. 14,079 

Indiana 

Anderson. 20,178 

Elkhart. 15,184 

Elwood . 12.950 

Evansville. 59,007 

Fort Wayne. 45 115 

Hammond... 12376 

Indianapolis. 169,164 

Jeffersonville. 10,774 

Kokomo. 10 609 

Lafayette. 18 116 

Kogansport. 16,204 

Marion. 17,337 

Michigan City.... 14,850 

Muncie. 20,942 

New A1 ba n y. 20,628 

Richmond. 18 226 

South Bend. 35,999 

Terre Haute. 36,673 

Vincennes. 10,249 

Iowa 

Burlington........ 23,201 

Cedar Rapids. 25 656 

Clinton. 22,698 

Council Bluffs. 25,802 

Davenport. 35,254 

Des Moines. 62,139 

Dubuque. 36,297 

Fort Dodge. 12,162 

Keokuk. 14,641 

Marshalltown. 11 544 

Muscatine. 14,073 

Ottumwa. 18,197 

Siowx City. 33,111 

Waterloo. 12,580 

Kansas 

Atchison . 15,722 

Fort Scott. 10,322 

Galena._ 10,155 

Kansas City. 51,418 

Lawrence..... 10,862 

Leavenworth. 20,735 

Pittsburg. 10,112 

Topeka. 33 608 

Wichita.. 24 671 


1890 . 


17,823 


9,985 

41,024 

3i,495 

23,584 

13,634 

24,963 

11,414 

10,741 
11,360 
2 284 
50,756 
35,393 
5.428 
105,436 
10,666 
8,261 
16,243 

13 328 
8,769 

10,776 

H.345 

21,059 

16,608 

21,819 

30.217 

8,853 

22,565 

18,020 

13,619 

21,474 

26,872 

50,093 

30,311 

4.871 

14,101 

8,914 

n,454 

14,001 

37 . 8 o 6 

6,674 


CITIES AND TOWNS. 

1900 . 

1890 . 

Kentucky 

Covington. 

42 938 

37 371 

Henderson._ 

10,272 

8,835 

Lexington. 

26,369 

21,567 

Louisville. 

204,731 

161,129 

Newport.. 

28,301 

24.918 

Owensboro. 

13,189 

9.837 

Paducah. 

19.446 

12,797 

Louisiana 

Baton Rouge. 

11 269 

10,478 

New Orleans.__ 

287,104 

242,039 

Shreveport. 

16,013 

ii,979 

riaine 



Auburn. 

12 951 

11,250 

Augusta. 

n 683 

10,527 

Bangor. 

10 477 

8,723 

Biddleford. 

16.145 

14,443 

Lewiston. .... 

23,761 

21,701 

Portland.. 

50,145 

36,425 

Maryland 

Baltimore. 

508,957 

434 439 

Cumberland. 

17,128 

12,729 

Hagerstown. 

I3,59i 

10,118 


Massachusetts 

Beverly. 13,884 

Boston.. 560,892 

Brockton. 40 063 

Cambridge. 91,886 

Chelsea. 34,072 

Chicopee. 19 167 

Evert tt. 24.336 

Fall River. 104,863 

Fitchburg. 31.531 

Gloucester. 26,121 

Haverhill. 37.175 

Holyoke. 45,712 

Lawrence. 62 559 

Lowell. 94 969 

Lynn. 68 513 

Malden. 31 664 

Marlboro. 13 609 

Medford. 18 244 

Melrose. 12.962 

New Bedford. 62.442 

Newbury port. 14 478 

Newton. 33 587 

North Adams. 24.200 

Northampton. 18 643 

Pittsfield. 21,766 

Quincy.,. 23,899 

Salem . 35 956 


13963 

11,946 
2,496 
38316 
9-997 
19,768 

31*007 [Michigan 

23 853 1 Alpena. 11,802 


Somerville. 61 643 

Springfield. 62 059 

Taunton. 31.036 

Waltham.. 23,481 

Woburn..... 14 254 

Worcester.. . 118,421 


10,821 

448,477 

27,294 

70,028 
27,909 
14.050 
11 068 
74 398 
22 037 
24 651 
27.412 
35,637 
44 654 
77.696 
55-727 
23.031 
13,805 
11.079 
8,519 
40,733 
13.947 
24 379 

16 074 
14 990 

17 281 
16,723 
30 801 
40 152 
44 179 

25.448 

18,707 
13 499 

84,655 

n 283 


84 



















































































































Cities and Towns of over 10,000 Population—Continued. 


CITIES AND TOWNS. I9OO. 


1890 . 


n n m A o b ° r \:. r4 ’ 509 9,431 

Battle Creek. 18,563 13,197 

Bay City. 27,628 27,839 

55 troit . 285,704 205 876 

Flmt.... 13,103 9,803 

Grand Rapids- 87,565 60 278 

Ishpeming. 13,255 11,197 

Jackson. 25,180 20,798 

Kalamazoo. 24,404 17,853 

Lansing. 16,485 13,102 

Manistee. 14,260 12,812 

Marquette. 10,058 9,093 

Menominee. 12,818 10.630 

Muskegon. 20,818 22,702 

Port Huron. 19,158 13,543 

Saginaw. 42,345 46,322 

Sault Ste. Marie.. 10,538 5,760 

West Bay City.... 13,119 12,981 

ilinnesota 

Dulu , th . 52,969 33 ,n 5 

Mankato. 10,599 8,838 

Minneapolis. 202,718 164J38 

St. Paul. 163 065 133.156 

Stillwater. 12,318 11,260 

Winona. 19,714 18,208 

riississippi 

Meridian.. 14,050 10,624 

Natchez. 12,210 10,101 

Vicksburg. I 4, 8 34 13 ,373 

Missouri 

Hannibal. 12,780 12,857 

Joplin. 26,023 9,943 

Kansas City. 163,752 132,716 

St. Joseph. 102,979 52,324 

St. Louis. 575 , 23 8 45 b 77 o 

Sedalia. 15,231 14068 

S pri n gfield ....23,267 21,850 

ilontana 

Butte. 30,470 10,723 

Great Falls. 14,930 3,979 

Helena. 10,770 13,834 

Nebraska 

Lincoln.40,169 55.154 

Omaha..... 102,555 140.452 

South Omaha. 26,001 8,062 

New Hampshire 

Concord. 19,632 17,004 


CITIES AND TOWNS. I9OO. 


1890. 


Dover . 

13,207 

12,790 

Ogdensburg. 

12.633 

11,662 

Manchester..^.... 

56,987 

44,126 

Oswego. 

22,199 

21,842 

Nashua. 

23,898 

i9,3n 

Peekskill. 

10,358 

9,676 

Portsmouth. 

10,637 

9,827 

Poughkeepsie. 

24,029 

22,206 

New Jersey 



Rochester. 

162,608 

133,896 

Atlantic. 

27,838 

13,055 

Rome. 

15,343 

14.991 

Bayonne. 

32,722 

19,033 

Saratoga Springs. 

12.409 

IL975 

Bridgeton . 

I3,9i3 

11424 

Schenectady. 

31,682 

19 902 

Camden. 

75-935 

58.313 

Syracuse. 

108.374 

88,143 

East Orange . 

21,506 

13.282 

Troy. 

60,651 

60,956 

Elizabeth . 

52,130 

37,764 

Utica. 

56,383 

44,007 

Harrison. 

10.596 

8,338 

Watertown. 

21,696 

14.725 

Hoboken . 

59364 

43,648 

Watervliet. 

14,321 

12,967 

Jersey City. 

206,433 

163,003 

Yonkers. 

47.931 

32 033 


Kearney. 10,896 

Millville. 10 , 5^3 

Montclair. 13,962 

Morristown. 11,267 

Newark. 246,070 

New Brunswick .. 20,006 

Orange. 24,141 

Passaic. 27,777 

Paterson. 105,171 

Perth Amboy. 17,699 

Phillipsburg. 10,052 

Plainfield. 15,369 

Trenton. 73,307 

Union. 15,187 

West Hoboken.... 23,094 

New York 

Albany. 94,151 

Amsterdam. 20,929 

Auburn.. 30,345 

Binghamton. 39,647 

Buffalo. 352,3 8 7 

Cohoes. 23,910 

Corning. 11,061 

Dunkirk. 11,616 

Elmira. 35,672 

Geneva.. ~... 10433 

Glens Falls. 12 613 

Gloversville. 18,349 

Hornellsville. 11,918 

Ithaca. 13 136 

Jamestown. 22,892 

Johnstown. 10,130 

Kingston. 24,535 

Lansingburg. 12,595 

Little Falls. 10,381 

Lockport. 16,581 

Middletown. 14,522 

Mt. Vernon . 20,346 

Newburg. 24,943 

New Rochelle. 14,720 

New York. 3 , 437.202 

Manhattan bor’ghi, 850,093 
Bronx borough.... 200,507 

Brooklyn. 1 , 166.582 

Richmond bor’gh. 67,021 
Queens borough .. 152,999 
Niagara Falls. 19457 


10,002 

8,656 

8,156 

181.830 
18,603 
18,844 
13,028 
7 8 ,349 

9,5i2 

8,644 

11,267 

57,458 

10,643 

11,665 

94,923 

17,336 

25,858 

35,005 

255,664 

22,509 

8,550 

9,416 

30,893 

7,557 

9,509 

13,864 

10,996 

11,079 

16,038 

7,768 

21,261 

10,550 

8,783 

16,038 

ii,977 

10.830 
* 23,087 

9,057 

i,5I5,3oi 


85 


























































































































Cities and Towns of over 10,000 Population—Continued. 


CITIES AND TOWNS. I 9 OO. 

1890 . 

CITIES AND TOWNS. I 90 O. 

1890 . 

North Carolina 



McKeesport. 


20,741 

Asheville. 


10,235 

Mahanoy. 

•. 13.504 

11,286 

Charlotte. 


IL557 

Meadville. 


9 520 

Greensboro. 


3.317 

Mt. Carmel. 

•• 13,179 

8,254 

Raleigh. 


12,678 

Nanticoke. 


10,044 

Wilmington.... 


20,056 

Newcastle. 


11,600 

Winston. 


8,018 

Norristown. 

22,265 

I9,79i 

Ohio 



Oil City. 


10 932 

Akron. 


27,601 

Philadelphia.... 

• • 1,293 697 

1,046 964 

Ashtabula. 

... 12949 

8,338 

Pittsburg. 


238 617 

Canton. 


26,189 

Pittston. 

.. 12,556 

10,302 

Chillicothe. 


11,288 

Plymouth. 


9,344 

Cincinnati. 


296,908 

Pottstown. 


13 285 

Cleveland. 

.. 381,768 

26i,353 

Pottsville. 

•• 15,701 

14,H7 

Columbus. 

... 125560 

88,150 

Reading. 


58,661 

Dayton. 

... 85.333 

61,220 

Scranton. 


75,215 

East Liverpool. 

... 16,485 

10,956 

Shamokin . 

.. 18,202 

14,403 

Findlay. 

T7.6T1 

18 553 

Shenandceli .... 


15,944 

Hamilton. 

... 23.914 

17.565 

South Bethl hem.. 131241 

10.302 

Irontown. 

.. 11,868 

io,939 

Steelton. 


9,250 

Lima. 


15.981 

Wilkesbarre .... 

.. 51.721 

37,7i8 

Lorain. ... 


4.863 

Wilkinsburg.... 

.. 11,886 

4,662 

Mansfield. 

17,640 

13.473 

Williamsport... 

.. 28.757 

27,132 

Marietta. 


8,273 

York. 


20,793 

Marion. 


8 327 

Rhode Island 



Massillon. 


10,092 

Central Falls.... 



Newark. 


14.270 

Newport. 


19,457 

Piqua. 


9 OQO 

Pawtucket. 

• • 39,231 

27 633 

Portsmouth.... 


12,394 

Providence. 

• 175 597 

132.146 

Sandusky. 

.. 19,664 

18,471 

Woonsocket. 


20,830 

Springfield. 

• • 38,253 

31.895 

South Carolina 



Steubenville ... 

.. 14 349 

13 394 

Charleston. 

.. 55 8o7 

54-955 

Tiffin. 


10,801 

Columbia. 


15 353 

Toledo. 


8i,434 

Greenville. 


8 607 

Youngstown ... 

... 44885 

33.220 

Spartanburg.... 

n,395 

5,544 

Zanesville. 


21,009 

South Dakota 



Oklahoma 



Sioux Falls. 


10,177 

Guthrie. 


5 333 

Tennessee 



Oklahoma City 

.. 10,037 

4,i5i 

Chattanooga .... 

•• 3®,154 

29,100 

Oregon 



Jackson... 

.. 14,511 

10 039 

Portland. 


46,385 

Knoxville. 


22 535 

Pennsylvania 



Memphis. 


64.495 

Allegheny..... 


105,287 

Nashville. 


76,168 

Allentown. 

.. 35.416 

25,228 

Texas 



Altoona. 

• • 38,973 

30,337 

Austin. 


14,575 

Beaver Falls.... 


9.735 

Dallas. 

.. 42 638 

38,067 

Braddock . 


8,561 

Denison. 


10 . 9 S 8 

Bradford. 


10,514 

El Paso. 


10.338 

Butler. 

.. 10.853 

8,734 

Fort Worth. 

. 26 688 

23,076 

Carbondale. 

• • 13 536 

10,833 

Galveston. 


29,084 

Chester. 

... 33 988 

20,226 

Houston. 


27.557 

Columbia. 


10.599 

Laredo. 

• • 13.429 

n,3i9 

Dunmore. 


8,315 

San Antonio .... 

• • 53.321 

37,673 

Easton. 


14,481 

Sherman. 


7-335 

Erie. 


40,634 

Waco. 


14 445 

Harrisburg. 

• 50,167 

39,385 

Utah 



Hazelton. 


11,872 

Ogden. 


14,889 

Homestead. 


7.911 

Salt Lake City.. 

.. 53,531 

44,843 

Johnstown. 

... 35 936 

21,805 

Vermont 



Lancaster. 

. 4b459 

32,011 

Burlington. 


14 590 

Lebanon. 


14.664 

Rutland. 




86 
















































































































Cities and Towns of over 10,000 Population— Concluded. 


CITIES AND TOWNS. I90O. 

1890. 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 1900. 

I89O. 

Virginia 

Alexandria . 



Wisconsin 

Appleton. 

TC 08c 

11,86^ 

Danville. 


10,305 

Ashland. 


9 956 

Lynchburg. 


19,709 

Beloit . 


6315 

Newport News.. 

• • 19 635 

4.449 

Eau Claire . 


17,415 

Norfolk . 


34.871 

Fond du Lac.... 


12 024 

Petersburg. 


22,680 

Green Bay. 


9,069 

Portsmouth. 


13,268 

Janesville. . 

. . - 13,185 

10,836 

Richmond . 


81,388 

Kenosha . 


6,532 

Roanoke . 


16,159 

LaCrosse . 

. .. 28,895 

25,090 

Washington 



Madison . 


13,426 

Seattle . 


42,837 

Manitowoc . 

... 11,786 

7,710 

Spokane . . 


19,922 

Marinette. .... 

••• 15.195 

11,523 

Tacoma . 


36,006 

Milwaukee . 

... 285,315 

204,468 

Wallawalla . 


4.709 

Oshkosh . 


22.836 

West Virginia 



Racine . 


21,014 

Charleston . 

... 11,099 

6,742 

Sheboygan . 

22,962 

16,359 

Huntington. 

• • n.923 

10,108 

Superior. 


11,083 

Parkersburg ..,. 

.. 11.703 

8 408 

Wausau. 

• •• 12 354 

9.253 

Wheeling. 


34,522 

Wyo. Cheyenne, 

14,087 

11,690 


The Wonderful Growth of Chicago. 

The population of Chicago in 1830, was 70; 1840, 4,853; 1845, 
12,088; 1850, 29,963; 1855, 60,227; i860, 112,172; 1865, 178,900; 
1870, 298,977; 1872, 364,377; 1880, 503,185; 1884, (estimated) 675,- 
000; 1885, (estimated), 727,000; 1886, (estimated) 750,000; 1887, 
(estimated) 760,000; 18S9, 1890 1,099,850; 1900, 1,698,575. 


THE NAMES OF THE STATES. 

Alabama —Indian; meaning “Here we rest.” Arkansas — 
“Kansas,” the Indian name for “smoky water,” with the French 
prefix “arc,” bow or bend in the principal river. California — 
Caliente Fornalla, Spanish for “ hot furnace,” in allusion to the 
climate. Colorado — Spanish; meaning “colored,” from the red 
color of the Colorado river. Connecticut — Indian*, meaning 
“long river.” Delaware —Named in honor of Lord Delaware. 
Florida —Named by Ponce de Leon, who discovered it in 1512 , 
on Easter Day, the Spanish Pascua de Flores, or “Feast of 
Flowers.” Georgia —In honor of George II. of England. Illi¬ 
nois —From the Indian “illini,” men, and the French suffix 
“ois,” together signifying “tribe of men.” Indiana —Indian 
land. Iowa —Indian; meaning “beautiful land.” Kansas —- 
Indian; meaning “smoky water.” Kentucky —Indian ; for “at 
the head of the river; ” or “ the dark and bloody ground.” Louisi¬ 
ana —In honor of Louis XIV. of France. Maine —From the 
province of Maine, in France. Maryland —In honor of Henri¬ 
etta Maria, queen of Charles I. of England. Massachusetts — 
The plate of the great hills (the blue hills southwest of Boston)# 









































NAMES OF THE STATES. 

Michigan —The Indian name for a fish weir. The lake was so 
called from the fancied resemblance of the lake to a fish trap. 
Minnesota —Indian; meaning “sky-tinted water.” Mississippi 
—Indian; meaning “great father of waters.” Missouri —Indian; 
meaning “muddy.” Nebraska —Indian; meaning “water val¬ 
ley.” Nevada —Spanish; meaning “snow-covered,” alluding to 
the mountains. New Hampshire —From Hampshire county, 
England. New Jersey —In honor of Sir George Carteret, one 
of the original grantees, who had previously been governor of 
Jersey Island. New Tork —In honor of the Duke of York. 
North and South Carolina —Originally called Carolina, in 
honor of Charles IX. of France. Ohio —Indian; meaning 
“beautiful river.” Oregon —From the Spanish “oregano,” wild 
marjoram, which grows abundantly on the coast. Pennsylvania 
—Latin: meaning Penn’s woody land. Rhode Island —From a 
fancied resemblance to the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. 
Tennessee —Indian, meaning “river -with the great bend.” 
Texas — Origin of this name is unknown. Vermont —French; 
meaning green mountain. Virginia —In honor of Elizabe.h, 
the “Virgin Queen.” Wisconsin —Indian; meaning “ gathering 
of the waters,” or “ wild rushing channel.” 

MOTTOES OF THE STATES. 

Arkansas — Regnant populi: The peoples rule. Califor¬ 
nia — Eureka: I have found it. Colorado—Nil sine numine: 
Nothing without the Divinity. Connecticut — Qui transtulit 
sustinet: He who has transferred, sustains. Delaware —Liberty 
and Independence. Florida —In God is our trust. Georgia — 
Wisdom, Justice, Moderation. Illinois —State Sovereignty and 
National Union. Iowa —Our liberties we prize, and our rights 
we will maintain. Kansas — Ad astra per aspera: To the stars 
through rugged ways. Kentucky —United we stand, divided we 
fall. Louisiana —Union and Confidence. Maine — Dirigo: I 
direct. Maryland — Crescite et multiplicamini: Increase and 
multiply. Massachusetts — Ense petit placidam sub libertate 
quietem: By her sword she seeks under liberty a calm repose. 
Michigan — Si queeris peninsulam ameenam circumspice: If 
thou seekest a beautiful peninsula, look around. Minnesota — 
L'Etoile du Nord: The Star of the North. Missouri — Solus 
populi suprema lex esto: Let the welfare of the people be the 
supreme law. Nebraska —Popular Sovereignty. Nevada — 
Vole?is ct potens: Willing and able. New Jersey —Liberty and 
Independence. New fork — Excelsior: Higher. Ohio — Im- 
ferium in imperio: An empire within an empire. Oregon — 
Alis volat propriis: She flies with her own wings. Pennsylva¬ 
nia —Virtue, Liberty, Independence. Rhode Island —Hope. 

88 



GEOGRAPHICAL NICKNAMES. 

South Carolina—Animis opibusque parati: Ready with our 
lives and property. Tennessee —Agriculture, Commerce. Ver¬ 
mont —Freedom and Unity. Virginia—Sic semper tyrannis: 
So be it ever to tyrants. West Virginia—Montani semper 
liheri: The mountaineers are always free. Wisconsin —For¬ 
ward. United States—E pluribus unum: From many, one. 
Annuit ca-ptis: God has favored the undertaking; Novus ordo 
sector urn : A new order of ages. The first named on one side of 
the great seal, the other two on the reverse. 


GEOGRAPHICAL NICKNAMES. 

STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Alabama, Cotton State; Arkansas, Toothpick and Bear State; 
California, Eureka and Golden State; Colorado, Centennial State; 
Connecticut, Land of Steady Habits, Freestone State and Nut¬ 
meg State; Dakota, Sioux State; Delaware, Uncle Sam’s Pocket 
Handkerchief and Blue Hen State; Florida, Everglade and 
Flowery State; Georgia, Empire State of the South; Idaho, Gem 
of the Mountains; Illinois, Prairie and Sucker State; Indiana, 
Hoosier State; Iowa, Hawkeye State; Kansas, Jayhawker State; 
Kentucky, Corn-cracker State; Louisiana, Creole State; Maine, 
Timber and Pine Tree State; Maryland, Monumental State; 
Massachusetts, Old Bay State; Michigan, Wolverine and Penin¬ 
sular State; Minnesota, Gopher and North Star State; Mississippi, 
Eagle State; Missouri, Puke State; Nebraska, Antelope State; 
Nevada, Sage State; New Hampshire, Old Granite State; New 
Jersey, Blue State and New Spain; New Mexico, Vermin State; 
New York, Empire State; North Carolina, Rip Van Winkle, 
Old North and Turpentine State; Ohio, Buckeye State; Oregon, 
Pacific State; Pennsylvania, Keystone, Iron and Oil State; 
Rhode Islanu, Plantation State and Little Rhody; South Caro¬ 
lina, Palmetto State; Tennessee, Lion’s Den State; Texas, Lone 
Star‘State; Utah, Mormon State; Vermont, Green Mountain 
State; Virginia, Old Dominion; Wisconsin, Badger and Copper 
State. 

NATIVES OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Alabama, lizards; Arkansas; toothpicks; California, gold-hun¬ 
ters; Colorado, rovers; Connecticut, wooden nutmegs; Dakota, 
squatters; Delaware, muskrats; Florida, fly-up-the-creeks; 
Georgia, buzzards; Idaho, fortune seekers; Illinois, suckers; 
Indiana, hoosiers; Iowa, hawkeyes; Kansas, jay hawkers; Ken¬ 
tucky, corn-crackers; Louisiana, creoles; Maine, foxes; Mary¬ 
land, clam-humpers; Massachusetts, Yankees; Michigan, wol¬ 
verines; Minnesota, gophers; Mississippi, tadpoles; Missouri, 
pukes; Nebraska, bugeaters; Nevada, sage-hens; New Hampshire, 
granite boys; New Jersey, blues, or clam-catchers; New Mexico, 

89 



GEOGRAPHICAL NICKNAMES. 

Spanish Indians; New York, Knickerbockers; North Carolina, 
tarheels; Ohio, buckeyes; Oregon, hard cases; Pennsylvania, 
pennamites, or leather-heads; Rhode Island, gunflints; South 
Carolina, weazles; Tennessee, whelps; Texas, beef-heads; Utah, 
polygamists; Vermont, green-mountain boys; Virginia, beagles; 
Wisconsin, badgers. 

NICKNAMES OF CITIES. 

Atlanta, Gate City of the South; Baltimore, Monumental 
City; Bangor, Lumber City; Boston, Modern Athens, Literary 
Emporium, City of Notions, and Hub of the Universe; Brook¬ 
lyn, City of Churches; Buffalo, Queen of the Lakes; Burling¬ 
ton (Iowa), Orchard City; Charleston, Palmetto City; Chicago, 
Prairie, or Garden City; Cincinnati, Queen of the West and 
Porkopolis; Cleveland, Forest City; Denver, City of the Plains; 
Detroit, City of the Straits; Hartford, Insurance City; Indian¬ 
apolis, Railroad City; Keokuk, Gate City; Lafayette, Star City; 
Leavenworth, Cottonwood City; Louisville, Falls City; Lowell, 
Spindle City; McGregor, Pocket City; Madison, Lake City; 
Milwaukee, Cream City; Nashville, Rock City; New Haven, 
Elm City; New Orleans, Crescent City; New York, Empire 
City, Commercial Emporium, Gotham, and Metropolis of 
America, Philadelphia, City of Brotherly Love, City of Penn, 
Quaker City, and Centennial City; Pittsburgh, Iron City and 
Smoky City; Portland (Me.), Hill City; Providence, Roger 
Williams’s City, and Perry Davis’s Pain Killer; Raleigh, Oak 
City; Richmond (Va.), Cockade City; Richmond (Ind.), 
Quaker City of the West; Rochester, Aqueduct City; Salt 
Lake City, Mormon City; San Francisco, Golden Gate; Sa¬ 
vannah, Forest City of the South; Sheboyan, Evergreen City, 
St. Louis, Mound City; St. Paul, No^th Star City; Vicksburg, 
Key City; Washington, City of Magnificent Distances, and 
Federal City. 


The English Sparrow. 

The first English sparrow was brought to the United States 
in 1850, but it was not until 1870 that the species can be said to 
have firmly established itself. Since then it has taken posses¬ 
sion of the country. Its fecundity is amazing. In the latitude 
of New York and southward it hatches, as a rule, five or six 
broods in a season, with from four to six young in a brood. As¬ 
suming the average annual product of a pair to be twenty-tour 
young, of which half are females and half males, and assuming 
further, for the sake of computation, that all live, together with 
their offspring, it will be seen that in ten years the progeny of a 
6ingle pair would be 275,716,983,698. 

90 



UNITED STATES DEPENDENCIES. 

The United States became responsible in 1898 for certain terri¬ 
tories beyond the bounds of the Commonwealth—the Hawaiian or 
Sandwich Islands, Cuba, Porto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, and to 
these were added in 1900 the Island of Tutuila and other small 
Samoan islands. 

HAWAII.—The Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, discovered by the 
Spaniards in 1549, formed during the greater part of the nine¬ 
teenth century an independent kingdom. In 1893, however, the 
reigning Queen, Liliuokalani, was deposed and a provisional gov¬ 
ernment formed; in 1894 a Republic was proclaimed, and in ac¬ 
cordance with a resolution of Congress of July 7, 1898, the islands 
were, on August 12, 1898, formally annexed to the United States. 
On June 14 , 1900, the islands were constituted as the Territory of 
Hawaii. By the Act of April 30, 1900, all persons who on August 
12 , 1898 , were citizens of the Republic of Hawaii, were declared 
to be citizens of the United States and of the Territory of Hawaii. 

The total area of the islands is 6,640 square miles—namely, 
Hawaii, 4,210 ; Maui, 760 ; Oahu, 600 ; Kauai, 590 ; Molokai, 270 ; 
Lanai, 150 ; Niihau, 97; Ivahoolawe, 63 square miles. According 
to the census taken on June 1, 1900, the total population of the 
islands numbered 154,001, an increase of 44,981, or 41.2 per cent 
since 1896 . 

The number of Hawaiians in the islands is 29,834 ; in 1896 It 
was 31 , 019 . The part-Hawaiians now number 7,835 ; in 1896 there 
were 8 , 485 . The increase in the number of Chinese since 1896 is 
6 , 360 , the present number being 25,742. In 1896 there were 22,329 
Japanese ; now there are 62,122, an increase of 278 per cent. The 
white population has increased in number during the same period. 
In 1896 the whole white population was 22,428; in 1900 it was 
28 , 533 . 

Most of the immigrants are Japanese. There are now restrictions 
on Chinese immigration. The capital, Honolulu (39,305 inhabi¬ 
tants), is in the Island of Oahu. 

Nearly all the natives are Christians. There is a Church of 
England bishop at Honolulu ; also a Roman Catholic bishop, and 
ministers of various denominations. In 1896 there were 23.773 
Protestants, 26,363 Roman Catholics, 4,886 Mormons, 44,306 Budd¬ 
hists, etc. Schools are established ail over the islands, the sum 
allotted for public instruction in 1897 being $144,389. In 1899 
there were 189 schools, with 544 teachers and 15,490 pupils ; of the 
pupils 5,043 were Hawaiians, 2,721 part Hawaiian, 3,822 Portu¬ 
guese, 2,455 Asiatics, 601 American, 213 British and 337 German. 
Of the teachers, 282 were American, 130 Hawaiian or part 
Hawaiian, and 66 British. 

CUBA.—Cuba, after having been continuously in the possession 
of Spain fi-om. its discovery, was by the peace preliminaries and by 
the definitive treaty signed by the Peace Commissioners at Paris, 
December 10, 1898, relinquished by Spain, and thus has the posi¬ 
tion of an independent state. The direct armed interposition of 
the United States in the struggle against Spanish domination has, 
however, brought the island into close association with the United 
States Government. On November 5, 1900, a convention met to 
decide on a constitution, and on February 21, 1901, a constitution 
was adopted, under which the island will have a republican form 
of government, with a president, a vice-president, a Senate and a 
House of Representatives. Thereupon the United States Legislature 
passed a law authorizing the President of the United States to 


91 


UNITED STATES DEPENDENCIES. 

make over the government of the island to the Cuban people as 
soon as Cuba should undertake to make no treaty with any foreign 
power endangering its independence, to contract no debt for which 
the current revenue would not suffice, to concede to the United 
States Government a right of intervention, and also to grant to it 
the use of naval stations. On June 12, 1901, these conditions were 
accepted by Cuba, and on February 24, 1902, the President and 
Vice-President of the Republic were formally elected. 

Cuba has an area of about 35,994 square miles, with a population, 
according to the census enumeration of October, 1899, of 1,572,797. 

Of the total population, 622,330 were engaged in some occupa¬ 
tion, as follows : 299,197 in agriculture, mining or fishing, 141,936 
in domestic service, 93,034 in manufactures, 79,427 in commerce 
and traffic, 8,736 in professions. Of adult male whites (Cuban), 
there were 94,301, and of colored adult males there were 78,279 
wholly illiterate. 

The capital, Havana, has 235,981 inhabitants ; Matanzas, 36,374 ; 
Santiago de Cuba, 43,090 ; Cienfuegos, 30,038 ; Puerto Principe, 25,- 
102 ; Cardenas, 21.940. Education was made obligatory in 1880. 
There are 843 public schools in the island, and Havana has a uni¬ 
versity. 

PORTO RICO.—Porto Rico, which, by the treaty of December 11, 
1898, was ceded by Spain to the United States, has had a repre¬ 
sentative government since May 1, 1901, the franchise being re¬ 
stricted by a small property qualification and an easy educational 
test. There are an elective legislative assembly, a nominated execu¬ 
tive council, and a Governor. The island has an area of about 
3,600 square miles. The population in 1899 was 953,243 (in 1887, 
798,566). The negroes number about 70,000 and mulattoes about 
240,000. Chief town, San Juan, 32,048 inhabitants; Ponce, 27,952 ; 
Mayaguez, 15,187. 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.—These islands, ceded by Spain to the 
United States by the treaty signed by the Peace Commissioners, 
December 10, 1898, extend almost due north and south from For¬ 
mosa to Borneo and the Moluccas, embracing an extent of 16 de¬ 
grees of latitude and 9 degrees of longitude. They are about 
2,000 in number ; the two largest are Luzon (area, 40,024 square 
miles) and Mindanao; and the total area, including the Sulu 
Islands, is about 114,000 square miles. The population is esti¬ 
mated at about 8.000,000. The capital of the Philippines, Manila, 
has 350,000 inhabitants ; Lipa, 40,730 ; Banang, 39,660 ; Batangas, 
39,360; Laoang, 37,100; Cebu, 35,240 ; Argao, 34,050; Albay, 
34,000 ; Taal, 33.380 ; Carear, 30,300 ; Calbayog, 30,250. There 
are about 25,000 Europeans in the islands and about 100,000 
Chinese, in whose hands are the principal industries. The native 
inhabitants are mostly of the Malayan race, but there are some 
tribes of Negritos. The group is divided into three governments: 
Luzon, the \ isayas, and Mindanao with the Sulu Islands; but in 
many of the islands the natives have hitherto been practically 
independent. A Commission, appointed in January, 1900, after 
deliberation with the people, framed many useful laws which the 
Secretary of War approved. Local Government was instituted in 
<65 towns, each being forced into a municipality with a president, 
vice-president and council chosen for two years by qualified electors. 
For the administration of justice there is a Supreme Court with 7 
judges, and there are 14 judicial districts, each with a court of first 
instance. For the maintenance of order a native police force has' 
been organized. Throughout the islands schools are being estab 


92 


UNITED STATES DEPENDENCIES. 

llshtd with American teachers anrl about 2.000 naiive elementary 
teachers, about 150,000 children being enrolled, while about 10,000 
adult natives learn English. The land question being complicated 
with that of the religious orders which hold about 403,000 acres 
occupied by native tenantry, the Government will probably solve 
the difficulty by purchasing the land and selling it to the occupants. 

GUAM (LADKONES).—The Island of Guam or Guahan, the 
largest in the Marianne or Ladrone Archipelago, was ceded by 
Spain to the United States in 1808, and will probably be used as a 
coaling station for the United States navy. The island is about 
32 miles long and 100 miles in circumference, with an area of about 
200 square miles, and has a population of about 9,000, of whom 
about 6,000 are in Agana, the capital. The inhabitants are mostlv 
immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Philippines, the 
original race of the Marianne Islands having become extinct. The 
recognized language is Spanish, but English is also spoken. Nine- 
tenths of the islanders can read and write. The island is thickly 
wooded, well watered and fertile, and possesses a roadstead. 

SAMOAN ISLANDS.—The Island of Tutuila and other small 
Samoan islands came into the possession of the United States in 
January, 1900. In 1872 the harbor of Pago Pago, in Tutuila, had 
been ceded to the United States for a naval and coaling station. 
In 1878 this cession was continued, and rights of freedom of trade 
and extra-territorial jurisdiction in Samoa were granted. In 1889 
was held at Berlin the conference between the representatives of 
the United States, Germany and Great Britain, resulting in the 
treaty recognizing the Samoan Islands as neutral territory with an 
independent government, the natives being allowed to follow their 
own laws and customs, w r hile for civil and criminal causes in which 
foreigners were concerned there was established a Supreme Court 
of Justice, in which an American citizen was the presiding judge. 
This arrangement continued till 1898, when disturbances regarding 
the rights of succession to the office of king arose. In 1899 the 
kingship was abojished, and by the Anglo-German agreement of 
November 14 of that year, accepted in January, 1900, by the United 
States, Great Britain and Germany, renounced in favor of the 
United States all rights over the Island of Tutuila and the other 
islands of the Samoan group east of 171 degrees longitude east of 
Greenwich. In February. 1900, a naval governor was appointed for 
Tutuila. The Island of Tutuila. 70 miles from Apia, has an area of 
about 54 square miles, with a population of 3,800. Manua and the 
other islets have a united area of about 25 square miles, with about 
2,000 inhabitants. 


Candle-Power —The candle-power of a light may be approxi¬ 
mately calculated by comparing the shadow cast by a rod in the 
light of a standard candle, with the shadow cast by the light to 
be tested. By moving the latter toward or away from the rod. a 
point will be reached at which the shadow cast by both lights will 
be of the same intensity. The intensities of the two lights are 
directly proportional to the squares of their distances from the 
shadows; for example, suppose the light to be tested is three 
times the distance of the candle, its illuminating power is nine 
times as great. 


93 



THE CIVIL WAR OF 1861-65. 


Number of Men in the Union Army Furnished hy Each State and 
Territory, from April 15,1861, to Cloeeof War. 


States and 
Territories. 

Number 
or Men 
Furnish’d 

Aggregate 
Reduced to 
a Three 
Years’ 
Standing. 

States and 
Territories. 

Number 
or Men 
Furnish’d 

Ag’regate 
Reduced 
to a Three 
Years* 
Standing. 

Alabama. 

2,556 

8.289 
15,725 

4,903 

55,864 

12,284 

1.290 

1,611 

7,836 

15,725 

3,697 

50,623 

10,322 

1,290 

New York. 

448,850 

3,166 

313,180 

1,810 

337,936 

23,236 

392,270 

3,156 

240,514 

1,773 

265,517 

17,866 

Arkansas. 

North Carolina. 
Ohio. 

California. 

Colorado. .. 

Oregon. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

Pennsylvania ... 
Rhode Island... 
South Carolina.. 
Tennessee. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

31,092 

1,965 

33,288 

26,394 

1,632 

29,068 

Illinois. 

259,092 

196,363 

76,242 

20,149 

75,760 

5,224 

70,107 

46,638 

146,730 

87,364 

£4,020 

545 

109,111 

3,157 

1,080 

33,937 

76,814 

214,133 

153,576 

68,630 

18,706 

70,832 

4,654 

56,776 

41,275 

124,104 

80,111 

19,693 

545 

86,530 

2,175 

1,080 

30,849 

57,908 

Texas. 

Indiana. 

Vermont. 

Iowa. 

Virginia. 

Kansas. 

West Virginia... 
Wisconsin . 

32,068 

91,327 

206 

16534 

3,530 

27,714 

79,-260 

206 

11,506 

3,530 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana .. 

Dakota. 

Maine. 

Dist of Columbia 
Indian Territory 
Montana. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts .. 
Michigan . 

New Mexico.... 
Utah . 

6,561 

4,432 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Washington Ter. 
U S Army. 

964 

964 

Nebraska. 

U S Volunteers. 
U S colYd troops 

Total. 



Nevada. 

93,441 

91,789 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey. 

2,772,408 

2,320,272 


The armies of the United States were commanded during the 
war of the Rebellion by President Lincoln as commander-in¬ 
chief under the constitutional provision; and under him, as 
general commanders, by Brevet Lieutenant General Winfield 
Scott until Nov. 6, 1861; by Major General George B. McClellan 
from Nov. 6, 1861, to March n, 1862; by Major General Henry 
W. Halleck from July 11, 1862, to March 12, 1864 (there be¬ 
ing no general commander between March 11 and July 11, 
1862); and Lieutenant General and General U. S. Grant from 
March 12, 1864, to March 4, 1869. The first of the principal 
armies into which the force of the United States was 
divided was the Army of the Potomac. This army was 
called into existence in July, 1861, and was organized 
by Major General George B. McClellan, its first commander; 
Nov. 5, 1862, Major General A. E. Burnside took com¬ 
mand of it; Jan. 25, 1863, Major General Joe Hooker was 
placed in command, and June 27, 1863, Major General George 
G. Meade succeeded him. The Army of the Ohio was organ¬ 
ized by General D. C. Buell, under a general order from the 

94 





































































THE CIVIL WAR OF 1861-65 . 


War Department dated Nov. 9, 1861, from troops in the military 
department of the Ohio. General Buell remained in command 
until Oct. 30, 1862, when he was succeeded by General W. S. 
Rosecrans. At this time the Army of the Ohio became the 
Army of the Cumberland and a new department of the Ohio 
was formed and Major General H. G. Wright assigned to the 
command thereof. He was succeed by Major General Burn¬ 
side, who was relieved by Major General J. G. Foster of the 
command of both department and army. Major General Scho¬ 
field took command Jan. 28, 1864, and Jan. 17, 1865, the de¬ 
partment was merged into the Department of the Cumberland. 
The Army of the Cumberland was formed of the Army of the 
Ohio, as above noted. It continued under the command of Gen¬ 
eral Rosecrans until October, 1863, when General George H. 
Thomas took command of it. The Army of theTennessee was 
originally the Army of the District of Western Tennessee, 
fighting as such at Shiloh. It became the Army of theTennessee 
on the concentration of troops at Pittsburgh Landing under Gen¬ 
eral Halleck, and when the Department of the Tennessee was 
formed,Oct. 16,1862, the troops serving therein were placed under 
command of Major General U. S. Grant. Oct. 27, 1863, Major 
General William T. Sherman was appointed to the command of 
this army; March 12,1864, Major General J. B. McPherson suc¬ 
ceeded him; July 30, 1864, McPherson having been killed, Major 
General O. O. Howard was placed in command, and May 19, 
I862, Major General John A. Logan succeeded him. Other 
minor armies were the Army of Virginia, which was formed by 
the consolidation of the forces under Major Generals Fremont, 
Banks and McDowell, by order of the War Department, Aug. 
12, 1862. Major General John Pope was placed in command, 
but after the disastrous defeat of this general at Manassas the 
army as such was discontinued and its troops transferred to other 
organizations. The Army of the James was formed of the Tenth 
and Fourteenth corps and cavalry, and. was placed under the 
command of Major General Butler. Its operations were carried 
on in conjunction with the Army of the Potomac. Other tem¬ 
porary arrangements of the troops formed the Army of the Mis¬ 
sissippi in the Mississippi River operations in 1862; the Army of 
the Gulf in Louisiana in May, 1863; the Army of West Vir¬ 
ginia, in the valley of the Shenandoah, in May, 1864, and the 
army of the Middle Military Division in Virginia in the fall of 
1864. 


A horse will live 25 days without solid food, merely drinking 
water; 17 days without either eating or drinking; and only 5 
days when eating solid food without drinking. 

95 



CHRONOLOGY OF RECENT WARS. 

SPAN IS II-AMERICAN WAR, 1898. 

Main? blown up .February 15 

Spain asked to leave Cuba.*. am 01 

Diplomatic relations broken.April no 

Cuban blockade declared.April ZZ 

War declared by Spain.April 24 

War declared by United States.April , 

Dewey’s victory at Manila .May 1 

Hobson’s Merrimac exploit . ...June 3 

United States army corps land in Cuba.June Z 1 

Battle at El Caney and San Juan.July 1 

Cervera’s fleet destroyed.Ju y 3 

General Toral surrenders.July 14 

Santiago de Cuba surrenders..July 17 

Campaign in Porto Rico begins....July Z 5 

Peace protocol signed.-.August 12 

Surrender of Manila.August 13 

Peace treaty signed in Paris.December 12 

PHILIPPINE war, 1899-1900. 

VIostilities begin ..February 4, 1899 

Battles around Manila.February 4-7, 1899 

Battle at Malinea.March 26, 1899 

Battle at Santa Cruz.April 19 ’ 

Santa Cruz captured. a? 11 r’ 

San Fernando captured.May o, 18JJ 

Battle at Bacoor.June 13, 1899 

Battle at Imus.June 16, 1899 

Battle at Colamba. ;* Ju ? ^6. ^99 

Battle at Angeles.. .August 

Major John A. Logan killed.November 14, 1899 

General Gregorio del Pilar killed.December 10, 1899 

General Lawton killed.December 19, 1899 

Taft commission appointed.February 25, 1900 

Amnesty proclaimed .June 21, 1900 

Aguinaldo captured .March 23, 1901 

Civil government partly established.July 4, 1901 

ANGLO-BOER WAR, 1899-1901. 

Boers declare war.October 10, 1899 

Boers invade Natal.October 12, 1899 

Battle of Glencoe.October 20, 1899 

Battle of Magersfonein.December 10, 1899 

Battle at Colesberg.December 31, 1899 

Spion Kop battles.January 23-25, 1900 

Kimberley relieved .February 15, 1900 

General Cronje surrenders.February 27, 1900 

Ladysmith relieved .March 1, 1900 

General Joubert dies. March 27, 1900 

Battle at Iteddersburg.March 31, 1900 

Mafeking relieved .May 17, 1900 

Johannesburg captured .May 30, 1900 

Orange Free State annexed.May 30, 1900 

Pretoria captured .June 4, 1900 

South African Republic annexed.September 1, 1900 

General Clement defeated.December 14, 1900 

Lord Roberts returns home.January 1, 1900 

Battle at Vladfontein.May 29, 1901 

Battle at Utrecht.September 18, 1901 

Attack on Fort Itala.September 30, 1901 


96 



























































CHRONOLOGY OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR. 

IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF THE WAR. 

Russia failed to evacuate Manchuria in accordance with 
treaty stipulations, though the real trouble originated in 1896, 
when Russia, with the concurrence of France and Germany, 
prevented Japan from acquiring the Liaotung peninsula and 
Port Arthur as part of the war indemnity from China. Rus¬ 
sia was apparently determined to retain possession of Port 
Arthur, and possibly of the whole of Manchuria. Japan con¬ 
sidered the situation intolerable, believing it to menace her 
national existence; persistent efforts, long continued by Japan, 
to come to an understanding by peaceable means, proved fruit¬ 
less, and on Feb. 6th, 1904, diplomatic relations were severed. 
The story of the war chronologically follows: 

Feb. 8-9, 1904—Variag and Korietz destroyed in Chemulpo 
harbor and Togo attacks Port Arthur fleet. 

May 1—Japanese take Fengwangcheng. 

May 5—Japanese land at Pitsewo and begin to invest Port 
Arthur. 

May 11—Russians evacuate Dalny, destroying the town. 

May 26-27—Battles of Nanshan hill and Kinchow; loss, 
5T30. 

June I4-I5^0ku defeats Stackelberg at Vafangow; loss, 
11,coo. 

June 17—Battle of Motien Pass; Russians driven back. 

June 30-31—Battle of Haicheng; loss, 5.700. 

July 25—Russian forces driven out of Newchwang. 

Aug. 10—Sortie from Port Arthur harbor; Russian fleet 
dispersed and in part destroyed; Vice-Admiral Withoft killed. 

Aug. 14—Kamimura defeats Vladivostok squadron; Rurik 
sunk. 

Aug. 30-Sept. 4—Japanese, under Oyama, defeat Kuropatkin 
at Liaoyang; 365,000 engaged; loss, 35,000. 

Sept. 11—Baltic fleet sails from Cronstadt under Rojest- 
vensky. 

Oct. 8-18—Kuroki defeats Kuropatkin at Shakhe river. 
Total casualties 61,679, with 23,000 killed. 

Oct. 22—The “Doggerbank outrage.” Two British fisher¬ 
men killed. 

Nov. 30—Japanese take 203-Meter hill by storm, losing 
12,000. 

Jan. 2—Stoessel surrenders Port Arthur to Nogi. 

Jan. 26 to 31—Battle of the Hun river; Russians defeated 
with loss of 15,000; Japanese loss, $5,000. 

97 


CHRONOLOGY OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR. 

LOSSES AND COST IN FIRST YEAR OF WAR. 
LOSSES IN MEN. 

Killed. Wounded. Total. 

Russians .60,000 155,000 215,000 

Japanese .65,000 110,000 175,000 

NAVAL LOSSES. 

By Russia—Seven battleships, thirteen cruisers and fourteen 
gunboats, torpedo boats and destroyers. Total, 34 ships. 

By Japan—One battleship, three cruisers, three transports 
and sixteen torpedo boats and destroyers. Total, 23 ships. 

FINANCIAL COST. 


Official figures by Russia.$475,000,000 

Estimates made by Japan. 360,000,000 

Total cost to both countries.$835,000,000 


THE MONROE DOCTRINE. 

The famous “Monroe Doctrine” was enunciated by President 
Monroe in his message to congress Dec. 2, 1823. Referring 
to steps taken to arrange the respective rights of Russia, Great 
Britain and the United States on the northwest coast of this 
continent, the president went on to say: 

“In the discussions to which this interest has given rise, and 
in the arrangements by which they may terminate, the occa¬ 
sion has been deemed proper for asserting, as a principle in 
which the rights and interests of the United States are in¬ 
volved, that the American continents, by the free and inde¬ 
pendent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are 
henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future coloni¬ 
zation by any European power. * * * We owe it, therefore, 
to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the 
t United States and those powers to declare that we should con¬ 
sider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any 
. portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and 
safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any 
European power we have not interfered and shall not inter¬ 
fere. But with the governments who have declared their in¬ 
dependence and maintain it, and whose independence we hava, 
on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, 
we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppress¬ 
ing them or controlling in any other manner their destiny 
by any European power in any other light than as the mani¬ 
festation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United 
States.” 


98 








OR BA T BA TTLES OF HISTORY. 

The number placed hors-dc-combat in battle are not relatively 
so large as formerly, as the table below will show: 

Men Engaged. Hors-de-combat. Ratio. 

Thrasymene. 65,000 17,000 27 per cent, 

Cannae. 146,000 52,000 34 

Bannockburn. 135,000 38,000 28 

Agincourt. 62,000 11,400 18 

Crecy. 117,000 31,200 27 

Marengo. 58,000 13,000 22 

Austerlitz. 170,000 23,000 13 

Borodino. 250,000 78,000 31 

Waterloo. 145,000 51,000 35 

Alma. 103,000 8,400 8 

Sadowa. 402,000 33,000 8 

Gravelotte. 320,000 48,500 15 

Gettysburg. 140,000 8,000 5 

. According to Napoleon, the proportions of an army should 
be 70 per cent, infantry, 17 per cent, cavalry, and 13 per cent, 
between artillery, engineers and train. 

The proportion of men capable of bearing arms is estimated 
at 25 per cent, of the population. 

At the close of the Franco-German war the Germans took 
from the French 7.234 pieces of cannon, including 3,485 field 
pieces and 3,300 fortress guns. At the battle of Waterloo the 
British artillery fired 9,467 rounds, or one for every Frenchman 
killed. 


The Decisive Battles of History. 

Actium, B.C. 31. The combined fleets of Antony and Cleo¬ 
patra defeated by Octavius, and imperialism established in the 
person of Octavius. 

Philippi, B.C. 42. Brutus and Cassius defeated by Octavius 
and Antony. The fate of the Republic decided. 

Metaurus, B.C. 207. The Carthaginians, under Hasdrubul, 
were defeated by the Romans, under Caius and Marcus Livius. 

Arbela, B.C. 331. The Persians defeated by the Macedonians 
and Greeks under Alexander the Great. End of the Persian 
empire. 

Syracuse, B.C. 414. The Athenians defeated by the Syracu¬ 
sans and their allies, the Spartans, under Gylippus. 

Marathon*, B.C. 490. The Athenians, under Miltiades, de¬ 
feated the Persians under Datis. Free government preserved. 

Winfeld-Lippe, A.D. 9. Teutonic independence established 
by the defeat of the Roman legions under Varus at the hands of 
the Germans under Arminius (Hermann). 

Chalons, A.D. 451. The Huns, under Attila, called the 

99 


L.0f& 

















DECISIVE BATTLES OF HIS TOFT. 

“ Scourge of God,” defeated by the confederate armies of 
Romans and Visigoths. 

Tours, A.D. 732. The Saracens defeated by Charles Martel 
and Christendom rescued from Islam. 

Hastings, A.D. 1066. Harold, commanding the English army, 
defeated by William the Conqueror, and a new regime established 
in England by the Normans. 

Siege of Orleans, A.D. 1429. The English defeated by the 
French under Joan of Arc. 

Defeat of the Spanish Armada, A.D. 1588. England saved 
from Spanish invasion. 

Lutzen, A.D 1632. Decided the religious liberties of Germany. 
Gustavus Adolphus killed. 

Blenheim, A.D. 1704. The French and Bavarians, undei 
Marshal Tallard, defeated by the English and their allies, undei 
Marlborough. 

Pultowa, A.D. 1709. Charles XII., of Sweden, defeated bj 
the Russians under Peter the Great. • 

Saratoga, A.D. 1777. Critical battle of the American Warol 
Independence. The English defeated by the Americans undei 
Gen. Gates. 

Valmy, A.D. 1792. An invading army of Prussians, Aus* 
trians and Hessians, under the Duke of Brunswick, defeated by 
the French under Kellermann. The first success of the Republic 
against foreigners. 

Trafalgar. On the 21st of October, A.D. 1805, the great naval 
battle of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated the French 
and destroyed Napoleon’s hopes to successfully invade England. 

Waterloo, A.D. 1815. The French, under Napoleon, defeated 
by the allied armies of Russia, Austria, Prussia and England, 
under Wellington. 

Siege of Sebastopol, A.D. 1854-5. The Russians succumbed 
to the beleaguering armies of England, France and Turkey, and 
the result was delay in the expansion of the Russian Empire. 

Gettysburg, July, A.D. 1863. The deciding battle of the war 
for the Union. The Confederates under Gen. Lee defeated by 
♦he Union forces under Meade. 

Sedan, A.D. 1870. The decisive battle of the Franco-German 
war. 

Slavery and Serfdom. 

Some of the wealthy Romans had as many as 10,000 slaves. 
The minimum price fixed by the law of Rome was $80, but after 
great victories they could sometimes be bought for a few shillings 
on the field of battle. The day’s wages of a Roman gardener 
were about »6 cents, and his value about $300, while a black- 

100 


SLA VERT AND SERFDOM. 


smith was valued at about $700, a cook at $2,000, an actress at 
$4,000, and a physician at $11,000. 

The number of slaves emancipated in the British Colonies in 
1834 was 780,993, the indemnity aggregating, in round figures, 
$100,000,000. In Brazil, in 1876, there were 1,510,800 slaves, 15 
per cent, of the entire population. These were held by 41,000 
owners, averaging 37 to each owner. In 1882 the number of 
slaves was 1,300,000. Owing to the gradual abolition of slavery 
in Brazil by law it is expected that it will be entirely obsolete in 


1900. 





Slavery in tlie United States. 


Year. 

Number. 

Year. 

Number. 

1790 . 

. 697,900 

1830 . 

. 2 , 009,030 

1800 . 

, . 893,040 

1840 . 

. 2 , 487,500 

1810 . 

.\ 1 , 191,400 

1850 . 

. 3 , 204,300 

1820 . 

. 1 , 538,100 

1860 . 

. 3 , 979,700 


Serfdom in Russia. 


There were 47,932,000 serfs in Russia in 1861, as follows : 
Crown serfs, 22,851,000; appanage, 3,326,000; held by nobles, 
21,755,000. The cost of redemption was, in round numbers, 
about $325,000,000, as follows : 


Mortgages remitted 
Government scrip. . 

Paid by serfs. 

Balance due. 


$ 152 , 000,000 

101,000,000 

52 , 000,000 

20,000,000 


The indemnity to the nobles was $15 per serf. The lands are 
mortgaged to the state till 1912. The lands ceded to Crown 
serfs are mortgaged only till 1901. The item of “mortgages 
remitted ” is the amount due by nobles to the Imperial Bank 
and canceled. 

Austrian Servitude (1840). 


Labor (two days per week) 

Tithe of crops, etc. 

Male tribute, timber. 

Female tribute, spun wool. 
Fowl, eggs, butter. 


$ 175 , 000,000 

00,000,000 

7,000,000 

9 , 000,000 

5 , 000,000 


..$ 256 , 000,000 

There were 7,000,000 serfs, whose tribute averaged more than 
$35 P er head, which was, in fact, the rent of their farms. Some 
Bohemian nobles had as many as 10,000 serfs. The redemption 
was effected by giving the nobles 5 per cent. Gover._ment scrip* 
and land then rose 50 per cent, in value. 

101 






















German Serfs. 

It* 1848 the state took 60,000,000 acres from the nobles, leaving 
them still 25,000,000 acres, and gave the former among the serfs. 
Indemnity as follows: 1. Government scrip, $900 for each serf 
family, to nobleman. 2. Land tax, $15 per annum, transferred 
to peasant. 3. Interest, $35 per annum for 47 years, to be paid 
by peasant to the state, being 4 per cent, on cost of redemption. 

Famous Giants and Dwarfs. 

The most noted giants of ancient and modern times are as 


follows: 

Name. 

Goliath. 

Galbara . 

John Middleton. .. . 
Frederick’s Swede.. 
Cujanus 

Place. 

. Palestine... 

.Rome . 

. England.... 
. Sweden .... 

Height, Feet. Period. 

11.0 B.C. 1063 . 

9.3 A.D. 1578 . 

8.4 . 

. Finland .. . 

7.9 


Gilly . 

, .Tyrol. 

8.1 


Patrick Cotter. 

. .Cork. 

8.7 

1806 . 

Chang Gow. 

,. Pekin. 

7.8 

1880 . 


Many of the great men of history have been rather small in 
stature. Napoleon was only about 5 ft. 4 in., Washington was 
5 ft. 7 in. One of the greatest of American statesmen, Alexander 
H. Stephens, never excelled 115 pounds in weight, and in his old 
age his weight was less than 100 pounds. 

The more notable human mites are named below: 


Name. Height, inches. Date of Birth. Place of Birth. 

Count Borowlaski . 39 1739 Warsaw. 

Tom Thumb(Chas. S. Stratton) 31 1837 New York. 

Mrs. Tom Thumb. 32 1842 “ 

Che-Mah . 25 1838 China. 

Lucia Zarate. 20 1863 Mexico. 

General Mite.. 21 1864 New York. 


Evictions in Ireland. 

The total number of families evicted in Ireland for 33 years is 
482,000 as below: 


Years. Evicted. Re-admitted. Net Evictions. 

1849-51 . 263,000 73,000 190,000 

1852-60 . 110,000 28,000 82,000 

1861-70 . 47,000 8,000 39,000 

1871-80 . 41,000 6,000 35,000 

1881-82 . 21,000 4,000 17,000 


Total. 482,000 119,000 363,000 


The number of persons actually evicted was over two millions 
(say 70,000 per annum). 


103 



































WIND AND WEATHER SIGNALS. 


On March i, 1887, a new system of weather signals was intro¬ 
duced by the United States Signal Office of the War Department, and has since 
been in use at all the stations of the service. The flags adopted for this purpose are 
iour in number, and of the form and dimensions indicated below: 


No. r. 
White Flag. 



Clear or fair 
•weather. 


No. 2. 
Blue Flag. 



No. 3. 

Black Triangular 
Flag. 



Temperature 

signal. 


No. 4. 

White Flag with 
black square in 
center. 



Cold wave. 


Example. 


0 


Example. 




□ 


Number i, white flag, six feet square, indicates clear or fair weather. Number 2, 
blue flag, six feet square, indicates rain or snow. Numbers, black triangular flag! 
four feet at the base and six feet in length, always refers to temperature; when 
placed above numbers 1 or 2 it indicates warmer weather; when placed below 
numbers 1 or 2 it indicates colder weather; when not displayed, the indications are 
that the temperature will remain stationary, 
or that the change in temperature will not 
vary five degrees from the temperature of the 
samehourof the preceding day. Number 4, 
white flag, six feet square, with black square 
in center, indicates the approach of a sudden 
and decided fall in temperature. This signal 
is usually ordered at least twenty-four hours 
in advance of the cold wave. It is not dis¬ 
played unless a temperature of forty-five de¬ 
grees, or lower, is expected. When number 4 
is displayed, number 3 is always omitted. 

When displayed on poles, the signals are 
arranged to read downward; when displayed 
from horizontal supports, a small streamer is 
attached to indicate the point from which the 
1 signals are to be read. 

Interpretation of Displays. 

No. 1, alone, indicates fair weather, station¬ 
ary temperature. 

No. 2, alone, indicates rain or snow, station¬ 
ary temperature. 

No. 1, with No. 3 below it, indicates fair 

_weather, colder. 

No. 2, with No. 3 above it, indicates warmer 
weather, rain or snow. 

No. 1, with No. 4 below it, indicates fair weather, cold wave. 

No. 3, with Nos. 1 and 2 below it, indicates warmer, fair weather, followed by rain 
or snow. 


Cold wave, fol¬ 
lowed by rain 
or snow, suc¬ 
ceeded by fair 
weather: 
colder. 


BUIE 


Warmer, 
fair 
weather, 
followed 
by rain or 


Storm, Cautionary and Wind-Direction Signals. 

A red flag with a black center indicates that the storm is expected to be ot 
marked violence. A yellow flag with a white center indicates that the winds ex¬ 
pected will not be so severe, but well-found; seaworthy vessels can meet them 
.Vithout danger. The red pennant indicates easterly winds; that is, from the north- 
ast to south inclusive, and that generally the storm center is approaching. If 

103 





























WIND AND WEATHER SIGNALS 


above cautionary or storm-signal, winds from northeast quadrant are more probable; 
below, winds from southeast quadrant. The white pennant indicates westerly 
winds; that is, from north to southwest inclusive, and that generally the storm 
center has passed. If above cautionary or storm-signal, winds from northeast 
quadrant are more probable; if below, winds from southwest quadrant. 


Red, Black 
Center. 





Storm. 


Yellow, White 
Center. 



Cautionary. 


Red Pennant. 



Easterly winds. 


White Pennant. 



Westerly Winds. 


Time Difference Between tlie City of New York and the Principal 

Foreign Cities. 




FASTER THAN N. Y. 




H. M. 


H. M. 


H. M. 

Antwerp. 

5 13 

Dublin__ 

• 4 31 

Melbourne.. 

.. 9 14 

Berlin. 

5 50 

Edinburgh 

. 4 43 

Paris. 

. 5 02 

Bremen. 

5 31 

Geneva.... 

. 5 21 

Rio deJaneiro 2 03 

Brussels. 

5 14 

Hamburg.. 

. 5 36 

Rome. 

• 5 46 

Buenos Ayres. 

1 02 

Liverpool.. 

. 4 44 

St. Petersburg. 6 57 

Calcutta. 

10 50 

London ... 

. 4 56 

V alparaiso.. 

.. 10 

Constantinople 6 53 

Madrid.... 

. 4 42 

Vienna. 

. 6 01 


SLOWER THAN N. Y. 

H. M. 

Canton.H 31 

Havana. 33 

Hong Kong.. .11 27 
Mexico, City of ] 40 
Panama....... 12 

VeraCruz.1 29 

Yokohama.... 10 45 


Actual New York mean time is given. 


The Climates of the United States. 

Mean annual temperature, Fahrenheit, at places named. 


Alabama. 

Alaska . 

Arizona. 

Arkansas. 

California. 

Colorado. 

Connecticut. 

Dakota. 

Delaware. 

Dist. Columbia.. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Idaho. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Indian Territory. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana. 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts... 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 


Mobile. 

Sitka. 

Tucson. 

Little Rock. 

San Francisco... 

Denver. 

Hartford. 

Fort Randall.... 

Willmington. 

Washington. 

Jacksonville. 

Atlanta. 

Fort Boise. 

Springfield...... 

Indianapolis. 

Fort Gibson. 

Des Moines. 

Leavenworth.... 

Louisville. 

New Orleans .... 

Augusta. 

Baltimore. 

Boston. 

Detroit. 

St. Paul. 


66 ° 

Mississippi. 

46 

Missouri. 

69 

Montana. 

63 

Nebraska. 

55 

Nevada. 

48 

New Hampshire. 

50 

New Jersey. 

47 

New Mexico. 

53 

New York. 

55 

North Carolina.. 

69 

Ohio. 

58 

Oregon. 

52 

Pennsylvania.... 

50 

Rhode Island.... 

51 

South Carolina... 

60 

Tennessee. 

49 

Texas. 

51 

Utah. 

56 

Vermont. 

69 

Virginia. 

45 

Washington T... 

54 

West Virginia... 

48 

Wisconsin. 

47 

Wyoming. 

42 



Jackson. 

64° 

St. Louis. 

55 

Helena. 

43 

Omaha. 

49 

C’p Winfi’ld Scott 

50 

Concord. 

46 

Trenton. 

53 

Santa Fe. 

51 

Albany.. 

48 

Raleigh. 

59 

Columbus. 

53 

Portland. 

53 

Harrisburg. 

54 

Providence. 

48 

Columbia. 

62 

Nashville........ 

58 

Austin .. 

67 

Salt Lake City... 

52 

Montpelier. 

43 

Richmond. 

57 

Steilacoom. 

51 

Romney. 

52 

Madison. 

45 

Fort Bridger. 

41 


104 























































































































POPULAR VOTE 


For Presidential candidates from 1824 to and including 1888. Prior 
to 1824 electors were chosen by the Legislatures of the different 

Sta i824—J. Q. Adams had 105, 321 to 155,872 for Jackson, 44,282 
for Crawford, and 46,587 for Clay. Jackson over Adams, 50,ool. 
Adams less than combined vote of others, 140,869. Adams electe 

1 ^ 28 —J S ak?Ln e had S 647!231 S to 509,097 for J. Q. Adams. Jackson’s 

ma i832—Jackson 4 'had 687,502 to 530,189 for Clay, and 33,108 for 
Flovd and Wirt combined. Jackson’s majority, 124,20o. 

1 1836—Van Buren had 761,549 to 736,656, the combined vote for 
Harrison, White, Webster and Maguin. Van Buren s majonty, 24,- 

89 ?840—Harrison had 1,275,017 to 1,128,702 for Van Buren, and 

7, °18 9 44 f — Po/khad 1,337,243 t© 1,299,068 for Clay and 62,300 for 
Birney. Polk over Clay, 38,175. Polk less than others combined, 

24 ’ 1 1 e 2 . 5 o T „ rlnr had 1 360 101 to 1.220.544 for Cass, and 291,263 
for Va^rSrS?. Taylor over Cass, 139,577. Taylor less than others 

C ° 1852 —piSi^had 1,601,474 to 1,386,578 for Scott and 156,149 

f0 \II^Bu P chanl tt °Tad al l,8M T 169 to 1,341,264 for Fremont and 
874,534 for Fillmore. Buchanan over Fremont, 496,905. Bu 
anan less than combined vote of others 377,629.^ p ag . 845>763 
I860— Lincoln had 1'866,3;o2 to l,, 3 Lincoln over Breckenridge, 

and Virginia). Lincoln s major y, ^4^ Seymour (three 

states 8 not’ votin^vizf^Nflssissippi.^Texas^nd Virginia). Grant's 

m! iSZL£??rant'had 3,597.070 to 2,834,079 .for Greeley 29,408 
for O’Conor and 5,608 for Black. Grant S '* 81,740 for 

18 76—Hayes had 4,033,950 t0 4 -»^8o ror Tilde n’s majority 
Cooper O, 522 -Sm'tb and 2,M6 o Scatte o f g^ 

?^7 r o^7 ay Haves less 'than the combined vote of others, 344, oj ) , 7 'o 0 g 
M&n CaSIld had 4 449,053 to 4,442,035 for Hancock 307,306 
for We^er Jnd 12 576 scattering. Garfield over Hancock, 7,018. 
Garfield less than the combined vote of others, 313,864. 150 369 

1884-Cleveland had 4 874 986 to^.851.98^ ^ Blalne 23 006. 
for St. John, 1*3,3<0 tor 1 tier- Cleveland, 249,- 

1888 —Harrison had 5,441,902 to o,ooo, rnwdrev 1,591 for 

* aD 1892 _Cleveland had 5,556,918 to 5,162 874 for Harrison 1,055,- 

424 for Weaver, 264 066 f^.^l'LfV^ryU and Sewaii S <Dem.) 
18 96— McKinley (Bep ; ) ha( J’|o2 207 - Levering (Pro.) 130.- 

33,5451 Palmer 

for Woolley, 50.218 for Bark , , E j lis of the whole vote 

&le 5 , 18 received e 5i a 66 percent and Bryan 45.51 per cent. 

105 



POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES, 1904. 

Verified and Corrected from Official Reports. 


State. 


Alabama. 

Arkansas. 

California. 

Colorado. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Idaho . 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa . 

Kansas. 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana. 

Maine. 

•Maryland. 

Massachusetts... 

Michigan. 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri . 

Montana. 

Nebraska. 

Nevada. 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey. 

New York. 

North Carolina.. 
North Dakota... 

Ohio. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania.... 
Rhode Jsland.... 
South Carolina.'. 
South Dakota.. 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Washington .... 
West Virginia.. 

Wisconsin. 

Wyoming. 


Total. 


■M s 

"3 o 

o I 


205,226 
>34.687 
111 ,089 
23,712 
8,344 

47783 

307,907 

212,955 

205,277 

> 2°5 

64,437 

109,494 

257,822 

361,866 

214,978 

3,168 

321,449 

34.932 

138.558 

6,9 

245,>64 

52,658 

600,095 

6 o ,455 

840,949 

41,605 

22,271 

72,083 

105,369 

tl:«I 

100,698 
132,608 
280,164 
20,489 

7,642,897 


<u (j 
•2 0 
Ph <U 

Q 


79,857 

64,434 

89,404 

100,105 

72,909 

19,347 

27,046 

83,4: 

18,480 

327,006 

274,345 

149,141 

86.174 

217.170 
47,708 

27.630 
109,446 
165,746 

1.34.170 

68.631 
53,280 

296,312 

21,773 

52,921 
. 3,611 


683,981 

1245121 

14,296 

344,674 
17,521 
335,430 
24.839 
52,863 
21,1 " 
131,653 
167,200 
33,413 

8 till 

28,015 

100,850 

124,107 

8,930 

5,093,566 


Q o 
w O 

V ) 


853 

r,8i6 

29.535 

4 , 3°4 

4,543 

146 

2,337 

197 

4,949 

69,225 

12,013 

3,602 

■995 

2,106 

2.247 

13,60, 

0 , 94 ' 

6,376 

392 

13,008 

5,676 

7,412 

934 

1,090 

124 

95 ' 

2 

3.138 

i, 37 i 

2,791 

s f 7 

21 

10,000 

1,574 

28,220 

1,007 




612 

993 

7,389 

3,438 

1,506 

607 

684 

1,013 

34,770 

23.496 

n,6oi 

7,301 

6,609 




. 1,510 

3,034 

4,279 

13,324 

5.603 


7,191 

. 335 
6,323 


, 749 
6,845 
20,787 

361 

1,105 

10.33 

3,80 

33 ;$ 


2 .< 

1,1 

4,292 


1,382 


4,413 

9.770 

208 


5.051 

2,318 


824 

494 

J> 

1.605 
22,635 
z 353 
6,725 

2.444 

2,207 

6,253 

2,511 

"'338 


1,294 

1.144 

g,00 4 

1,424 

4,226 

1,520 

20,518 


H 


3,705 

7 tl 

153 

1,392 

753 


1.240 

IS: 


359 

99 

53 ° 


397,209 245,802 113,415 


ojJ 
6 d 


335 

575 


4,698 

1,598 


596 


2,359 

1,024 


2,680 

9.127 


2,633 


2,211 

488 


421 

"56 

223 


30,907 


Pluralities. 


PS 


115,822 

4,365 


29,303 

305,039 

93.9 

158 , 7 ' 

126,781 


*7 

92,076 

227,696 

146,347 


25A37 

J3.I59 

85,637 

3-3 

20,lo 2 

8o,590 

175,552 


38,362 

255,421 

42,934 


50,114 


*>>023 

30,682 


72,68 

3 i, 75 ' 

156,057 

ii ,559 


3 . 054,252 


57.385 

17,574 


18,732 

59,409 


Electoral 

Vote. 


11,893 

42,503 


50,112 


41,651 


30,592 


26,28, 

n5,95l 


32,768 


504,921 


d) • 

>Sj +-\ 
O QJ 

o > 
PS 


10 

5 

7 

3 


3 

27 

»5 

>3 

10 


3 

4 
12 
39 

4 

23 

4 

34 

4 


336 


5 

13 


13 

9 


12 

IS 


140 


Total popular Vote, 13,523,796. Roosevelt’s plurality, 2, $ 49 , 33 1 - 

WEIGHTS OF DIAMONDS AND FINENESS OF GOLD. 


The weight of diamonds and other precious stones is expressed 
in carats, grains and quarter-grains. The grains are pearl 
grains, one of which is equal to four-fifths of a troy grain. Four 
quarter-grains make one grain and four grains make one carat. 
A carat is therefore equal to four-fifths of four troy grains, or 
3.2. 

The fineness of gold is also expressed in carats. Pure gold is 
said to be twenty-four carats fine. If it contains eight parts 
of a baser metal or alloy it is only sixteen carats fine. The 
carats therefore indicate the proportion of pure gold to alloy. 
Most of the gold used by jewelers is about fourteen carats fine, 
having ten parts of alloy. 


106 














































































































































THE SINGLE TAX. 


This idea was first formulated by Mr. Henry George in 1879, and has grown 
steadily in favor. Single-tax men assert as a fundamental principle that 
all men are equally entitled to the use of the earth; therefore, no one should be 
allowed to hold valuable land without paying to the community the value 
of the privilege. They hold that this is the only rightful source of public 
revenue, and they would therefore abolish all taxation—local, State and 
national—except a tax upon the rental value of land exclusive of its im¬ 
provements, the revenue thus raised to be divided among local, State and 
general governments, as the revenue from certain direct taxes is now 
divided between local and State governments. 

The single tax would not fall on all land, but only on valuable land, and 
on that in proportion to its value. It would thus be a tax, not on use or im¬ 
provements, but on ownership of land, taking what would otherwise go to 
the landlord as owner. 

In accordance with the principle that all men are equally entitled to the 
use of the earth, they would solve the transportation problem by public 
ownership and control of all highways, including the roadbeds of railroads, 
leaving their use equally free to all. 

The single-tax system would, they claim, dispense with a horde of tax- 
gatherers, simplify government, and greatly reduce its cost; give us with all 
the world that absolute free trade which now exists between the States of 
the Union; abolish all taxes on private issues of money; take the weight of 
taxation from agricultural districts, where land has little or no value apart 
from improvements, and put it upon valuable land, such as city lots and 
mineral deposits. It would call upon men to contribute for public expenses 
in proportion to the natural opportunities they monopolize, and make it 
unprofitable for speculators to hold land unused or only partly used, thus 
opening to labor unlimited fields of employment, solving the labor prob¬ 
lem and abolishing involuntary poverty. 


VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS. 

Proclaimed by law, January I, 1891 . 


Country. 

Monetary Unit., 

Standard. 

Value in 

U. S. Money. 

Argentine Republic... 

Peso. 

Florin. 

Gold and silver.. 
Silver. 

$ -9^ fa 

. 38^0 

R <=>1 rrin m ...... 

Franc. 

Gold and silver.. 

.19 fa 


Boliviano... 

Silver. 

• 7 7 -fa 

B raz il m (t . 

Milreis. 

Gold. 

• 54i% 


Dollar. 

Gold. 

1.00 

Chili , .. 

Peso. 

Gold and silver.. 

•9ifa 

China . .. . 

Tael. 

Silver. 

1.27 

C uha ........ 

Peso. 

Gold and silver.. 

• 9 2 fa 

Dpnm n rt 

Crow 1 . 

Gold. 

. 26 -fa 

U fii nrlnr . ... 

Peso. 

Silver. 

•77-fa 

F. o’vnf . 

Piaster. 

Gold. 

•o'A-fa 

. 

France . 

Franc. 

Gold and silver.. 

■ 19 A 

Great Britain. . 

Pound St’g 

Gold. 

4.86^ 


107 













































SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


Country. 

Monetary Unit. 

Standard. 

Value in 

U. S. Money. 

Greece. . 

Drachma.... 

Gold and silver.. 


fiprman F.mpire 

Mark. 

Gold. 

. 23 ^ 

Hayti. 

Gourde. 

Gold and silver.. 

. 96 ,% 

India . 

Rupee. 

Silver.. 

.36 A 

Italy. 

Lira. 

Gold and silver.. 

•I9i (J 

Japan. 

Yen. 

Silver. 

• 85 -, 4 

Liberia T ... 

Dollar .... 

Gold . 

I.OO 

Mexico 

Dollar .... 

Silver. 

.83 -Ac 

N etherlands. 

Florin. 

Gold and silver.. 

. 40 -nr 

Norway. 

Crown. 

Gold. 

. 26 - 1 % 

Peru. 


Silver. 

• 77t L (T 

Portugal . 

Milreis. 

Gold. 

1.08 

Russia. 

Rouble. 

Silver... 

.61 -ft 

Sandwich Islands.... 

Dollar. 

Gold. 

1.00 

Spain. 

Peseta. 

Gold and silver.. 

. 19 - 1 % 

Sweden.. 

Crown. 

Gold. 

. 26 ^ 

Switzerland . 

Franc.. 

Gold and silver.. 

•ICV| 3 (T 

Tripoli. 

Mahbub.... 

Silver . 

• 6 qj% 

Turkey. 

Piaster . 

Gold . 

~ A 

.04l « 

U. S. of Colombia... 

Peso . 

Silver. 

. 79 & 

Venezuela . 

Bolivar .... 

Gold and silver.. 

•I5-A 


SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 

The Capital of the United States has been located at differ¬ 
ent times at the following places: At Philadelphia from Sept. 5 , 1774 , 
until Dec., 1776 ; at Baltimore from Dec. 20 , 1776 , to March, 1777 ; 
at Philadelphia from March 4 , 1777 , to Sept., 1777 ; at Lancaster, Pa., 
from Sept. 27 , 1777 , to Sept. 30 , 1777 ; at York, Pa., from Sept. 30 , 
1777 , to July, 1778 ; at Philadelphia from July 2 , 1778 , to June 30 , 
1783 ; at Princeton, N. J., June 30 , 1783 , to Nov. 20 , 1783 ; Annap¬ 
olis, Md., Nov. 26 , 1783 , to Nov. 30 , 1784 ; Trenton from Nov., 
1784 , to Jan., 1785 ; New York from Jan. 11 , 1785 , to 1790 ; then the 
seat of government was removed to Philadelphia where it remained 
until 1800 , since which time it has been in Washington. 

Tomato in Bright’s Disease. When Thomas Jefferson brought 
the tomato from France to America, thinking that if it could be in¬ 
duced to grow bountifully it might make good feed for hogs, he little 
dreamed of the benefit he was conferring upon posterity. A constant 

108 

























































SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


diet of raw tomatoes and skim-milk is said to be a certain cure for 
Bright’s disease. Gen. Schenck, who, when Minister to England, 
became a victim to that complaint, was restored to health by two 
years of this regimen. With many persons the tomato has much the 
same effect upon the liver as a small blue pill, and whether it is as a 
people we are less bilious than in former years, or that the doctors of 
the new school practice less severe remedies than did those of the past, 
it is certain that mercury is prescribed with less frequency than of old. 

Asthma. I have been a sufferer from asthma for twenty-five 
years, and for more than a dozen years have used the following recipe 
with great benefit. It is not a cure, but in my case gives almost 
instant relief. Take equal parts of powdered stramonium leaves and 
powdered belladonna leaves and mix thoroughly; to each ten ounces 
of the mixture add one ounce of powdered saltpeter (nitrate of pot¬ 
ash); mix all thoroughly. I always keep some of this in a small tin 
box. When I wish to use it I pour a little of the powder into the 
cover of the box, light it with a match, cover the whole with a little 
paper cone with the point cut off. I place the point of the cone in 
my mouth, and breathe the smoke into my lungs with the am 1 he 
first trial is very hard, it almost strangles, but if persevered m will 
give great relief. This is much better than stramonium alone. The 
saltpeter makes it burn freely, and also helps to give relief. 

When my home was in northern Indiana, I used to buy the leaves m 
Chicago already powdered. Now I send to New York. I find it 
cheaper to do this than to gather and dry the leaves. It is also almost 
impossible to dry and pulverize the leaves at home. By using a 
paper cone and breathing through it, little or no smoke is wasted, and 
the box and paper can be carried in the pocket and used as occasion 


requires. 

For Swollen Feet. Policemen, mail carriers, and others whose 
occupation keeps them on their feet a great deal, often are troubled 
with chafed, sore and blistered feet, especially in extremely hot 
weather, no matter how comfortably their shoes may fit. A powder 
is used in the German army for sifting into the shoes and stockings ot 
the foot soldiers, called “ Fusstreupulver,” and consists of 3 parts sali¬ 
cylic acid, 10 parts starch and 87 parts pulverized soapstone. 

Rules for Fat People and for Lean. To increase the weight: 
Eat to the extent of satisfying a natural appetite, of fat meats, butter, 
cream, milk, cocoa, chocolate, bread, potatoes, peas, parsnips, carrots, 
beets, farinaceous foods, as Indian corn, rice, tapioca, sago, corn staren, 
pastry, custards, oatmeal, sugar, sweet wines, and ale. Avoid acids. 
Exercise as little as possible, and sleep all you can. , 

To reduce the weight: Eat, to the extent of satisfying a natural 
appetite, of lean meat, poultry, game, eggs^milk moderately, £ieen 
vegetables, turnips, succulent fruits, tea or coffee. Dnnkhxae juice, 
lemo r ^de, and acid drinks. Avoid fat, butter, cream, sugar, pastry, 


109 


SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 

rice, sago, tapioca, corn starch, potatoes, carrots, beets, parsnips, and 
sweet wines. 

Wonders of the Human Body. The skin contains more 
than two million openings, which are the outlets of an equal num¬ 
ber of sweat-glands. The human skeleton consists of more than 
two hundred distinct bones. An amount of blood equal to the whole 
quantity in the body passes through the heart once every minute. 
The full capacity of the lungs is about three hundred and twenty 
cubic inches. About two-thirds of a pint of air is inhaled and exhaled 
at each breath in ordinary respiration. The stomach daily produces 
nine pounds of gastric juice for digestion of food; its capacity is about 
five pints. There are more than five hundred separate muscles in the 
body, with an equal number of nerves and blood-vessels. The weight 
of the heart is from eight to twelve ounces. It beats one hundred 
thousand times in twenty-four hours. Each perspiratory duct is one- 
fourth of an inch in length, of the whole about nine miles. The 
average man takes five and one-half pounds of food and drink each 
day, which amounts to one ton of solid and liquid nourishment annu¬ 
ally. A man breathes eighteen times a minute, and three thousand 
cubic feet, or about three hundred and seventy-five hogsheads of air 
every hour of his existence. 

Changes in the Language. Few, scholars even, are aware of the 
great changes through which the English language has passed in suc¬ 
cessive centuries. Following are specimens of the Lord’s Prayer, as 
used at various periods in English history: 

A. D. 1158 .—Fader ur heune, haleweide beith thi neune, cumin thi 
kuneriche, thy wille beoth idon in heune and in erthe. The euryeu 
dawe briend, gif ous thilk dawe. And vorzif uer detters as vi yors- 
ifen ure dettoures. And lene us nought into temtation, bot delyvor 
eus of evel. Amen. 

A. D. 1300 .—Fader ure in heavene. Halewyn be thi name, thi 
kingdom come, thy wille be done as in heavene and earthe—Oua urche 
days bred give us to daye. And forgive oure dettes as we forgive oure 
dettoures. And lead us nor in temptation, bote delyveor us of yvil. 
Amen. 

A. D. 1370 .—Oure fadir that art in heunes hallowid be thi name 
thi kingdom come to, be thi wille done in erthe as in heune,geve to, 
us this day oure breed oure other substance forgene to us our dettis 
as we forgauen to oure dettouris, lede us not into temptation; but 
delyeur us yvel. Amen. 

A. D. 1524 .—0 oure father which arte in heven, hallowed be thy 
name. Let thy kingdom come. Thy wyoll be fulfilled as well in 
earth as it is in heven. Give uc this daye oure dayly brede. And 
forgive us our trespaces even as we forgive our trespacers. And lead 
us not into temptation, but delyver us from veil. Fyr thyne is the 
kingdome and the power and the glorye for ever. Amen. 

110 


SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


A. D. 1561 .—Our father which art in heauen, sanctified be thy 
name. Let thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heauen, in 
earth also. Give us today our superstantial bread. And forgive us 
our dettes as we forgive our detters. And lead us not into temptation. 
But delivere us from evil. Amen. 

A. D. 1711 .—Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy 
name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in 
heauen. Give us this day our dayley bread. And forgive us our 
debts as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, 
but deliver us from evil. For thyne is the kingdome, and the power, 
and the glory forever. Amen. 

How to Put on Gloves. A great deal depends on the first put* 
ing on of gloves. Have the hands perfectly clean, dry and cool, and 
never put on new gloves while the hands are warm or damp. When 
a person is troubled with moist hands, it is well to powder them before 
trying on the gloves; but in most cases, if the hands are cool and 
dry, this is not needed. First, work on the fingers, keeping the thumb 
outside of the glove, and the wrist of the glove turned back. When 
the fingers are in smoothly, put in the thumb, and work the glove on 
very carefully; then placing the elbow on the knee, work on the 
hand. When this is done, smooth down the wrist, and button the 
second button first, then the third, and so on to the end. Then 
smooth down the whole glove and fasten the first button. Fastening 
the first button last, when putting on a glove for the first time, 
makes a great deal of difference in the fit, although it may seem but a 
very little thing. It does not strain the part of the glove that is 
easiest to strain at first, and prevents the enlarging of the button-hole, 
either of which is sure to take place if you begin at the first button to 
fasten the glove. 

When removing your gloves, never begin at the tips of the fingers 
to pull them off, but turn back the wrist and pull off carefully, which 
will, of course, necessitate their being wrong side out. Turn them 
right side out, turn the thumbs in, smooth them lengthwise in as near 
as possible the shape they would be if on the hands, and place them 
away with a strip of white Canton flannel between if the gloves are 
light, but if dark-colored-the flannel maybe omitted. Never roll 
gloves into each other in a wad, for they will never look so well after. 
There is always some moisture in them from the hands; consequently, 
when rolled up, this moisture has no chance of drying, and must work 
into the gloves, making them hard and stiff, and of very little use 
after, as far as looks or fit is concerned. 

When Quinine Will Break Up a Cold. It is surprising, says a 
family physician, how certainly a cold may be broken up by a timely 
dose of quinine. When first symptoms make their appearance, when 
a little languor, slight hoarseness and ominous tightening of the nasal 
membranes follow exposure to draughts or sudden chill by wet, five 

111 


SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


grains of this useful alkaloid are sufficient in many cases to end the 
trouble. But it must be done promptly. If the golden moment 
passes, nothing suffices to stop the weary sneezing, handkerchief-using, 
red nose and woe-begone-looking periods that certainly follow. 

A Mistaken Idea. The old adage, “ Feed a cold and starve a 
fever,” is characterized by the Journal of Health as very silly advice. 
If anything, the reverse would be nearer right. When a person has a 
severe cold it is best for him to eat very lightly, especially during the 
first few days of the attack. 

Bathing. There has been a great deal written about bathing. 
The surface of the skin is punctured with millions of little holes 
called pores. The duty of these pores is to carry the waste matter 
off. For instance, perspiration. Now, if these pores are stopped 
up they are of no use, and the body has to findsome other way to get 
rid of its impurities. Then the liver has more than it can do. Then we 
take a liver pill when we ought to clean out the pores instead. The 
housewife is very particular to keep her sieves in good order; after 
she has strained a substance through them they are washed out care¬ 
fully with water, because water is the best thing known. That is the 
reason water is used to bathe in. But the skin is a little different from 
a sieve, because it is willing to help along the process itself. All it 
needs is a little encouragement and it will accomplish wonders. What 
the skin wants is rubbing. If you should quietly sit down in a tub 
of water and as quietly get up and dry off without rubbing, your skin 
wouldn’t be much benefited. 

The water would make it a little soft, especially if it was warm. 
But rubbing is the great thing. Stand where the sunlight strikes a 
part of your body, then take a dry brush and rub it, and you will 
notice that countless little flakes of cuticle fly off. Every time one 
of these flakes is removed from the skin your body breathes a sigh of 
relief. An eminent German authority contends that too much bath¬ 
ing is a bad thing. There is much truth in this. Soap and water are 
good things to soften up the skin, but rubbing is what the skin wants. 
Every morning or every evening, or when it is most convenient, wash 
the body all over with water and a little ammonia, or anything which 
tends to make the water soft; then rub dry with a towel, and after 
that go over the body from top to toe with a dry brush. Try this for 
two or three weeks, and your skin will be like velvet. 

Tea and Coffee. Tea is a nerve stimulant, pure and simple, 
acting like alcohol in this respect, without any value that the latter may 
possess as a retarder of waste. It has a special influence upon those 
nerve centers that supply will power, exalting their sensibility beyond 
normal activity, and may even produce hysterical symptoms, if carried 
far enough. Its active principle, theine, is an exceedingly powerful 
drug, chiefly employed by nerve specialists as a pain destroyer, pos¬ 
sessing the singular quality of working toward the surface. That is to 

112 


SOME FA CTS WOE TH KNO WING . 

say, when a dose is administered hypodermically for sciatica, for ex¬ 
ample, the narcotic influence proceeds outward from the point of in¬ 
jection, instead of inward toward the centers, as does that of morphia, 
atropia, etc. Tea is totally devoid of nutritive value, and the habit 
of drinking it to excess, which so many American women indulge in, 
particularly in the country, is to be deplored as a cause of our Ameri¬ 
can nervousness. . 

Coffee, on the contrary, is a nerve food. Like other concentrated 
foods of its class, it operates as a stimulant, also but, upon a different set 
of nerves from tea. Taken strong in the morning, it often produces diz¬ 
ziness and that peculiar visual sympton of overstimulus which is called 
muscce volitantes —dancing flies. But this is an improper way to take 
it, and rightly used it is perhaps the most valuable liquid addition to 
the morning meal. Its active principle, caffeine, differs in all physio¬ 
logical respects from theine, while it is chemically very closely allied, 
and its limited consumption makes it impotent for harm. 

The Shrinkage of Flannel. To keep flannels as much as possi¬ 
ble from shrinking and felting, the following is to be recommended: 
Dissolve one ounce of potash in a bucket of water, and leave the 
fabric in it for twelve hours. Next warm the water, with the fabric 
in it, and wash without rubbing, also draw through repeated y. Next 
immerse the flannel in another liquid containing one spoonful of wheat 
flour to one bucket of water, and wash in a similar manner. 

Ancient Cities. Nineveh was 15 miles long, 8 wide and 40 
miles round, with a wall 100 feet high, and thick enough for 3 chariots 
abreast. Babylon was 50 miles within the walls, which were 87 feet 
thick and 350 high, with 100 . brazen gates. The Temple of Diana, 
at Ephesus, was 420 feet to the support of the roof. It was 100 years 
in building. The largest of the pyramids is 461 feet high, and 653 on 
the sides; its base covers 11 acres. The stones are about 30 feet in 
length, and the layers are 380 . It employed 330,000 men m building. 
The labyrinth, in Egypt, contains 300 chambers and 250 halls. 1 hebes, 
in Egypt, presents ruins 2 7 miles round. Athens was 25 miles round 
and contained 350,000 citizens and 400,000 slaves. The Templeof 
DelDhos was so rich in donations that it was plundered of $ 500 , 000 , 
and Nero carried away 200 statues. The walls of Rome were 13 miles 

round. . 

The Process of Embalming. The process of embalming is as 
follows, and is called the “ Brunelli process” : The circulatory sys¬ 
tem is cleansed by washing with cold water till it issues quite clear 
from the body. This may occupy from two to five hours. Alcohol 
is injected, so as to abstract as much water as possible. This occu- 
piesabout a quarter of an hour. Ether is then injected to abstract 
the fatty matter. This occupies from two to ten hours. A strong 
solution of tannin is then injected. This occupies for imbibition from 
two to ten hours. The body is then dried 111 a current of warm air 

113 


SOME FACTS WORTH KNOWING. 


passed over heated chloride of calcium. This may occupy two to five 
hours. The body is then perfectly preserved, and resists decay. The 
Italians exhibit specimens which are as hard as stone, retain the shape 
perfectly, and are equal to the best wax models. It will be observed 
in this process that those substances most prone to decay are removed, 
and the remaining portions are converted by the tannm into a sub¬ 
stance resembling leather. 

To Straighten Round Shoulders. A stooping figure and a 

halting gait, accompanied by the unavoidable weakness of lungs inci¬ 
dental to a narrow chest, may be entirely cured by a very simple and 
easily-performed exercise of raising one’s self upon the toes lei¬ 
surely in a perpendicular position several times daily. . To take this 
exercise properly one must take a perfectly upright position, with the 
heels together and the toes at an angle of forty-five degrees. Then 
drop the arms lifelessly by the sides, animating and raising the chest 
to its full capacity muscularity, the chin well drawn in, and the crown 
of the head feeling as if attached to a string suspended from the ceiling 
above. Slowly rise upon the balls of both feet to the greatest possible 
height, thereby exercising all the muscles of the legs and body; come 
again into standing position without swaying the body backward out 
of the perfect line. Repeat this same exercise, first on one foot, then 
on the other. It is wonderful what a straightening-out power this 
exercise has upon round shoulders and crooked backs, and one will be 
surprised to note how soon the lungs begin to show the effect of such 
expansive development. 

Care of the Eyes. In consequence of the increase of affections 
of the eye, a specialist has recently formulated the following rules to 
be observed in the care of the eyes for school work. A comfortable 
temperature, dry and warm feet, good ventilation; clothing at the 
neck and on other parts of the body loose; posture erect, and never 
read lying down or stooping. Little study before breakfast or directly 
after a heavy meal; none at all at twilight or late at night; use great 
caution about studying after recovery from fevers; have light abun¬ 
dant, but not dazzling, not allowing the sun to shine on desks or on 
objects in front of the scholars, and letting the light come from the 
left hand or left and rear; hold book at right angles to the line of 
sight or nearly so; give eyes frequent rest by looking up. The dis¬ 
tance of the book from the eye should be about fifteen inches. The 
usual indication of strain is redness of the rim of the eyelid, betoken¬ 
ing a congested state of the inner surface, which may be accompanied 
with some pain. When the' eye tires easily rest is not the proper 
remedy, but the use of glasses of sufficient power to aid in accommo¬ 
dating the eye to vision. 

How and When to Drink Water. According to Doctor Leuf, 
when water is taken into the full or partly full stomach, it does not 
mingle with the food, as we are taught, but passes along quickly be- 

114 


SOME FACTS WORTH KNO WING. 


tween the food and lesser curvative toward the pylorus, through which 
it passes into the intestines. The secretion of mucus by the lining 
membrane is constant, and during the night a considerable amount 
accumulates in the stomach; some of its liquid portion is absorbed, 
and that which remains is thick and tenacious. If food is taken into 
the stomach when in this condition, it becomes coated with this 
mucus, and the secretion of the gastric juice and its action are de¬ 
layed. These facts show the value of a goblet of water before break¬ 
fast. This washes out the tenacious mucus, and stimulates the gastric 
glands to secretion. In old and feeble persons water should not be 
taken cold, but it may be with great advantage taken warm or hot. 
This removal of the accumulated mucus from the stomach is probably 
one of the reasons why taking soup at the beginning of a meal has 
been found so beneficial. 

What Causes Coughs. Cold and coughs are prevalent through¬ 
out the country, but throat affections are by far more common among 
business men. Every unfortunate one mutters something about the 
abominable weather and curses the piercing wind. Much of the 
trouble, however, is caused by overheated rooms, and a little more 
attention to proper ventilation would remove the cause of suffering. 
Doctor J. Ewing Mears, who is thus afflicted, said to an inquirer: 
“ The huskiness and loss of power of articulation so common among 
us are largely due to the use of steam for heating. The steam cannot 
be properly regulated, and the temperature becomes too high. A 
person living m this atmosphere has all the cells of the lungs open, 
and when he passes into the open air he is unduly exposed. The 
affliction is quite common among the men who occupy offices in the 
new buildings which are fitted up with all modern improvements. The 
substitution of electric light for gas has wrought a change to which 
people have not yet adapted themselves. The heat arising from a 
number of gas jets will quickly raise the temperature of a room, and 
unconsciously people relied upon that means of heating to some ex¬ 
tent. Very little warmth, however, is produced by the electric light, 
and when a man reads by an incandescent light he at times finds him¬ 
self becoming chilly, and wonders why it is. Too hot during the day 
and too cold at night are conditions which should be avoided.” 

Facts not Generally Known. 

Spinach is a Persian plant. 

Horse-radish is a native of England. 

Melons were found originally in Asia. 

Filberts originally came from Greece. 

Quinces originally came from Corinth. 

The turnip originally came from Rome. 

The peach originally came from Persia. 

Sage is a native of the South of Europe. 

Sweet marjoram is a native of Portugal. 

115 


TO TELL THE AGE OF ANY PERSON. 

How to Tell the Age of Any Person. 

Hand this table to a young lady, and request her to tell 
you in which column or columns her age is contained, and 
add together the figures at the top of the columns in 
which her age is found, and you have the secret. Thus, 
suppose her age to be seventeen, you will find that num¬ 
ber in the first and fifth columns; add the first figures of 
these two colums. 


1 

2 

4 

8 

16 

32 

3 

3 

5 

9 

17 

33 

5 

6 

6 

10 

18 

34 

7 

7 

7 

11 

19 

35 

9 

10 

12 

12 

20 

36 

11 

11 

13 

13 

21 

37 

13 

14 

14 

14 

22 

38 

15 

15 

15 

15 

23 

39 

17 

18 

20 

24 

24 

40 

19 

19 

21 

25 

25 

41 

21 

22 

22 

26 

26 

42 

23 

23 

23 

27 

27 

43 

25 

26 

28 

28 

28 

44 

27 

27 

29 

29 

29 

45 

29 

30 

30 

30 

30 

46 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

47 

33 

34 

36 

40 

48 

48 

35 

35 

37 

41 

49 

49 

37 

38 

38 

42 

50 

50 

39 

39 

39 

43 

51 

51 

41 

42 

44 

44 

52 

52 

43 

43 

45 

45 

53 

53 

45 

46 

46 

46 

54 

54 

47 

47 

47 

47 

55 

55 

49 

50 

52 

56 

56 

56 

51 

51 

53 

57 

57 

57 

53 

54 

54 

58 

58 

58 

55 

55 

55 

59 

59 

59 

57 

58 

60 

60 

60 

60 

59 

59 

61 

61 

61 

61 

61 

62 

62 

62 

62 

62 

63 

63 

63 

63 

63 

63 


Various Sizes of Type. 

It requires 205 lines of diamond type to make 12 inches; 
of pearl, 178; of agate, 166; of nonpareil, 143; of minion. 
128; of brevier, 112i; of bourgeois, 1024; of long primer, 89; 
of small pica, 83; of pica, 714; of english, 64. 

116 



FEMININE HEIGHT AND WEIGHT. 

It is often asked how stout a woman ought to be in propor¬ 
tion to her height. A very young girl may becomingly be 
thinner than a matron, but the following table gives a fair 
indication of proper proportions : 


t,. „ , , ^ x Pounds. Pounds. 

Five feet in height..about 100 Five feet 7 inches...about 150 

Five feet 1 inch. “ 106 Five feet 8 inches.. “ 155 

Five feet 2 inches.. “ 113 Five feet 9 inches.. “ 163 

Five feet 3 inches.. “ 119 Five feet 10 inches. “ 169 

Five feet 4 inches.. “ 130 Five feet 11 inches. “ 176 

Five feet 5 inches.. “ 138 Six feet. “ 180 

Five feet 6 inches.. “ 144 Six feet 1 inch. “ 186 


A LADY’S CHANCE OF MARRYING. 

Every woman has some chance to marry. It may be one to 
fifty, or it may be ten to one that she will. Representing her 
entire chance at one hundred at certain points of her progress 
in time, it is found to be in the following ratio: 


Between the ages of 15 and 20 years . 14% per cent 

“ “ 20 and 25 “ . 52 per cent 

25 and 30 “ . 18 percent 

“ “ 30 and 35 “ . 15% per cent 

35 and 40 “ . 3% per cent 

40 and 45 “ . 2% per cent 

“ “ 45 and 50 “ .% of 1 per cent 

“ “ 50 and 56 “ .% of 1 percent 


After sixty it is one-tenth of one percent, or one chance in a 
thousand. 


WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 

First Anniversary .Cotton Wedding. 

Second Anniversary .Paper Wedding. 

Third Anniversary .Leather Wedding. 

Fifth Anniversary .Wooden Wedding. 

Seventh Anniversary .Woollen Wedding. 

Tenth Anniversary .Tin Wedding. 

Twelfth Anniversary .Silk and Fine Linen Wedding. 

Fifteenth Anniversary .Crystal Wedding. 

Twentieth Anniversary .China Wedding. 

Twenty-fifth Anniversary_Silver Wedding. 

Thirtieth Anniversary .Pearl Wedding. 

Fortieth Anniversary .Ruby Wedding. 

Fiftieth Anniversary .Golden Wedding. 

Seventy-fifth Anniversary ...Diamond Wedding. 


A CURE FOR LOVE. 

Take twelve ounces of dislike, one pound of resolution, two 
grains of common sense, two ounces of experience, a large 
sprig of time, and three quarts of cooling water of consider¬ 
ation. Set them over a gentle fire of love, sweeten it with 
sugar of forgetfulness, skim it with the spoon of melancholy, 
put it in the bottom of your heart, cork it with the cork of 
clean conscience. Let it remain and you will quickly find ease 
and be restored to your senses again. 

These things can be had of the apothecary at the house of 
understanding next door to reason, on Prudent street. 

117 

































Theosophy. 

Much is said nowadays about theosophy, which is really but 
another name for mysticism. It is not a philosophy, for it will 
have nothing to do with pholosophical methods: it might be 
called a religion, though it has never had a following large 
enough to make a very strong impression on the world’s religious 
history. The name is from the Greek word theosophia—divine 
wisdom—and the object of theosophical study is professedly to 
understand the nature of divine things. It differs, however, from 
both philosophy and theology even when these have the same 
object of investigation. For, in seeking to learn the divine nature 
and attributes, philosophy employs the methods and principles 
of natural reasoning; theology uses these, adding to them cer¬ 
tain principles derived from revelation. Theosophy, on the 
other hand, professes to exclude all reasoning processes as im¬ 
perfect, and to derive its knowledge from direct communication 
with God himself. It does not, therefore, accept the truths of 
recorded revelation as immutable, but as subject to modification 
by later direct and personal revelations. The theosophical idea 
has had followers from the earliest times. Since the Christian 
era we may class among theosophists such sects as Neo-Platon- 
ists, the Hesychasts of the Greek Church, the Mystics of medise- 
val times, and, in later times, the disciples of Paracelsus, Thal- 
hauser, Bohme, Swedenborg, and others. Recently a small sect 
has arisen, which has taken the name of Theosophists. Its 
leader was an English gentleman who had become fascinated 
with the doctrine of Buddhism. Taking a few of his followers 
to India, they have been prosecuting their studies there, certain 
individuals attracting considerable attention by a claim to mirac¬ 
ulous powers. It need hardly be said that the revelations they 
have claimed to receive have been, thus far, without element of 
benefit to the human race. 


The Evolution Theory. 

The evolution or development theory declares the universe 
as it now exists to be the result of a long series of changes, which 
were so far related to each other as to form a series of growths 
analogous to the evolving of the parts of a growing organism. 
Herbert Spencer defines evolution as a progress from the homo¬ 
geneous to the heterogeneous, from general to special, from the 
simple to the complex elements of life, and it is believed that 
this process can be traced in the formation of worlds in space, in 
the multiplieation of types and species among animals and 
plants, in the origin and changes of languages and literature and 
the arts, and also in all the changes of human institutions and 
society. Asserting the general fact of progress in nature, the 
evolution theory shows that the method of this progress has 
been (i) by the multiplication of organs and functions; ( 2 ) ac- 

118 



THE MIND CURE. 


cording to a defined unity of plan, although with (3) the inter¬ 
vention of transitional forms, and (4) with modifications depend¬ 
ent upon surrounding conditions. Ancient writers occasionally 
seemed to have a glimmering knowledge of the fact of progress 
in nature, but as a theory “evolution” belongs to the enlighten¬ 
ment of the nineteenth century. Leibnitz, in the latter part of 
the seventeenth century, first uttered the opinion that the earth 
was once in a fluid condition, and Kant, about the middle of the 
eighteenth century, definitely propounded the nebular hypothesis, 
which was enlarged as a theory by the Herschels. The first 
writer to suggest the transmutation of species among animals was 
Buffon, about 1750, and other writers followed out the idea. The 
eccentric Lord Monboddo was the first to suggest the possible de¬ 
scent of man from the ape, about 1774 * Ini8i3Dr. W. C. Wells first 
proposed to apply the principle of natural selection to the natur¬ 
al history of man, and in 1822 Professor Herbert first asserted 
the probable transmutation of species of plants. In 1844 a book 
appeared called “Vestiges of Creation,” which, though evidently 
not written by a scientific student, yet attracted great attention 
by its bold and ingenious theories. The authorship of this book 
was never revealed until after the death of Robert Chambers, a 
few years since, it became known that this publisher, whom no 
one would ever have suspected of holding such hetorodox the¬ 
ories, had actually written it. But the two great apostles of the 
evolution theory were Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. 
The latter began his great work, the “First Principles of Philos¬ 
ophy,” showing the application of evolution in the facts of life, 
in 1852. In 1859 appeared Darwin’s “Origin of Species.” The 
hypothesis of the latter was that different species originated in 
spontaneous variation, and the survival of the fittest through 
natural selection and the struggle for existence. This theory 
was further elaborated and applied by Spencer, Darwin, Huxley, 
and other writers in Europe and America, and though to-day by 
no means all the ideas upheld by these early advocates of the 
theory are still accepted, evolution as a principle is now 
acknowledged by nearly all scientists. It is taken to be an estab¬ 
lished fact in nature, a valid induction from man’s knowledge of 
natural order. __ 


The Mind Cure. 

The mind cure, otherwise known in its various subdivisions as 
metaphysics, Christian science, mental science, etc., is a species of 
delusion quite popular at the present time. Every era of the world 
has cherished similar delusions, for the mass of the human race, 
even in what are considered the educated classes, are so unfa¬ 
miliar with the processes of exact reasoning that they fall a 

119 



THE MIND CURE . 

ready prey to quacks of all kinds. The fundamental idea of the 
mind cure system is that there is no such thing as sickness. Dis¬ 
ease, says one of their apostles, is an error of the mind, the result 
of fear. Fear is only faith inverted and perverted. God, who is 
all good Himself, and who made everything good, cannot have 
been the author of any disease. As disease, therefore, is not a 
creation, it has no existence, and when the healer has succeeded 
in impressing this fact upon the mind of the patient, the cure is 
effected. It is curious to note into what utter absurdities the 
need for consistency carries these apostles. Poisons, they say, 
would be quite harmless if the fear of them was removed, but we 
have yet to find the “mental science” teacher who will under¬ 
take to prove this by herself taking liberal doses of aconite and 
stryehnine. The illnesses of children are explained by the hy¬ 
pothesis of hereditary fear. The majority of the teachers of this 
new faith are women, many of whom, no doubt, are sincere in 
their belief; but it may be safely stated that the men engaged as the 
so-called physicians of the new practice are, with few exceptions, 
unprincipled quacks, who have gone into the business for the 
money they can make by duping the ignorant. As far as there 
is any truth underlying the vagaries of mind cures, and their 
boasts of remarkable cases of healing, it may be admitted that 
the mind has much influence over the body. This fact has been 
recognized by intelligent physicians for centuries. And that the 
peculiar modern type of nervous diseases, which are so largely 
caused by excessive stimulus of the nerves and the imagination, 
should be amenable to cure through the imagination, is not 
strange. It will be noted that this mental cure has effected its 
miracles mainly among women, where it has the emotional tem¬ 
perament to work on, and almost wholly in the ranks of the 
wealthy and well-to-do, where there is little or no impoverish¬ 
ment of the system by insufficient food and excessive toil to hin¬ 
der its effects. We have not heard, nor are we likely to hear, of 
an epidemic disease checked by the mind cure, or of the healing 
of acute affections or organic troubles through its agency. Nor 
do we hear of its seeking to carry its message of healing into the 
houses of the suffering poor in large cities, where hunger, expos¬ 
ure and foul airs open wide the door to fevers and all deadly 
diseases, nor yet into hospitals for contagious or incurable affec¬ 
tions. In the presence of such realities it would prove, as its 
votaries probably understand, a too-painful mockery. Intelli¬ 
gently analyzed, therefore, this new revelation amounts to noth¬ 
ing more than a quite striking proof of the remarkable influence 
of the mind over the nervous system. Beyond this, the craze, in 
attempting to disprove the existence of disease, and to show that 
poisons do not kill, is simply running against the plain and inevi¬ 
table facts of life, and can safely be left to perish through it* 
own rashness. 120 


HYPNOTISM. 

A Compend of the General Claims Made By 
Professional Hypnotists. 

Animal magnetism is the nerve-force of all human and 
animal bodies, and is common to every person in a greater or 
less degree. It may be transmitted from one person to an¬ 
other. The transmitting force is the concentrated effort of 
will-power, which sends the magnetic current through the 
nerves of the operator to the different parts of the body of 
his subject It may be transmitted by and through the eyes, 
as well as the finger tips, and the application of the whole 
open hands, to different regions of the body of the subject, 
as well as to the mind. The effect of this force upon the sub¬ 
ject will depend very much upon the health, mental capacity 
and general character of the operator. Its action in general 
should be soothing and quieting upon the nervous system; 
stimulating to the circulation of the blood, the brain and other 
vital organs of the body of the subject. It is the use and 
application of this power or force that constitutes hypnotism. 

Magnetism is a quality that inheres in every human being, 
and it may be cultivated like any other physical or mental 
force of which men and women are constituted. From the 
intelligent operator using it to overcome disease, a patient 
experiences a soothing influence that causes a relaxation o 
the muscles, followed by a pleasant, drowsy feeling, which 
soon terminates in refreshing sleep.' On waking, the patient 
feels rested; all his troubles have vanished from conscious¬ 
ness and he’ is as if he had a new lease of life. 

In the true hypnotic condition, when a patient voluntarily 
submits to the operator, any attempt to make suggestions 
against the interests of the patient can invariably be frustrated 
by the patient. Self-preservation is the first law of nature, 
and some of the best known operators who have recorded 
their experiments assert that suggestions not in accord with 
the best interest of the patient could not be carried out. JNo 
one was ever induced to commit any crime under hypnosis, 
that could not have been induced to do the same thing much 

easier without hypnosis. . , . . , , £ _ 

The hypnotic state is a condition of mind that extends from 
a comparatively wakeful state, with slight drowsiness to com¬ 
plete somnambulism; no two subjects, as a rule, ever present¬ 
ing the same characteristics. . 

The operator, to be successful, must have control of his own 
mind be in perfect health and have the ability to keep his 
mind’ concentrated upon the object he desires to accomplish 
with his subject. 


HYPNOTISM. 

EXPERIMENT. 

For your first experiment select a person as nearly opposite 
in sex, temperament and complexion to yourself as possible. 
Seat your subject in a chair, with feet resting squarely on the 
floor. Take one hand firmly in one of your own and press 
the ball of the thumb on the median nerve of your subject, 
which may be found near the junction of the wrist and the 
root of the thumb, about where the line which circles the base 
of the thumb, called the life line, joins the wrist. Press upon 
this nerve firmly. Place your other hand upon the forehead 
of your subject and have him turn his eyes up to yours. Gaze 
into his eyes steadily. Watch closely, and as soon as you 
see that the pupils of his eyes begin to. enlarge, speak to him 
in a firm but monotonous tone of voice, about as follows: 
“You begin to feel a gentle, warm sensation through your 
body and brain, your eyes are getting heavy, the pupils are 
dilating; your muscles are feeling weary and tired; your eye¬ 
lids are drooping, and they are winking. You are feeling 
comfortable and very quiet. Your eyelids are closing.” If 
you will notice what follows as you make these suggestions, 
and you give them in the right mood with a mind concen¬ 
trated in purpose, the changes showing these conditions will 
be about as the suggestions imply. You may have to repeat 
them several times, but if you keep his eyes upon yours and 
hold your own steadfast, his will finally close. Now draw 
your hand slowly down over his eyes several times, while 
keeping up the suggestions in the same monotone voice. When 
you realize that he is negative to you, tell him, “You cannot 
open your eyes.” If he does open them, close them again 
and repeat the suggestions, at the same time keeping your 
finger tips pressing very lightly on his eyelids. If, after try¬ 
ing about thirty minutes, he opens his eyes, close them and 
draw your hand over the eyes and forehead as before. Keep 
him in this partially negative condition about ten minutes 
without any suggestions, and then reverse your passes, di¬ 
recting them from the root of the nose backward to the crown 
of his head several times, and then tell him that will do for 
the first sitting. Repeat the experiment as often as conven¬ 
ient, always allowing about thirty minutes to elapse between 
sittings. Once you have succeeded in making him yield to 
your suggestion that he cannot open his eyes, take ofie of his 
arms and extend it at right angles with his body; stroke it 
gently from the shoulder outward with your other hand; after 
a few strokes, suggest that it is rigid, and that he cannot 

122 


HYPNOTISM. 


lower it. Continue to stroke his hand, suggesting that sen¬ 
sation has gone from it. Take a pin or knife point and prick 
the skin firmly, but not enough to draw blood, for that is not 
necessary. If he does not draw away his hand you may be 
sure he is in a state of hypnosis, when the same experiments 
may be repeated, or similar ones tried. 

If you are not successful with your first subject, try again, 
for if you are in the right attitude of mind and condition of 
body you,will surely get results satisfactory with a subject 
having negative qualities of temperament that can be ad¬ 
justed to the positive qualities of your temperament. 

Many of the strange feats that have often been produced 
by professional hypnotizers, and published to catch credulous 
and ignorant people, are nothing more than the result of sug¬ 
gestion, and their nature is governed by the natural mind of 
the subject. As an operator you should remember that a 
subject cannot be influenced to do anything against his 
natural inclination. If you should get a naturally modest sub¬ 
ject to come on the platform you could not get him to disrobe 
in the presence of the audience. On the other hand, if you 
had a subject that was naturally diffident about speaking be¬ 
fore an audience, your suggestions would take away all his 
fear, and he would probably speak as readily as an accom¬ 
plished orator if you once got him started by the confidence 
with which you would inspire him. In the first case your sug¬ 
gestion to disrobe would do an injury to your subject, and he 
would not carry it out; in the second case, the spirit of am¬ 
bition, latent in your subject, would sense the benefit of the 
suggestion, and he would no doubt readily accept and carry 
it out. 

When in the hypnotic condition a subject will usually ac¬ 
cept suggestions relative to the removal of disease, and the 
cessation of pain, and may be so impressed as to carry out 
instructions then given after being awakened from the hyp¬ 
notic state. 

While the experiments may be greatly varied, the one here 
described covers the science in its general aspects. 

HIGHEST BRIDGE IN THE WORLD. 

What is claimed to be the highest structure of the kind in 
the world is the bridge over the Zambesi, at the Victoria Falls, 
in northern Rhodesia, Africa. It traverses the river in one 
span of 600 feet, is 30 feet wide and is 420 feet above the 
water. It was built in 1904 by an English bridge company 
for the Rhodesian railways trust. 

123 


OSTEOPATHY—A MECHANICAL PROCESS OF 
TREATING DISEASES. 

Strictly construing the claims of osteopathic doctors, it is 
an Anti-Medicine system of practice for the cure of every 
disease to which the human body is liable. 

Dr. Andrew T. Still, who claims to have made the discov¬ 
eries that led to the establishment of the school of Osteopathy, 
asserts that all diseases and lesions are the result of the 
luxation, dislocation, or breakage of some bone or bones; 
this, however, is not now maintained to any great extent by 
his followers. Osteopathists, though, do generally claim that 
all diseases arise from some mal-adjustment of the bones of 
the human body, and that treatment, therefore, must be to 
secure the normal adjustment of the bones and ligaments 
that form the skeleton. They claim that a dislocation is not 
always necessarily the result of external violence; it may be 
caused by the ulceration of a process of bones, the elongation 
of ligaments, or excessive muscular action. 

The constriction of an important artery or vein, which 
may be caused by a very slightly displaced bone, an indurated 
muscle, or other organ, may produce an excess of blood in 
one part of the body, thereby causing a deficiency in some 
other part. A dislocated member will generally show altera¬ 
tion in the form of the joint and axis of the limb; loss of 
power and proper motion; increased length or shortening of 
the limb; prominence at one point and depression at another; 
greatly impaired circulation, and pain due to the obstruction 
of nerve force in the parts involved. 

The osteopathist claims that pain and disease arise mainly 
from some mal-adjustment in some part of the body, and 
that a return to good health involves treatment for the 
normal adjustment of the skeleton; he asserts, though any 
luxation may be only partial, it may cause pressure at some 
point upon a blood vessel, or a nerve, of which the patient 
may be unconscious, and thus be a barrier to the restoration 
of good health. 

Osteopathy asserts that trying to heal the body of an ail¬ 
ment, caused by a dislocated member, be it a bone, ligament, 
or nerve, by which abnormal pressure is maintained upon a 
blood vessel or a nerve, would be like trying to operate a 
machine with an important cog out of gear. To cure it in¬ 
volves the reduction of a dislocation; the breaking up of 
adhesions, and the arousing of the enervated organ or organs, 
partially or wholly failing in the performance of function. 
By this process the circulation of the fluids of the body will 

124 


OSTEOPATHY. 


be equalized, nerve force be freed from obstruction; harmony 
being a necessity in the creation of beauty and strength, not 
only of all great buildings, but of all mechanism, when the 
human body is thus re-adjusted, by mal-formation being re¬ 
moved, it is assumed that good health will immediately follow. 

The great secret by which osteopathy claims to cure every 
ailment that the human body is liable to, is, that steady pres¬ 
sure over a given nerve center will produce a certain result; 
and that stimulation by manipulation, or massage, will produce 
an opposite effect; that thus by working upon these nerve and 
blood-vessel centers, the organic system can be so controlled 
that pain and disease can be quickly removed and cured. 

It is maintained that secretion is dependent upon the proper 
innervation and free circulation of the blood; that the cause 
of lesions of secreting organs may be local or general, and 
the secreting process will be affected accordingly. A sharp 
pain is .evidence of unduly excited circulation; a dull pain with 
sensations of weight and fullness, is evidence of obstructed 
circulation. If neither of these symptoms appears the condi¬ 
tion indicating departure from normal health is likely to be 
general; in such a case the remedy of osteopathy is to in¬ 
crease the blood pressure by stimulating the action of the 
heart, and regulating the calibre of the arteries, through the 
vaso-motor centers. If the condition is local the blood pres¬ 
sure may be increased by relaxation of the arteries, which can 
be produced by manipulation; or by constriction of the arteries 
other than those immediately exhibiting abnormal excitation. 

To be a scientific osteopath, however, it is necessary to have 
a thorough knowledge of anatomy and physiology. He must 
know the location of nerve centers and how to bring pressure 
and retraction upon a nerve to deaden its conductive quality, or 
to excite it to action. If he has a thorough knowledge of the 
various nerve centers, and of the different organs and tissues, 
and how to excite them to activity, and to arouse them with 
inactive, he may increase the nerve current, and the blood 
current to almost any part of the body, or decrease it if neces¬ 
sary to stop pain. 

It claims to have demonstrated the practicability of its 
theories in the treatment of ataxia, paralysis, anaesthetic and 
hyperaesthetic conditions, and in the peristaltic action of the 
bowels, the regulation of the action of the heart, and in con¬ 
trolling the calibre of the blood vessels, thereby affording ef¬ 
fectual relief from pain, in disease and parturition. 

125 


PHRENOLOGY. 

Discovered and Formulated by Dr. Gall, and as Improved by 
Dr. Spurzheim. 

The first claim put forth by the teachers and professional 
demonstrators of phrenology makes it a system of mental 
philosophy, beside at the same time presenting a much more 
popular aspect as a method whereby the disposition, charac¬ 
ter and natural aptitude of the individual may be ascertained. 



These two features of the subject are quite distinct from each 
other, for, while it can serve as a reliable guide for reading 
character only on the assumption of its truth as a philosophic 
system, yet the possibility of its practical application does not 
necessarily follow from the establishment of the truth of its 
theoretical side. 

Two of the earliest founders of the science of anatomy, 
Erasistratus and Herophilis, who lived in the age of Ptolemy 
Soter, taught that the brain was the seat of sensation and in¬ 
tellect, and that there was therein a certain degree of local¬ 
ization of function. Galen later taught that the brain is the 
seat of the soul and intellect. From these facts of history 
the system of phrenology, though formulated by Dr. Gall, Dr. 
Spurzheim, the Fowler Brothers and others, rests upon de¬ 
ductions derived from the teachings of the demonstrators of 
anatomy and students of philosophy. 

The formulated system of phrenology is very generally be¬ 
lieved to be a modern expansion of an old empirical philos¬ 
ophy, the parentage can easily be traced, although, according 

126 







PHRENOLOGY. 


to Dr. Gall’s account, it arose with him as the result of inde¬ 
pendent observations. The popularity of phrenology has 
waned in the public mind; the cultivation of the system is 
confined to a few enthusiasts, such as pose as teachers of it 
as a vocation. This class claim that phrenology is a prac¬ 
tical and important science and that it rests upon the follow¬ 
ing principles: 

First—That the human brain is the organ of the mind. 

Second—That the mental powers of man can be analyzed 
into a definite number of measurably independent faculties. 

Third—That these faculties are inate, and each has its seat 
in a definite region of the brain. 

Fourth—That the size of each of these regions is the meas¬ 
ure of the power of manifesting the faculty associated with it. 

The Faculties and Their Localities, as originally constructed 
by Dr. Gall, were for the most part identified on slender 
grounds; his procedure was as follows: Having selected the 
place of a faculty, he examined the heads of his friends and 
casts of persons with that peculiarity in common, and in them 
sought for the distinctive feature of their characteristic trait. 
Some of his earlier studies were among low. associates in jails 
and lunatic asylums, and some of the qualities located by him 
were such as tend to become perverted to crime. These he 
named after their excessive manifestations, and thus mapped 
out organs of theft, murder, etc This, however, caused the 
system to be discredited; later his pupil, Dr. Spurzheim, who 
claimed as his the moral and religious features belonging to 
it greatly modified these characteristics of Dr. Gall’s work. 
The chart of the human head as invented by Dr. Gall repre¬ 
sented 26 organs; the chart as improved by Dr. Spurzheim 
makes out 35 organs. This is the chart now generally used 
and which the above cuts represent. The number specifies 
the location of each organ, which is followed by its phren¬ 
ological name, and classified as follows: 

PROPENSITIES. 

(1) Amativeness. (2) Philoprogenitiveness. (3) Concern 
trativeness. (4) Adhesiveness. (5) Combativeness. (6) De¬ 
structiveness. (6a) Alimentiveness. (7) Secretiveness. (8) 
Acquisitiveness. (9) Constructiveness. 

LOWER SENTIMENTS. 

(10) Self-esteem. (11) Love of Approbation. (12) Cau¬ 
tiousness. SUPERIOR SENTIMENTS. 

(13) Benevolence. (14) Veneration. (15) Conscientious¬ 
ness. (16) Firmness. (17) Hope. (18) Wonder. (19) 
Ideality. (20) Wit. (21) Imitation. 

127 



PHRENOLOGY. 


PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

(22) Individuality. (23) Form. (24) Size. (25) Weight. 
(26) Color. (27) Locality. (28) Number. (29) Order. 
(30) Eventuality. (31) Time. (32) Tune. (33) Language. 

REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

( 34 ) Comparison. (35) Causality. 

The judgment of the phrenologist is determined by the size 
of the brain in general, and by the size of the organs that 
have been formulated, and these are estimated by certain ar¬ 
bitrary rules that render the boundaries of the regions in¬ 
definite. 

The controversy over phrenology has served undoubtedly 
the very useful purpose of stimulating research into the anat¬ 
omy of the brain. 

It is generally conceded that any psychological theory which 
correlates brain-action and mental phenomena requires a cor¬ 
respondence between the size of the brain and mental power, 
and generally observation shows that the brains of those whose 
capacities are above the average are larger than those of the 
general run of their fellow men. 

A study of the cuts and comparison of the sizes of different 
heads and their shape will prove very entertaining with most 
any group of persons intellectually inclined, and it will be 
found that persons who are naturally good readers by instinct 
of human nature, with its help, can make remarkable readings 
in the delineation of character. 

DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS IN THE WORLD. 


[From the American Jewish Year Book for 1904.] 


United States . 

..1,127,268 

Netherlands . 

. 103,998 

British, empire . 

.. 276,614 

Curacao .. 

. 103 

Abyssinia . 

.. 120,000 

Surinam .. 

. 1,121 

Argentine Republic . 

.. 22,500 

Persia . 

. 35,000 

Austria-Hungary ... 

. .2,071,254 

Peru .. 

498 

Belgium . 

.. 12,000 

Roumania .. 

. 276,493 

Bosnia . 

8,213 

Russia . 

.5,189,401 

Brazil . 

3,000 

Servia .. 

. 5,102 

China . 

300 

Spain . 

. 402 

Costa Rica . 

43 

Sweden and Norway.. 3,402 

Cuba . 

... 4,000 

Switzerland . 

. 12,551 

Denmark . 

3,476 

Turkey . 

. 350,000 

France . 

... 80,000 

Bulgaria . 


Algeria . 

.. 57,132 

Egypt . 

. 25.200 

Tunis . 

.. 45,000 

Crete . 


Germany . 

.. 586,948 

Turkestan and 

Af- 

Greece . 

.. 5,792 

ghanistan . 

. 14,000 

Italy . 

.. 43,552 

Venezuela . 


Luxemburg 

1,201 



Mexico . 

... 1,000 

Total . 


Morocco . 





128 








































WHAT DIFFERENT EYES INDICATE. 

The long, almond-shaped eye with thick eyelids covering 
nearly half of the pupil, when taken in connection with the 
full brow, is indicative of genius, and is often found in artists, 
literary and scientific men. It is the eye of talent, or im¬ 
pressibility. The large, open, transparent eye, of whatever 
color, is indicative of elegance, of taste, of refinement, of wit, 
of intelligence. Weakly marked eyebrows indicate a feeble 
constitution and a tendency to melancholia. Deep sunken eyes 
are selfish, while eyes in which the whole iris shows indicate 
erraticism, if not lunacy. Round eyes are indicative of inno¬ 
cence; strongly protuberant eyes of weakness of both mind 
and body. Eyes small and close together typify cunning, 
while those far apart and open indicate frankness. The nor¬ 
mal distance between the eyes is the width of one eye; a dis¬ 
tance greater or less than this intensifies the character sup¬ 
posed to be symbolized. Sharp angles, turning down at the 
corners of the eyes, are seen in persons of acute judgment and 
penetration. Well-opened steady eyes belong to the sincere; 
wide staring eyes to the impertinent. Gray eyes are supposed 
to be the strongest, blue the weakest, while large eyes are 
most subject to the defect known as near-sightedness. 

THE IROQUOIS THEATER FIRE. 

The Iroquois Theater, Chicago, was the scene of a terrible 
calamity on the afternoon of Wednesday, Dec. 30, 1903. A' 
matinee performance of the extravaganza, “Mr. Bluebeard,” 
was in progress and the theater was crowded, chiefly with 
women and children. In the latter part of the second, act 
some of the scenery caught fire from an unprotected light. 
The flames spread with great rapidity and were forced out 
into the audience room by a strong draft from the back part 
of the building. An attempt was made to lower the asbestos 
curtain, but it failed to descend. A frightful panic ensued and 
in their efforts to escape hundreds were trampled upon and 
crushed to death, while others were suffocated by the smoke 
and heat. Several of the exits were barred by locked doors 
or the loss of life would have been less. Altogether 575 
persons lost their lives, most of them in the balcony and 
gallery. Many received injuries that crippled them for life 

The calamity at the Iroquois caused all the theaters in Chi¬ 
cago to be closed temporarily and many of them were not 
permitted to reopen until they had complied with the pro¬ 
visions of a new and stringent theater law passed by the com¬ 
mon council. 


129 


PALMISTRY. 






































PALMISTRY. 

The following points, upon which the Science of Palmistry 
is based, explain its mysteries, and will be found very inter¬ 
esting, amusing and instructive: 

FORM OF THE HAND. 

Hands are classed into seven types, each of which is illus¬ 
trated by the cuts on the preceding page, and described as 
follows: 

Plate i—The Elementary or bilious Hand, indicating brutal 
instinct instead of reason as the governing power of the char¬ 
acter. 

Plate 2—The Square ©r Jupiter Hand, indicating a practical, 
stubborn, methodical and conventional character; one apt to 
be suspicious of strangers and radical in views. 

Plate 3—The Spatulate or Nervous Hand, so named be¬ 
cause of its imagined resemblance to a spatula. It is broad 
at the base of the fingers, and indicates great energy and push 
to discover; also, courage and fearlessness. 

Plate 4—The Philosophic or Venus Hand, has a long, thin, 
muscular palm, with long, knotty fingers; indicates a student 
of nature and searcher after truth. 

Plate 5—The Mercury or Artistic Hand, indicates quick 
temper, impulsiveness; a character that is light-hearted, gay 
and charitable, to-day; and to-morrow, sad, tearful and un¬ 
charitable. 

Plate 6—The Lunar or Idealistic Hand, indicates an ex¬ 
tremely sensitive nature. 

Plate 7—The Harmonic or Solar Hand, indicates a character 
of great versatility, brilliant in conversation, and an adept 
in diplomacy. 

THE FINGERS. 

For fortune telling the fingers from first to fourth are desig¬ 
nated as Jupiter, Saturn, Apollo and Mercury. 

Note the cut on preceding page, representing the different 
types of fingers, numbered from one to eleven. 

1— Large fingers, indicate a person of vulgar tastes and a 
cruel, selfish disposition. 

2— Small, thin fingers indicate a keen, quick acting mind 
and a person not very particular about personal appearance. 

3— Long, lean fingers indicate an inquiring disposition; love 
of details in narrative; short fingers imply simple tastes and 
selfishness. 

4— Fat fingers, largely developed at base, indicate sensual¬ 
ness; if small at base, the reverse. 

131 


PALMISTRY. 


5— —Smooth fingers indicate artistic ability. 

6— Knotty fingers indicate truthfulness and good order in 
business affairs. 

7— Pointed fingers indicate a very magnetic and enthusiastic 
personality. 

8— Square fingers indicate a strong mind, regularity and 
love of good order. 

9— Spatulate fingers indicate a character of positiveness in 
opinions, and lacking in gentleness. 

• 10—Fingers of Mixed Shape indicate a harmonious disposi¬ 
tion, with ability to easily adapt himself to all conditions. 

ii—O btuse fingers indicate coarse and cruel sensibilities. 

THE PHALANGES OF THE FINGERS. 

See plate VIII—i, 2, 3—The phalanges of the Thumb; 
4, 5, 6—Repeated on each finger, indicate the phalanges of the 
four fingers. 

THE MOUNTS OF THE HANDS. 

See plate IX—A, Mount Venus;- B, Mount Jupiter; C, 
Mount Saturn; D, Mount Apollo; .E, Mount Mercury; F, 
Mount Luna; G, Mount Mars. 

THE SHAPE AND LENGTH OF THE PHALANGES 

represent certain qualities and features of character, as pre¬ 
sented in the following: 

Jupiter, the first finger; if the first phalange is longer than 
the second, it indicates ability to control others, direct and 
maintain order; if the second phalange is long and well de¬ 
veloped, it indicates leadership; if short and thin, intellectual 
weakness; if the third phalange is long, it indicates love 
of power in material things. 

Saturn, second finger; if the first phalange is longer than 
the second, it indicates ability for mastering scientific sub¬ 
jects; if the second phalange is long, it indicates great inter¬ 
est in.subjects requiring deep study; if the third phalange is 
long, it indicates a love of metaphysics and money. 

Mercury, fourth finger; if the first phalange is longer than 
the second, it indicates love of the arts; if the second phalange 
is long, it indicates success and love of riches; if the third 
phalange is thick, it indicates an inherited talent for the arts. 

Mercury, fourth finger; if the first phalange is longer than 
the second, it indicates a taste for and love of research; if 
the second phalange is long and well developed, it indicates 
industrious habits; if the third phalange is long and fat, it 
indicates a desire for the comforts of life. 

132 


PALMISTRY. 


THE MOUNTAINS 

are points or elevations on the palm. 

Mount Venus, if prominent, indicates a person of strong 
passions, great energy in business, and admiration of physical 
beauty in the opposite sex; it also indicates love of children, 
home and wife, or husband. When not well developed there 
is a lack of love for home, children, wife or husband; and in 
a man, it indicates egotism and laziness,—in a woman, 
hysteria. 

Mount Jupiter, if prominent, indicates a person who is gen¬ 
erous, loves power, and is brilliant in conversation; if a 
woman, she desires to shine and be a social leader. When not 
well developed, it indicates lack of self-esteem, slovenliness 
and indifference to personal appearance. 

Mount Saturn, if prominent, indicates a serious-minded 
person, religiously inclined, slow to reach a conclusion, very 
prudent, free in the expression of opinions, but inclined to be 
pessimistic. 

Mount Apollo, if prominent, indicates ability as an artist, 
generosity, courageousness, and a poetical nature, apt to be a 
spendthrift. When not well developed, it indicates cautious¬ 
ness and prudence. 

Mount Mercury, if prominent, indicates keen perceptions, 
cleverness in conversation, a talent for the sciences, indus¬ 
triousness, and deceitfulness. If not well developed, it indi¬ 
cates a phlegmatic, stupid disposition. 

Mount Luna, if prominent, indicates a dreamy, changeable, 
capricious, enthusiastic, and inventive nature. When not well 
developed, it indicates constancy, love of home, and ability to 
imitate others. 

Mount Mars, if prominent, indicates self-respect, coolness, 
and control of self under trying circumstances, courageous¬ 
ness, venturesomeness and confidence in one’s ability for any¬ 
thing undertaken. When not well developed, it indicates the 
opposite of these characteristics. 

LINES ON THE HAND, 

if not well defined, indicate poor health. 

Deep red lines indicate good,'robust health. 

Yellow lines indicate excessive biliousness. 

Dark colored lines indicate a melancholy and reserved dis¬ 
position. 

The Life Line extends from the outer base of Mount Jup¬ 
iter, entirely around the base of Mount Venus. If chained 

133 


PALMISTRY. 


under Jupiter, it indicates bad health in early life. Hair lines 
extending from it implies weakness, and if cut by small lines 
from Mount Venus, misplaced affections and domestic broils. 
If arising from Mount Jupiter, an ambition to be wealthy and 
learned. If it is joined by the Line of the Head at its begin¬ 
ning, prudence and wisdom are indicated. If it joins Heart 
and Head lines at its commencement, a great catastrophe 
will be experienced by the person so marked. A square on it 
denotes success. All lines that follow it give it strength. 
Lines that cut the Life Line extending through the Heart 
Line denote interference in a love affair. If it is crossed by 
small lines, illness is indicated. Short and badly drawn lines, 
unequal in size, implies bad blood and a tendency to fevers. 

THE HEART LINE, 

if it extends across the hand at the base of the finger mounts, 
and is deep and well defined, indicates purity and devotion; if 
well defined from Mount Jupiter only, a jealous and tyrannical 
disposition is indicated; if it begins at Mount Saturn and is 
without branches, it is a fatal sign; if short and well defined 
in the Harmonic type of hand it indicates intense affection 
when it is reciprocated; if short on the Mercury type of hand, 
it implies deep interest in intellectual pursuits; if short and 
deep in the Elementary type of hand, it implies the disposition 
to satisfy desire by brutal force, instead of by love. 

THE HEAD LINE 

is parallel to Heart Line and forms the second branch of let¬ 
ter M, generally very plain in most hands; if long and deep it 
indicates ability to care for one’s self; if hair lines are attached 
to it, mental worry: if it divides toward Mount Mercury love 
affairs will be first, and business secondary; if well defined its 
whole length, it implies a well-balanced brain; a line from it 
extending into a star on Mount Jupiter great versatility, pride 
and love for knowledge are indicated; if it extend to Mount 
Luna interest in occult studies is implied; separated from the 
Life Line, indicates aggressiveness; if it is broken, death is 
indicated from an injury in the head. 

THE RASCETTES. 

are lines across the wrist where the palm joins it. 

It is claimed they indicate length of life; if straight it is 
a good sign. One Rascette indicates thirty years of life; two 
lines, sixty; three lines, ninety. 

134 


PALMISTRY. 

THE FATE LINE 

commences at Rascettes and if it extends straight to Mount 
Saturn, uninterrupted, and alike in both hands, good luck and 
success are realized without personal exertion. If not in one 
hand and interrupted in the other, success will be experienced 
only by great effort. If well defined at the wrist the early 
life is bright and promising; if broken in the center, misery for 
middle life is indicated. If this line touches Mounts Luna 
and Venus, it indicates a good disposition and wealth ; if in¬ 
clined toward any mount, it implies success in that line for 
which the mount stands. If it is made up of disconnected 
links, it indicates serious physical and moral struggles. Should 
it end at Heart Line, the life has been ruined by unrequited 
love. If it runs through a square, the life has been in danger 
and saved. Should it merge into the Heart Line and continue 
to Mount Jupiter, it denotes distinction and power secured 
through love. 

THE GIRDLE OF VENUS 

is a curved line extending from Mount Jupiter to Mercury, 
encircling Saturn and Apollo. It appears on few hands, but 
it indicates superior intellect, a sensitive and capricious nature; 
if it extends to base of Jupiter it denotes divorce; ending in 
Mercury, implies great energy; should it be cut by parallel lines 
in a man, it indicates a hard drinker and gambler. 

LINES OF REPUTATION, 

commencing in the middle of the hand, at the Head Line. 
Mount Luna or Mount Mars, indicate financial success from 
intellectual pursuits after years of struggling with adversity. 
If from Heart Line, real love of occupation and success; if 
from Head Line, success from selfishness. An island on this 
line denotes loss of character, a star on it near Apollo implies 
that success will be permanent, and a square, brilliant success. 
The absence of this line implies a struggle for recognition of 
one’s abilities. 

LINE OF INTUITION, 

beginning at base of Mount Mercury extends around Mars 
and Luna; it is frequently found in the Venus, Mercury and 
Lunar types of hands; when deeply dented with a triangle on 
Mount Saturn it denotes clairvoyant power; if it forms a tri¬ 
angle with Fate Line, or Life Line, a voyage will be taken. 

135 


PALMISTRY. 

HEALTH LINE 

commences at center of the Rascettes, takes an oblique course 
from Fate Line, ending toward Mount Mercury. If straight 
and well defined, there is little liability to constitutional dis¬ 
eases; when it does not extend to Head Line, steady mental 
labor cannot be performed; when it is broad and deep on 
Mount Mercury, diminishing as it enters the Life Line, death 
from heart disease is indicated; small lines cutting it denotes 
sickness from biliousness. When joined to Heart Line, health 
and business are neglected for Love; if made up of short, fine 
lines, there is suffering from Stomach Catarrh; if it is checked 
by islands there is a constitutional tendency to lung disease. 

MARRIAGE LINES 

extend straight across Mount Mercury; if short, affairs of the 
heart without marriage are denoted. When near Heart Line 
early marriage is indicated; if it turns directly to Heart Line, 
marriage will occur between the ages of 16 and 21; if close to 
the top of the mount, marriage will not take place before the 
35th year; if it curves upward it indicates a single life; when 
pronged and running toward the center or to Mount’ Mars 
divorce will occur. If the end of this line droops the subject 
will outlive wife or husband; if broken, divorce is implied; if 
it ends in a cross, the wife or husband will die from an acci¬ 
dent. A branch from this line upward implies a high position 
attained by marriage. A black spot on this line means widow¬ 
hood. 

CHILDREN’S LINES 

are small and upright, extending from the end of Marriage 
Lines. If broad and well defined, males, if fine and narrow, 
females, are indicated. A line of this order that is deep and 
well defined denotes prominence for that child. 

SMALL LINES 

have a signification depending upon their position and number. 

A single line on Jupiter signifies success ; on Saturn, happi¬ 
ness • on Apollo* fame and talent. 

Ascending small lines are favorable, while descending lines 
are unfavorable signs. 

Several small lines on Mars indicate warfare constantly. 

Cross lines, failure. 


136 


ORIGIN AND MEANING OF NAMES OF MEN 


A 

Aaron, Hebrew, a mountain, 
or lofty. 

Abel, Hebrew, vanity. 

Abraham, Hebrew, the father 
of many. 

Absalom, Hebrew, the father 
of peace. 

Adam, Hebrew, red earth. 

Adolphus, Saxon, happiness 
and help. 

Adrian, Latin, one who helps. 

Alan, Celtic, harmony; or 
Slavonic, a hound. 

Albert, Saxon, all bright. 

Alexander, Greek, a helper of 
men. 

Alfred, Saxon, all peace. 

Alonzo, form of Alphonso, q. v. 

Alphonso, German, ready or 
willing. 

Ambrose, Greek, immortal, 

Amos, Hebrew, a burden. 

Andrew, Greek, courageous. 

Anthony, Latin, flourishing. 

Archibald, German, a bold ob- 
server. 

Arnold, German, a maintain- 
er of honor. 

Arthur, British, a strong 
man. 

Augustus, Latin, venerable, 
grand. 

B 


Baldwin, German, a bold win- 
ner. 

Barnaby, Hebrew, a prophet s 
son. 

Bartholomew, Hebrew, the 
son of him who made the 
waters to rise. 

Beaumont, French, a pretty 
mount. 

Benjamin, Hebrew, the son of 
a right hand. 

Bennett, Latin, blessed. 

Bertram, German, fair, illus¬ 
trious. , . , 

Bertrand, German, bright, 
raven. 

Boniface, Latin, a well-doer. 

Brian, French, having a 
thundering voice. 


C 

Cadwallader, British, valiant 
in war. 

Ciesar, Latin, adorned with 
hair. 

Caleb, Hebrew, a dog. 

Cecil, Latin, dim-sighted. 

Charles, German, noble-spir¬ 
ited. 

Christopher, Greek, bearing 
Christ. 

Clement, Latin, mild-tem- 
pered. 

Conrad, German, able council. 

Cornelius, Latin, meaning un¬ 
certain. 

Crispin, Latin, having curled 
locks. 

Cuthbert, Saxon, known fa¬ 
mously. 

D 

Daniel, Hebrew, God is judge. 

David, Hebrew, well-beloved. 

Denis, Greek, belonging to the 
god of wine. 

Douglas, Gaelic, dark gray. 

Duncan, Saxon, brown chief. 

Dunstan, Saxon, most high 

E 

Edgar, Saxon, happy honor. 

Edmund, Saxon, happy peace. 

Edward, Saxon, happy keeper. 

Edwin, Saxon, happy con¬ 
queror. 

Egbert, Saxon, ever bright. 

Elijah, Hebrew, God the Lord. 

Elisha, Hebrew, the salvation 
of God. 

Emmanuel, Hebrew, God with 
us. 

Enoch, Hebrew, dedicated. 

Ephraim, Hebrew, fruitful. 

Erasmus, Greek, lovely, 
worthy to be loved. 

Ernest, Greek, earnest, seri¬ 
ous. 

Esau, Hebrew, hairy. 

Eugene, Greek, nobly de¬ 
scended. 

Eustace, Greek, standing firm. 

Evan, or Ivan, British, the 
same as John. 

Everard. German, well re¬ 
ported. 


137 


ORIGIN AND MEANING 

Ezekiel, Hebrew, the strength 
of God. 

F 

Felix, Latin, happy. 

Ferdinand, German, pure 
peace. 

Fergus, Saxon, manly strength. 

Francis, German, free. 

Frederic, German, rich peace. 

G 

Gabriel, Hebrew, the strength 
of God. h 

Geoffrey, German, joyful. 

George, Greek, a husbandman. 

Gerard, Saxon, all towardli- 
ness. 

Gideon, Hebrew, a breaker. * 

Gilbert, Saxon, bright as gold. 

Giles, Greek, a little goat. 

Godard. German, a godly dis¬ 
position. 

Godfrey, German, God's peace. 

Godwin, German, victorious in 
God. 

Griffith, British, having great 
faith. 

Guy, French, a leader. 

H 

Hannibal, Punic, a gracious 
lord. 

Harold, Saxon, a champion. 

Hector, Greek, a stout de¬ 
fender. 

Henry, German, a rich lord. 

Herbert, German, a bright 
lord. 

Hercules, Greek, the glory of 
Hera, or Juno. 

Horace, Latin, meaning un¬ 
certain. 

Howel, British, sound or 
whole. 

Hubert, German, a bright col¬ 
or. 

Hugh, Dutch, high, lofty. 

Humphrey, German, domestic 
peace. 

I 

Ignatius, Latin, fiery. 

Ingram, German, of angelic 

purity. 

Isaac, Hebrew, laughter. 

J 

Jabez, Hebrew, one who 

causes pain. 

Jacob, Hebrew, a supplanter. 


OF NAMES OF MEN. 

James, or Jaques, beguiling. 

Job, Hebrew, sorrowing. 

Joel, Hebrew, acquiescing. 

John, Hebrew, the grace of 
the Lord. 

Jonah, Hebrew, a dove. 

Jonathan, Hebrew, the gift of 
the Lord. 

Joseph, Hebrew, addition. 

Joshua, Hebrew, a Saviour. 

Josiah, or Josias. Hebrew, the 
fire of the Lord. 

Julius, Latin, soft-haired. 

L 

Lambert, Saxon, a fair lamb. 

Lancelot, Spanish, a little 
lance. - 

Laurance, Latin, crowned 
with laurels. 

Lazarus, Hebrew, destitute of 
help. 

Leonard, German, like a lion. 

Leopold, German, defending 
the people. 

Lewis or Louis, French, the 
defender of the people. 

Lionel. Latin, a little lion. 

Llewellin, British, like a lion. 

Llewellyn, Celtic, lightning. 

Lucius. Latin, shining. 

Luke, Greek, a wood or grove. 

M 

Manifred, German ,great peace. 

Mark, Latin, a hammer. 

Martin, Latin, martial. 

Matthew, Hebrew, a gift or 
present. 

Maurice, Latin, sprung of a 
Moor. 

Meredith, British, the roaring 
of the sea. 

Michael, Hebrew, who is like 
God. 

Morgan, British, a mariner. 

Moses, Hebrew, drawn out. 

N 

Nathaniel, Hebrew, the gift 
of God. 

Neal, French, somewhat black. 

Nicholas. Greek, victorious 

t over the people. 

Noel, French, belonging to 
ones nativity. 

Norman, French, one born in 
Normandy. 


138 


ORIGIN AND MEANING OF NAMES OF MEN. 


O 

Oliver. Latin, an olive. 

Orlando, Italian, counsel for 
the land. 

Orson, Latin, a bear. 

Osmund, Saxon, house peace. 

Oswald. Saxon, ruler of a 
house. 

Owen, British, well descended. 

P 

Patrick, Latin, a nobleman. 

Paul, Latin, small, little. 

Percival. French, a place in 
France. 

Percy, English, adaptation of 
“pierce eye.” 

Peter, Greek, a rock or stone. 

Philip, Greek, a lover of horses 

Phineas, Hebrew, of bold 
countenance. 

R 

Ralph, contracted from Ran¬ 
dolph, or Randal, or Ra- 
nulph. Saxon, pure help. 

Raymond, German, quiet peace 

Reuben. Hebrew, the son of 
vision. 

Reynold, German, a lover of 
purity. 

Richard, Saxon, powerful. 

Robert, German, famous in 
counsel. 

Roderick, German, rich in 
fame. 

Roger. German, strong counsel. 

Roland, German, counsel for 
the land. 

Rollo, form of Rolland, q. v. 

Rufus, Latin, reddish. 


S 

Samson, Hebrew, a little son. 

Samuel. Hebrew, heard by God 

Saul, Hebrew, desired. 

Seth, Hebrew, appointed. 

Silas, Latin, sylvan or living 
in the woods. 

Simeon, Hebrew, hearing. 

Simon, Hebrew, obedient. 

Solomon, Hebrew, peaceable. 

Stephen, Greek, a crown or 
garland. 

Swithin, Saxon, very high. 

T 

Theobald. Saxon, bold over 
the people. 

Theodore, Greek, the gift of 
God. 

Thomas. Hebrew, a twin. 

Timothy, Greek, a fearer of 
God. 

Titus, Greek, meaning uncer¬ 
tain. 

Toby, Hebrew, goodness of 
the Lord. 

V 

Valentine. Latin, powerful. 

Victor. Latin, conqueror. 

Vincent, Latin, conquering. 

Vivian, Latin, living. 

W 

Walter. German, a conqueror. 

Wilfred, Saxon, bold and 
peaceful. 

William, German, defendin; 
many. 

Z 

Zaccheus. Syriac, Innocent. 


CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 


A 

Adela, German, same as Ade¬ 
line ; q. v. 

Adeldiae, German, same as 
Adeline q. v. 

Adeline, German, a princess. 
Agatha, Greek, good. 

Agnes, German, chaste. 
Althea, Greek, hunting. 

Alice, Alicia, German, noble. 
Alma, Latin, benignant. 
Amabel, Latin, lovable. 

Amy. Amelia, French, a be¬ 
loved. 


Angelina, Greek, lovely, an¬ 
gelic. 

Anna, or Anne, Hebrew, grac¬ 
ious. 

Arabella, Latin, a fair altar. 

Aurora. Latin, morning 
brightness. 

B 

Barbara. Latin, foreign cr 
strange. 

Beatrice. Latin, makin^ happy 

Bella. Italian, beautiful. 

Benedicta, Latin, blessed. 


139 


CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 


Bernice, Greek, bringing vic¬ 
tory. 

Bertha, Greek, bright or fa¬ 
mous. 

Bessie, short form of Eliza¬ 
beth, q. v. 

Blanche. French, fair. 

Bona, Latin, good. 

Bridget, Irish, shining bright. 

C 

Camilla, Latin, attendant at 
a sacrifice. 

Carlotta, Italian. same as 
Charlotte q. v. 

Caroline, Latin, noble-spirited. 

Cassandra, Greek, a reform¬ 
er of men. 

Catherine. Greek, pure or 
clean. 

Charity, Greek, love, bounty. 

Charlotte, French, all noble. 

Chloe. Greek, a green herb. 

Christina, Greek, belonging to 
Christ. 

Clara, Latin, clear or bright. 

Constance, Latin, constant. 

D 

Dagmar, German, joy of the 
Danes. 

Deborah, Hebrew, a bee. 

Diana, Greek, J u p i t e r’s 
daughter. 

Dorcas, Greek, a wild roe. 

Dorothy, Greek, gift of God. 

E 

Edith, Saxon, happiness. 

Eleanor, Saxon, all-fruitful. 

Eliza, Elizabeth, Hebrew, the 
oath of God. 

Emily, corrupted from Amel’a. 

Emma, German, a nurse. 

Esther, Hesther, Hebrew, se¬ 
cret. 

Eudora, Greek, good gift. 

Eugenia, French, well-born. 

Eunice, Greek, fair victory. 

Eva. or Eve, Hebrew, causing 
life. 

F 

Fanny, dim. of Frances, q. v. 

Flora, Latin, flowers. 

Florence. Latin, blooming, 
flourishing. 

Prances, German, free. 

G 

Gertrude. German, all truth. 

Giace, Latin, favor. 


H 

Hannah, Hebrew, gracious. 

Harriet, German, head of the 
house. 

Helen, or Helena, Greek, al¬ 
luring. 

Henrietta, fem, and Dim. of 
Henry, q. v. 

Hilda, German, warrior maid¬ 
en. 

Honora, Latin, honorable. 

Huldah, Hebrew, a weasel. 

* I 

Irene, peaceful. 

Isabella, Spanish, fair Eliza. 

J 

Jane, or Jeannie, fem. of 
John, q. v. 

Janet, Jeanette, little Jane. 

Jemina, Hebrew, a dove. 

Joan, Joanna, Hebrew, fem. 
of John q. v. 

Joyce, French, pleasant. 

Judith, Hebrew, pfaising. 

Julia, Juliana, fem. of Julius, 
q. v. 

K 

Katherine, form of Catherine, 
q. v. 

Ketvft*a, Hebrew, incense. 

L 

Laura, Latin, a laurel. 

Lavinia, Latin, of Latium. 

Letitia, Latin, joy or glad¬ 
ness. 

Lilian, Lily, Latin, a lily. 

Lois, Greek, better. 

Louisa, German, fem. of 
Louis, q. v. 

Lucretia. Latin, a chaste Ro¬ 
man lady. 

Lucy, Latin, fem. of Lucius. 

Lydia. Greek, descended from 
Lud. 

M 

Mabel, Latin, lovely or lov¬ 
able. 

Madeline, form of Magdalen, 
q. v. 

Margaret, Greek, a pearl. 

Martha. Hebrew, bitterness. 

Mary, Hebrew, bitter. 

Matilda, German, a lady of 
honor. 

Maud, German, form of Ma¬ 
tilda, q. v. 


140 


CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN. 


May. Latin, month of May. 
Mercy, English, compassion. 
Mildred, Saxon, speaking mild 
Minnie, dim. of Margaret, 
q. v. 

N 

Naomi, Hebrew, alluring. 

O 

Olive, Olivia. Latin, an olive. 
Ophelia, O-rcek, a serpent. 

P 

Patience, Latin, bearing pa¬ 
tiently. 

Penelope. Greek, a weaver. 
Persis, Greek, destroying. 
Philippa, Greek, fem, of Philip 
Phoebe, Greek, the light of 
life. 

Phyllis, Greek, a green boueh. 
Polly, variation of Molly, 
dim. of Mary, q. r. 

Priscilla. Latin, somewhat old 
Prudence, Latin, discretion. 

R 

Rachel. Hebrew, a lamb. 
Rebecca. Hebrew, fat or plump 
Rhoda, Greek, a rose. 

Rose or Rosa, Latin, a rose- 
Rosalind. Latin, beautiful as 
a rose. 

Rosamond, Saxon, rose of 
peace. 


Roxana, Persian, dawn of 
day. 

Ruth. Hebrew, trembling, or 
beauty. 

S 

Sabina. Latin, sprung from 
the Sabines. 

Salome, Hebrew, perfect. 

Sarah, Hebrew, a princess. 

Selina, Greek, the moon. 

Sibylla, Greek, the counsel of 
God. 

Sophia. G~eek, wisdom. 

Susan, Susanna, Hebrew, a 
lily. 

T 

Tabitha. Syi me, a roe. 

Theodosia, Greek, given by 
God. 

U 

Ursula, Latin, a she bear. 

V 

Victoria. Latin, victory. 

Vida, Erse, fem. of David. 

W 

Walburga, Saxon, gracious. 

Winifred, Saxon, winning 
peace. 

Z 

Zenobia. Greek, the life of 
Jupiter. 


CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON. 

The Carnegie Institution of Washington was incorporated 
Jan. 4, 1902, and endowed by Andrew Carnegie, with $10,000,- 
000. The purpose of the institution is thus declared by its 
founder: 

“It is proposed to found in the city of Washington an insti¬ 
tution which, with the co-operation of institutions now or 
hereafter established there or elsewhere, shall in the broadest 
and most liberal manner encourage investigation, research and 
discovery—show the application of knowledge to the improve¬ 
ment of mankind, provide such buildings, laboratories, books 
and apparatus as may be needed, and afford instruction of an 
advanced character to students properly qualified to profit 
thereby.” 

Under the original organization the endowment and the 
conduct of the institution were intrusted to a board of twenty- 
seven trustees. But under the act of congress approved 
April 28, 1904, certain ex-officio trustees were dispensed with 
and the board now consists of twenty-four persons. 


141 


THE CIVIL SERVICE. 


The officials and clerks—over 120,000 in all—by whom the 
people’s business in the administration of government is carried 
on, constitute the Civil Service. About 5,000 of these are ap¬ 
pointed-by the President, alone or with the consent of the Sen¬ 
ate ; about 15,000 under what are known as the “Civil Service 
Rules,” but the great body of officeholders are appointed by 
heads of departments. 

Those employed in the civil service have always been theo¬ 
retically entitled to serve “during good behavior,” but practically, 
until within a few years, their positions have depended upon 
their allegiance to the political party in power. 

. I # n x 883 Congress passed a law for the improvement of the 
civil service of the United States. This act provides for the 
appointment by the President of three commissioners to have gen¬ 
eral charge of filling the vacancies in the civil service depart¬ 
ment, and stipulates that the fitness of all applicants for all sub¬ 
ordinate positions in the departments at Washington, and in all 
custom houses and postoffices having as many as 50 officeholders, 
shall be tested by examinations, and the positions assigned with 
reference to the capacity, education and character of the appli¬ 
cants, regardless of political preferences. 

According to this, no absolute appointment to office can be 
made until the applicant has proven his or her ability to fill the 
position satisfactorily by six months’ service ; no person habitu¬ 
ally using intoxicating beverages to excess shall be appointed to, 
or retained in, any office ; no recommendation which may be 
given by any Senator or mer ber of the House of Representa¬ 
tives, except as to character and residence, shall be considered 
by the examiners ; men and women shall receive the same pay 
for the same work. r J 

The general competitive examinations for admission to the 
service are limited to the following subjects : 1. Orthography, 

penmanship and copying. 2. Arithmetic—fundamental rules, 
tractions and percentage. 3. Interest, discount, and the elements 
of bookkeeping and of accounts. 4. Elements of the English 
language, letter writing, and the proper construction of sen- 
oftheU Elements of the g eo g ra phy, history and government 

A standing of 65 per cent, in the first three branches is neces- 
sary to qualify an applicant for appointment. Where special 
qualifications are necessary for specific work the examinations 
are adapted to test the knowledge of the applicant in that par¬ 
ticular line. v 

No applicant will be examined who cannot furnish proof that 
he is of good moral character and in good health. 

There is a board of examiners in each of the principal cities of 

142 



LAND MEASURE—PUBLIC LANDS. 


the U. S., and several examinations are held each year. Appli¬ 
cations must be made on the regular “application paper,” which 
can be obtained of the commissioners, or any board of ex¬ 
aminers. 

Several of the States have adopted the principles laid down in 
the civil service act and applied them to the State civil service, 
and it is probably only a question of time when Civil Service 
Reform will be consummated throughout the U. S., and the 
public service will thereby be rendered much more efficient. 


United States Land Measure and Homestead Law. 

A township is 36 sections, each a mile square. A section 
is 640 acres. A quarter section, half a mile square, is 160 acres. 
An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a 
quarter of a mile wide, is 80 
acres. A sixteenth section, a 
quarter of a mile square, is 40 
acres. 

The sections are all num¬ 
bered 1 to 36, commencing at 
north-east corner, thus: 

The sections are all divided 
in quarters, which are named 
by the cardinal points, as in 
section 1. The quarters are 
divided in the same way, as 
shown in the smaller dia¬ 
gram. The 
descrip¬ 
tion of a 

forty-acre lot would read: The south half 
of the west half of the south-west quarter of 
section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 
west, or as the case might be; and some¬ 
times will fall short and sometimes over¬ 
run the number of acres it is supposed to 
contain. 


Titles to the Public Lands—How Acquired. 

The public lands of the United States still unsold and open to 
settlement are divided into two classes, one class being sold by 
the Government for $1.25 per acre as the minimum price, the 
other at $2.50 per acre, being the alternate sections reserved by 
the United States in land grants to railroads, etc. Such tracts 
are sold upon application to the Land Register. Heads of 

143 


u w 

N.E 

N W 

N.E 

N W 

N.W 

N.E 

N e 

s w 

SE 

s w 

SE 

M W 

N W 

N E 

N E 

ri w 

N E 

N W 

N E 

sw 

SW 

SE 

SE 

sw 

S1E 

s w 

S E 

sw 

SW 

SE 

SE 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

NW NE 

SW SE 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 































TITLES TO THE PUBLIC LANDS. 


families, or citizens over twenty-one years, who may settle 
upon any quarter section (or 160 acres) have the right under 
the pre-emption law of prior claim to purchase, on complying 
with the regulations. 

Under the homestead laws, any citizen, or intending citizen 
has the right to 160 acres of the $1.25 land, or 80 acres of the 
*2.50 land, after an actual settlement and cultivation of the 
same for five years. Under the timber culture law, anv settler 
who has cultivated for two years as much as five acres’in trees 
ot an 80-acre homestead, or ten acres of a homestead of 160 
acres, is entitled to a free patent for the land at the end of 
eight years. 


APPALLING DEPTHS OF SPACE. 

DISTANCES THAT STUN THE MIND AND BAFFLE COMPREHENSION. 

“The Stars,” though appearing small to us because of their 
immense distance, are in reality great and shining suns. If we 
were to escape from the earth into space, the moon, Jupiter, 
8aturn and eventually the sun would become invisible; Mizar 
the middle star in the tail of the Great Bear, is forty times as 
leavy as the sun. To the naked eye there are five or six 
thousand of these heavenly bodies visible 
Cygm is the nearest star to us in this part of the sky. Alpha 
HemiS, m . th< ; constellation of Centaur, in the Southern 
Hemisphere, is the nearest of all the stars. The sun is off 

rm^hi 0O ° m \ G - S; multipIy this by 200,000, and the result is, 
roughJy speaking, 20,000,000,000,000; and this is the distance 
t pba Centauri. The speed of an electric current, 
iXooo° miles per second, a message to be sent from a point 
on the earth s surface, would go seven times around the earth 
nff tn e + L eC °^ Let i !t be su PP° sed that messages were sent 
rnH e m n 1 heav 1 enly bodies. To reach the moon at 
this rate it would take about one second. In eight minutes a 

T, U d get t0 th ,j SLln ’ and lowing f or a couple of 
minutes delay, one could send a message to the sun and 
answer all within twenty minutes. But to reach Alpha 
Centauri it would take three years; and as this is the nearest 
of the stars, what time must it take to get to the others? If 
when Wellington won the battle of Waterloo in 1815, the 
news had been telegraphed off immediately, there are some 
stars so remote that it would not yet have reached them 
to go a step further, if in 1066 the result of the Norman 
Conquest had been wired to some of these stars, the message 
would still be on its way. s 


144 


*»rr «-• r jr 21 

V- ? £ 2 : 

2 p* 

5 “ «• 5 *~ 

• p ®^_S 8. 

»C0 m P<(t 

cgS?--* 

— 3 § ►» 

H 2 5- o ~ 

v ®°Bf 3 - 
^ p ^ «* ® O' 

? 2 2 cr 2.^ * 

• E2 ® » 

mip • v--2 1 
O ej- $ 3 £.' 
*1 ® r-» ® Sf"- ' 
® m»<& ® ® ' 

«»“s 3 § 

- b 2 «b^; 

g2.«* ® op 

°<< O O p ^ ' 
V{ J. £ 3 * “ 

2 op £ 2 

p cr 3 
w A 


O-P 


® 


® §T ^ 

3 K>o 
ov- £ 

*S = 

, M O 
.. 05 W ft 


O V- < 
• >®r-, 

3 P o* 
^ 2 — 
M " >-H 

P 3 3 

® O _ 

• ?§. 
0*3 C 
3 ® M 

**<*5 «* 

o o 
P?.J3 

^ S*£" 

O 

_ Ml 

© —j 

£ p o ; 

E "* 3 1 

“ CD £u ■ 

O * 

P Cl I 

p 5 * 

c* ® 

© OP 1 

o 2 ? « 
O CB ’ 


© 

o 

»■ 

p- 

p 

e* 


Alabama. 

Arkansas. 

Arizona. 

California. 

Colorado. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

D. of Columbia... 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Idaho. 

Illinois. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kansas.. 

Kentucky. 

Louisiana. 

Maine. 

Maryland. 

Massachusetts. 

Micnigan. 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

Montana. 

States and 
Territories. 

hj 

M CD 

oo»atOBOtaiG»oiOio»o»o»oioi* 3 « 30 o&o»a*oo«oodooo>t 

o 

ct 

• 

Legal 

Rate. 

w 

% 

H 

n 

W 

w 

00 

i 

• 

Per ct. 

8 

10 

Any rate. 
Any rate. 
Any rate. 

( 3 ) 

6 

10 

10 

8 

12 

7 

8 

8 

10 

8 

8 

Any rate. 

6 

Any rate. 

7 

10 

10 

8 

Any rate. 

Rate 
Allowed 
by Contract. 

to 

l-Jt-ft t -1 to »-i to »-M-l O to to tO h-» tO |-l >-» to 

OO^OCJOtOOOOi O O Ot O to 0 - 4 - OCTOlOO 

9 * S tt 

N-' 

Judg¬ 

ments, 

Years. 

Statutes op 
Limitations. 

h-> ►-» MMM ,-s 

OOO^OIOIOJCOOIOIWOIOOOWOJOIMOS® QitP> 4 * 0 \<J> 

o' “ w ^ * 

>«✓ 

Notes, 

Years. 

CT3 Ot 

CO C* GO O Ot o COCA/D CC^ COOlOtO'rf^l^lOCOCOOOfcOCOCOCO 

C 77 ) 0 C /3 P 

CCO W 

Open 

Acc’nts, 

Years. 

Nebraska. 

Nevada. 

N. Hampshire.... 

New Jersey. 

New Mexico. 

New York. 

North Carolina .. 
North Dakota.... 

Ohio. 

Oklahoma. 

Oregon. 

Pennsylvania.... 
Rhode Island.... 
South Carolina... 
South Dakota.... 

Tennessee. 

Texas. 

Utah. 

Vermont. 

Virginia. 

Washington. 

West Virginia ... 

Wisconsin. 

Wyoming. 

States and 
Territories. 

►d 

9 

000 >at* 30 > 0 ft 00 O 0 }* 3 ^O 0 » 0 )« 00 )* 30 } 9 )C}OO* 3 <lHj 

m a 

rt- 

• 

Legal 

Rate. 

M 

a 

H 

M 

W 

H 

7 - 

H 

> 

00 

&• & S’ u 

uu M ^ >__i t-u M }—i M M *<1 

t 009 MO) 0 > H ©OifcOOO H OJ O tO 00 tC O Oi tC Oi OJ ^ O “ 

l g. * | r 

© CD © 

Rate 
Allowed 
by Contract. 

to ►—* to m H-» »-»>-» lO >-» MMtO to tO 

OiOOOOOOOOCOOOOOiOOiOtOOO^OOOJCT 

23 # 3 3 §# 3 # 

Judg¬ 

ments, 

Years. 

Statutes of 
Limitations. 

i_t m 

0 » 0 ) 00 > 0 » 0 > 0 >^ 0 > 0 > 05 ^> 0 > 0 ) 01010 >WO> 0 ) 00 » 05 C 7 I 

* = * 

Notes, 

Years. 

Q 0 OC 0 C 0 t 00 irffcfc 00 t 0 >^ 0 > 0 > 0 tC 005 OC 0 C 5 »^Ci 0 S^i^ 

%> % 

Open 

Acc’nts* 

Years. 





































































FACTS FROM SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 


A HAWK flies 150 miles per hour; an eider duck, 90 miles; a 
pigeon, 40 miles. 

A MAN’S working life is divided into four decades: 20 to 30, 
bronze; 30 to 40, silver; 40 to 50, gold; 50 to 60, iron. Intellect 
and judgment are strongest between 40 and 60. 

HAIR which is lightest in color is also lightest in weight. 
Light or blonde hair is generally the most luxuriant, and it has 
been calculated that the average number of hairs of this color 
on an average person’s head is 140,000; while the number of 
brown hairs is 110,000, and black only 103,000. 

GOLDSMITH received $300 for “The Vicar of Wakefield;’’ 
Moore, $15,500 for “Lalla Rookh;” Victor Hugo, $12,000 for 
“Hernani;” Chateaubriand, $110,000 for his works; Lamartine, 
$16,000 for “Travels in Palestine;” Disraeli, $50,000 for “Endy- 
mion;” Anthony Trollope, $315,000 for forty-five novels; Lingard, 
$21,000 for his “History of England;” Mrs. Grant received over 
$600,000 as royalty from the sale of “The Personal Memoirs of 
U. S. Grant.” 

ONE woman in 20, one man in 30 is barren—about 4 per cent. 
It is found that one marriage in 20 is barren—5 per cent. Among 
the nobility of Great Britain, 21 per cent have no children, 
owing partly to intermarriage of cousins, no less than 4Ms per 
cent being married to cousins. 

THE largest bells are the following, and their weight is 
given in tons: Moscow, 216; Burmah; 117; Pekin, 53; Novgorod, 
31; Notre Dame, 18; Rouen, 18; Olmutz, 18; Vienna, 18; St. 
Paul’s, 16; Westminster, 14; Montreal, 12; Cologne, 11; Oxford, 8; 
St. Peter’s, 8. Bell metal should have 77 parts coper and 23 tin. 

AMERICAN life average for professions (Boston): Store¬ 
keepers, 41.8 years; teamsters, 43.6 years; laborers, 44.6 years; 
seamen, 46.1 years; mechanics, 47.3 years; merchants, 48.4 years; 
lawyers, 52.6 years; farmers, 64.2 years. 

THE number of saving banks in the United States in 1901 
was 10,007; number of depositors, 6,373,098; amount of deposits, 
$2,601,189,291. In two European countries the number of 
depositors is greater, namely, Great Britain, with 9,493,838, and 
Germany^ with 8,049,599. The largest deposits were in Germany, 
with $1,255,000,000. In Great Britain large sums saved are in¬ 
variably invested in government securities, for the actual sav¬ 
ings in Great Britain probably nearly correspond to the number 
of depositors. 

A CAMEL has twice the carrying power of an ox; with an 
ordinary load of 400 lbs he can travel 12 to 14 days without 
water, going 40 miles a day. Camels are fit to work at 5 years 
old, but their strength begins to decline at 25, although they 
live usually till 40. 

THE checks paid in New York in one year aggregate $77,- 
020,672,494, which is more than nine times the value of all the 
gold and silver coin in existence. 

POUNDS of water exaporated by 1 lb. of fuel as follows: 

146 



FACTS FROM SCIENCE AND STATISTICS, 


Straw, 1.9; wood, 3.1; peat, 3.8; coke or charcoal, 6.4; coal, 7.9; 
petroleum, 14.6. 

THE average elevation of continents above sea level is: 
Europe, 670 feet; Asia, 1,140 feet; North America, 1,150 feet; 
South America, 1,100 feet. 

IN 1684, four men were taken alive out of a mine in England, 
after 24 days without food. In 1880, Dr. Tanner, in New York, 
lived on water for 40 days, losing 36 lbs. in weight. 

A BODY weighing 140 lbs. produces 3 lbs. ashes; time for 
burning, 55 minutes. 

THE seven largest diamonds in the world weigh, respectively, 
as follows: Kohinoor, 103 carats; Star of Brazil, 126 carats; Re¬ 
gent of France, 136 carats; Austrian Kaiser, 139 carats; Russian 
Czar, 195 carats; Rajah of Borneo, 367 carats; Braganza, 1,880 
carats. The value of the above is not regulated by size, nor 
easy to estimate, but none of them is worth less than $500,000. 

ACCORDING to Orfila, the proportion of nicotine in Havana 
tobacco is 2 per cent; in French, 6 per cent, and in Virginia 
tobacco, 7 per cent. That in Brazilian is still higher. 

THERE are 131,000 lepers in India, according to Mulhall. 
The numbers in Spain and Italy are considerable. In the 
Sandwich Islands the disease is so prevalent that the island of 
Molokai is set apart for lepers, who are under the direction of a 
French Jesuit priest. The death of Father Damien, in 1889, 
called attention to the noblest instance of self-sacrifice recorded 
in recent times. His place is now filled by a younger member 
of his order, who voluntarily sacrifices his health and life to 
aid the outcasts. In the Seychelles Islands leprosy is also 
common. 

ONE horsepower will raise 16% tons per minute a height of 12 
inches, working 8 hours a day. This is about 9,900 foot-tons 
daily, or 12 times a man’s work. 

GOOD clear ice two inches thick will bear men to walk on; 
four inches thick will bear horses and riders; six inches thick 
will bear horses and teams with moderate loads. 

THE percentage of illegitimate birth for various countries, as 
stated by Mulhall, is as follows: Austria, 12.9; Denmark, 11.2; 
Sweden, 10.2; Scotland, 8.9; Norway, 8.05; Germany, 8.04; 
France, 7.02; Belgium, 7.0; United States, 7.0; Italy, 6.8; Spain 
and Portugal, 5.5; Canada, 5.0; Switzerland, 4.6; Holland, 3.5; 
Russia, 3.1; Ireland, 2.3; Greece, 1.6. 

INDIA RUBBER is obtained mostly from the Seringueros of 
the Amazon, who sell it for about 12 cents a pound to the mer¬ 
chants of Para, but its value on reaching England or the 
United States is over 50 cents a pound. The best rubber forests 
in Brazil will ultimately be exhausted, owing to the reckless 
mode followed by the Seringueros, or tappers. The Bureau of 
American Republics reports the annual production of rubber 
as follows: Brazil and Peru, Para rubber, 45,000,000 pounds; 
Brazil Ceara and Mangabairn rubber, 15,900,000 pounds; rest 
of South America, 7,000,000 pounds; Central America and Mexico, 
5,000,000 pounds; Malay Islands, 2,000,000 pounds; Africa, 48,000,000 

147 


FACTS FROM SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 


pounds; Madagascar, Mauritius, India and Ceylon, 1,815,000 
pounds. Total, 125,315,000 pounds. The disposition of this is 
as follows: Consumed by the United. States and Canada, 40,- 
000,000 pounds; by Great Britain and Colonies, except Canada, 
45,000,000 pounds; Continent of Europe, 40,000,000 pounds. 

ONE pair of rabbits can become multiplied in four years into 
1,250,000. Australia ships 6,000,000 rabbit skins yearly to England. 

THE largest of the Pyramids, that of Cheops, is composed of 
four million tons of stone, and occupied 100,000 men during 20 
years, equal to an outlay of $200,000,000. It would now cost $20,- 
000,000 at a contract price of 36 cents per cubic foot. 

O'NE tug on the Mississippi can take, in six days, from St, 
Louis to New Orleans, barges carrying 10,000 tons of grain, 
which would require 70 railway trains of fifteen cars each. Tugs 
in the Suez Canal tow a vessel from sea to sea in 44 hours. 

COMPARATIVE SCALE OF STRENGTH.—Ordinary man, 
100; Byron’s Gladiator, 173; Farnese Hercules, 362, horse, 750. 

A MAN will die for want of air in five minutes; for want of 
sleep, in ten days; for want of water, in a week; for want of 
food, at varying intervals, dependent on various circumstances. 

THE average of human life is 33 years. One child out of 
every four dies before the age of 7 years, and only one-half of 
the world’s population reach the age of 17. One out of 10,000 
reaches 100 years. The average number of births per day is 
about 120,000, exceeding the deaths by about 15 per minute. 
There have been many alleged cases of longevity in all ages, 
but only a few are authentic. 

THE various nations of Europe are represented in the list of 
Popes as follows: English, 1; Dutch, 1; Swiss, 1; Portuguese, 1; 
African, 2; Austrian, 2; Spanish, 5; German, 6; Syrian, 8; Greek, 
14, French, 16; Italian, 197; Eleven Popes reigned over 20 years; 
69, from 10 to 20; 57, from 5 to 10; and the reign of 116 was less 
than 5 years. The reign of Pius IX. was the longest of all, the 
only one exceeding 25 years. Pope Pius X. is the 259th pontiff. 

CAPACITY of the largest public buildings in the world: Coli¬ 
seum, Rome, 87,000; St. Peter’s, Rome, 54,000; Theater of 
Pompey, Rome, 40,000; Cathedral, Milan, 37,000; St. Paul’s, 
Rome, 32,000; St. Paul’s London, 31,000; St. Petronia, Bologna, 
26,000; Cathedral, Florence, 24,300; Cathedral, Antwerp, 24,000; 
St. John Lateran, Rome, 23,000; St. Sophia’s, Constantinople, 
23,000; Notre Dame, Paris, 21,500; Theater of Marcellus, Rome, 
20,000; Cathedral, Pisa, 13,000; St. Stephen’s, Vienna, 12,400; St. 
Dominic’s, Bologna, 12,000; St. Peter’s, Bologna, 11,400; Cathe- 
darl, Vienna, 11,000; Gilmore’s Garden, New York, 8,443; La 
Scala, Milan, 8,000; Auditorium, Chicago, 7,000; Mormon Temple, 
Salt Lake City, 8,000; St. Mark’s, Venice, 7,500; Spurgeon's 
Tabernacle, London, 6,000; Bolshoi Theater, St. Petersburg, 
5,000; Tabernacle (Talmage’s), Brooklyn, 5,000; Music Hali, Cin¬ 
cinnati, 4,824. 

THERE are 3,000,000 opium smokers in China. A paper read 
before the New York Medical Society by Dr, F. N. Hammond 

148 


FACTS FROM SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 


presents some important facts. In 1868 there were about 93,000 
habitual opium-eaters in the country; now they number over 
500,000. More women than men are addicted to the use of the 
drug. The vice is one so easily contracted, so easily practiced 
in private, and so difficult of detection, that it presents peculiar 
temptations and is very insidious. The relief from pain that 
it gives and the peculiar exaltation of spirits easily lead the 
victim to believe that the use of it is beneficial. Opium and 
chloral are today the most deadly foes of women. Dr. Ham¬ 
mond is the better qualified to speak on this subject from hav¬ 
ing once been a consumer of opium himself. To break off from 
the habit, he says, the opium-eater must reduce the quantity 
of his daily dose, using at the same time other stimulants, and 
gradually eliminate the deadly drug entirely. 

THE degrees of alcohol in wines and liquors are; Beer, 4.0; 
porter, 4.5; ale, 7.4; cider, 8.6; Moselle, 9.6; Tokay, 10.2; Rhine, 
11.0; orange, 11.2; Bordeaux, 11.5; hock, 11.6; gooseberry, 11.8; 
Champagne, 12.2; claret, 13.3; Burgundy, 13.6; Malaga, 17.3; 
Lisbon, 18.5; Canary, 18.8; sherry, 19.0; vermouth, 19.0; Cape, 
19.2; Malmsey, 19.7; Marsala, 20.2; Madeira, 21.0; Port, 23.2; 
Curacoa, 27.0; aniseed, 33.0; Maraschino, 34.0; Chartreuse, 43.0; 
gin, 51.6; brandy, 53.4; rum, 53.7: Irish whisky, 53.9; Scotch, 54.3. 
Spirits are said to be “proof” when they contain 57 per cent. 
The maximum amount of alcohol, says Parkes, that a man 
can take daily without injury to his health is that contained in 2 
oz. brandy, % pt. of sherry, y 2 pt. of claret, or 1 pt. of beer. 

THE measurement of that part of the skull which holds the 
brain is stated in cubic inches thus: Anglo-Saxon, 105; German, 
105; negro, 96; ancient Egyptian, 93; Hottentot, 58; Australian 
native, 58. In all races the male brain is about ten per cent 
heavier than the female. The highest class of apes has only 16 
oz. of brain. A man’s brain, it is estimated, consists of 300,000- 
000 nerve cells, of which over 3,000 are disintegrated and de¬ 
stroyed every minute. Every one, therefore, has a new brain 
once in sixty days. But excessive labor, or lack of sleep, pre¬ 
vents the repair of the tissues, and the brain gradually wastes 
away. Diversity of occupation, by calling upon different por¬ 
tions of the mind or body successively, affords, in some meas¬ 
ure, the requisite repose to each. But in this age of overwork 
there is no safety except in that perfect rest which is the only 
natural restorative of exhausted power. It has been noticed by 
observant physicians in their European travels that the German 
people, who, as a rule, have little ambition and no hope to rise 
above their inherited station, are peculiarly free from nervous 
diseases; but in America, where the struggle for advancement 
is sharp and incessant, and there is nothing that will stop an 
American but death, the period of life is usually shortened five, 
ten or twenty years by the effects of nervous exhaustion. After 
the age of 50 the brain loses an ounce every ten years. Cuvier’s 
weighed 64, Byron’s 79, and Cromwell’s 90 ounces, but the last 
was diseased. Post-mortem examinations in Prance give an 

149 


FACTS FROM SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 

average of 55 to 60 ounces for the brains of the worst class 
of criminals. 

I'l is estimated that the number of insane persons in the 
United States is 145,000. Causes of Insanity—Hereditary, 24 
per cent; drink, 14 per cent; business, 12 per cent; loss of 
friends, 11 per cent; sickness, 10 per cent; various, 29 per cent. 
This result is the medium average arrived at by Mulhall on 
comparing the returns for the United States, England, France 
and Denmark. 

fewer than 1,326 editions of the Bible were published in 
the sixteenth century. In the seventeenth and eighteenth cen¬ 
turies it was translated and published in many languages by the 
polyglot press of Propaganda Fide at Rome. In the nineteenth 
century the English and American societies have printed in 
the Protestant version, 124,000,000 copies of the Bible or of’the 
New Testament, viz.: British, 74,000,000; American, 32,000,000 
other societies, 15,000,000 copies. 

, THI ? Kin S James version of the Bible contains 3,566,480 let¬ 
ters, n 3,746 words, 31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters, and 66 books. 
The word and occurs 46,277 times. The word Lord occurs 
1 : 85 d times. The word Reverend occurs but once, which is in 
the 9th verse of the 111th Psalm. The middle verse is the 8th 
verse cf the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of 
Ezra contains all the letters of the alphabet except the letter J. 

e 19th chapter of II Kings and the 37th chapter of Isaiah are 
alike. The longest verse is the 9th verse of the 8th chapter of 
Esther. The shortest verse is the 35th verse of the 11th chapter 
of St. John. There are no words or names of more than six 
syllables. 


SOME OF NATURE’S WONDERS. 

THE human body has 240 bones. 

MAN’S heart beats 92,160 times in a day. 

A SALMON has been known to produce 10,000,000 eggs. Some 
female spiders produce 2,000 eggs. A queen bee produces 100 000 
eggs in a season. 

THERE are 9,000 cells in a square foot of honeycomb. 

IT requires 2,300 silk worms to produce one pound of silk. 

IT would take 27,600 spiders to produce one pound of web! 

THE RULE oFTHE ROAD. 

THE “rule of the road” in the United States is “turn to the 
right ; in England it is the reverse. The rule holds in this 
country in the case where two vehicles going in opposite direc¬ 
tions meet. When one vehicle overtakes another the foremost 
gives way to the left and the other passes by on the “off side”- 
and when a vehicle is crossing the direction of another it keeps 
to the left and crosses in its rear. These two rules are the 
same in this country as in England, and why the rule concern- 
ing^meeting vehicles should have been changed it is impossible 


150 




FACTS FROM SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 


A KNOT, in sailor phrase, is a nautical mile, 6,080 feet, or 800 
feet more than a land mile. 

THE GARDEN OF THE GODS is near Colorado Springs and 
consists of a tract some 50 acres in area surrounded by moun 
taine and ravines of red sandstone. A number of large 
upright rocks, some as high as 350 feet, have given the beautiful 
valley its name. It is entered by a very narrow pass called the 
“Beautiful Gate.” 

THE Trans-Siberian Railway is 6,003 miles long and was 
built at a cost of $201,350,860. 

THE longest reigns in English history were: Victoria, 64 
years; George III., 60; Henry III., 56; Edward III., 50; Elizabeth, 
45; Henry VIII., 38. 

THE highest mountain in North America is Mt. McKinley, at 
the headwater of the Suswhitma and Kuskokwim rivers, Alaska. 
Its height is 20,464 feet. 

THE largest viaduct in the world was designed and built by 
American engineers for the English railway in Burma. It 
crosses the Gokteik gorge, eighty miles from Mandalay. It is 
2,260 feet long and 325 feet high, and was constucted in 1900. 

Scripture Weights and Measures. 

Jewish Weights and Their Equivalents in Troy: 

The Gerah (one-twentieth of a shekel), 12 gr.; the Bekah 
(half a shekel), 5 oz.; the Shekel, 10 oz.; the Maneh, 2 lbs. 
6 oz.; the Talent, 125 lbs. 

LIQUID MEASURE REDUCED TO WINE MEASURE. 


Gal. Pts. 

A Caph . 0 0.625 

1.3— A Log . 0 0.833 

5.3— 4—A Cab . 0 3.333 

16 — 12— 3—A Hin . 1 2 

32 _ 24— 6— 2—A Seah . 2 4 

96 — 72— 18— 6— 3—A Bath, Ephah, or Firkin. 7 4.50 

960 —720—180—60—30—10—A Kohr, Cheros, or Homer.. 75 5.25 

DRY MEASURE REDUCED TO CORN MEASURE. 

Bu. Pks. Gal. Pts. 

A Gachal .0 0 0 1.141 

20—A Cab .0 0 0 2.833 

36— 1.8—An Omer, or Gomer .0 0 0 5.1 

120— 6 — 3.3—A Seah .0 10 1 

360— 18 — 10 — 3—An Ephah .0 3 0 3 

1800— 90 — 50 — 5—A Letech .4 0 0 0 


3600—180 —100 —30—10—2—A Homer, or Kor .S 0 0 0 

A Trip Around the World. 

THE imaginary Mr. Fogg, of Jules Verne’s story, made the 
circuit of the world in 80 days. But George Francis Train made 

151 















FACTS FROM SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 

a record in 1890 of 67 days, 13 hours, 3 minutes, and 3 seconds, 
stopping over one day in New York (time not included), The 
Siberian Railroad, however, when completed, will vastly reduce 
the time necessary to circumnavigate the globe. The Russian 
Minister of Railroads has made the following public prediction 
of the time that will be required for world transit by the way 
of Siberia, provided maximum speed is attained throughout and 
connections are immediate: 

Days. 


Prom St. Petersburg to Vladivostock . 10 

From Vladivostock to San Francisco. 10 

From San Francisco to New York. 4 i£ 

From New York to Bremen . 7 

From Bremen to St. Petersburg . li^ 


Total . 33 


State Flowers. 

THE following are "State Flowers,” as adopted in most 
instances by the votes of the public school scholars of the 
respective States: Alabama, Golden Rod; Colorado, Purple 
Blossom; California, California Poppy; Colorado, Purple 
Columbine; Delaware, Peach Blossom; Florida, Japonica; Idaho, 
Syringa; Illinois, Rose; Indiana, Corn; Iowa, Wild Rose; Kansas, 
Sunflower; Louisiana, Magnolia; Maine, Pine Cone; Michigan, 
Apple Blossom; Minnesota, Moccasin; Mississippi, Magnolia; Mon¬ 
tana, Bitter Root; Nebraska, Golden Rod; New Jersey, State tree, 
Sugar Maple; New York, Rose; New Mexico, Rose, Crimson 
Rambler; North Carolina, Chrysanthemum; North Dakota, 
Golden Rod; Oklahoma, Mistletoe; Oregon, Oregon Grape; 
Rhode Island, Violet; Texas, Blue Bonnet; Utah, Sego 
Lily; Vermont, Red Clover; Washington, Rhododendron. 

Great Fires and Conflagrations. 

London, Sept. 2-6, 1666.—Eighty-nine churches, many public 
buildings and 13,200 houses destroyed; 400 streets laid waste; 
200,000 persons homeless. The ruins covered 436 acres. 

New York, Dec. 16, 1835.—Six hundred buildings; loss, 20,- 
000,000. Sept. 6 , 1839.—$10,000,000 worth of property. 

Pittsburg, April 10, 1845.-1,000 buildings; loss, $6,000,000. 

Philadelphia, July 9, 1850.—350 buildings; loss, $1,500,000; 25 per¬ 
sons killed; 9 drowned; 120 wounded. 

St. Louis, May 4, 1851.—Large portion of the city burned; 
loss, $15,000,000. 

San Francisco, May 2-5, 1851.-2,500 buildings; loss. $3,500,000? 
many lives lost. June 22, 1851.—500 buildings; loss $3,000,000. 

Santiago (Spain), Dec. 8 , 1863.—A fire in the church of the 
Campania, beginning amid combustible ornaments; 2,000 persons 
killed, mostly women. 

Charleston, S. C., Feb. 17, 1865.—Almost totally destroyed, with 
large quantities of naval and military stores. 

152 










FACTS FROM SCIENCE AND STATISTICS, 


Richmond, Va., April 2-3, 1865.—In great part destroyed by 
fire at time of Confederate evacuation. 

Portland, Me., July 4, 1868.—Almost entirely destroyed; loss, 
$15,000,000. 

Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871.—Three and one-half square miles laid 
waste; 17,450 buildings destroyed; 200 persons killed; 98,500 made 
liomeless. July 14, 1874.—Another great fire; loss, $4,000,000. 

Great forest fires in Michigan and Wisconsin, Oct. 8-14, 1871.— 
2,000 lives lost. 

Boston, Nov. 9-11, 1872.—800 buildings; loss, $73,000,000; 15 killed. 

Fall River, Mass., Sept. 19, 1874.—Great factory fires; 60 per¬ 
sons killed. 

St. John, N. B., June 21, 1876.—Loss, $12,500,000. 

Brooklyn Theater burned, Dec. 5, 1876.—300 lives lost. 

Seattle and Spokane, Wash., 1889.—About $10,000,000 each. 

Jacksonville, Fla., May 4, 1901.—Doss, $11,000,000; 10,000 persons 
homeless; several lives lost. 

Great Floods and Inundations. 

An inundation in Cheshire, England, A. D. 353.—3,000 persons 
perished. 

Glasgow, A. D. 768.—More than 400 families drowned. 

Dort, April 17, 1412.—72 villages submerged; 100,000 people 
drowned. 

Overflow of the Severn, A. D. 1483, lasting ten days.—Men, 
women and children carried away in their beds, and the waters 
covered the tops of many mountains. 

General inundation in Holland, A. D. 1530.—By failure of dikes; 
400,000 said to have been drowned. 

At Catalonia, A. D. 1617.-60,000 drowned. 

Johnstown, Pa., May 31, 1889.—By the bursting of a huge 
reservoir in the mountains, the town was almost entirely de¬ 
stroyed, and >about 6,000 persons perished. The water in its 
passage to Johnstown descended about 250 feet. The theoretical 
velocity due to this descent would be about 127 feet per second 
or between 86 and 87 miles an hour. According to the best ac¬ 
counts from 15 to 17 minutes were occupied in the passage to 
Johnstown, a distance of about twelve miles. Thus the average 
velocity could not have been far short of 50 miles an hour. 
The impetus of such a mass of water was irresistible. As the 
flood burst through the dam it cut trees away as if they were 
stalks of mullein. 

Galveston, Texas, Sept. 8, 1900.—A tidal wave overwhelmed the 
city, destroying property valued at $17,000,000. 

Chronology of Electrical Progress. 

ALESSANDRO VOLTA discovered electric current, 1800. 

SIR HUMPHREY DAVY produced arc light, 1810. 

FARADAY discovered induction, 1831. 

MORSE first suggested electric telegraph, 1832. 

THOMAS DAVENPORT, of Brandon, Vt., built first electric 
road, 1835; invented automobile same year. 

153 


FACTS FROM SCIENCE AND STA TlSTlCS. 


MORSE constructed first recording- electric telegraph ap¬ 
paratus, 1835. 

WHEATSTONE AND COOKE system of telegraphy invented, 

1835. 

DANIELL invented zinc-copper battery, 1836. 

FIRST submarine cable laid across Hugli River (India), 1839. 

FIRST Morse telegraph line constructed, 1844, between Wash¬ 
ington and Baltimore. 

PRINTING telegraph system invented by Royal House, 1846. 

AUTOMATIC repeater invented, 1848. 

FIRST long cable laid in British Channel, 1860. 

FIRST successful Atlantic cable laid, 1858. 

JAMES ELKINGTON invented electrolytic copper refining, 
1865. 

STEARNS introduced duplex telegraph system, 1872. 

EDISON discovered quadruplex system, 1874. 

GEORGE F. GREEN, of Kalamozoo, Mich., built first modern 
electric road, 1875. 

BELL AND GRAY invented telephone, 1875. 

GRAMME discovered continuous current dynamo, 1876. 

FIRST telephone exchange at New Haven, Conn., 1878. 

EDISON invented incandescent lamp, 1879. 

FIRST central electric lighting station established, 1880, in 
Pearl Street, New York. 

PLANTE invented storage battery, or accumulator, 1882. 

J. C. HENRY built first practical trolley line, 1884, in Kansas 
City. 

SIEMENS BROS, built first European electric road, 1884, in 
Berlin. 

ELECTRICITY first used on elevated roads, 1885, in New 
York City. 

FIRST long-distance, high-voltage power transmission plant 
installed, 1892, at Pomona, Cal. 

ELISHA GRAY invented telautograph, 1893. 

HEAVY trains first moved by electric locomotives, 1895, in 
Baltimore. 

DR. WILHELM KONRAD ROENTGEN discovered X-ray, 
1895. 

AUTOMOBILES first came into general use in 1897. 

DR. M. I. PUPIN perfected trans-Atlantic telephone, 1900. 

BY means of the wireless system of telegraphy elaborated by 
Marconi, signals were first sent across the Atlantic Ocean Dec. 
11 and 12, 1901. The European station was at Poldhu, near the 
Lizard, in Cornwall, England, and that on this side at St. 
Johns, N. F. Only the latter “S” was telegraphed, but the 
possibility of sending messages across the ocean without the 
use of cables was fully demonstrated. The distance between 
the stations was about 1,700 miles. The first complete wire¬ 
less message was sent Jan. 19, 1903. On Jan. 30 of that year 
President Roosevelt sent a wireless message from Cape Cod to 
King Edward in London, the first ever sent over so long a 
distance—3,000 miles. 


154 


TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS 


Merit to gain, a heart, and sense to keep it. 

Money to him that has spirit to use it. 

More friends and less need of them. 

May those who deceive us be always deceived. 

May the sword of justice be swayed by the hand of mercy. 
May the brow of the brave never want a wreath of laurel. 
May we be slaves to nothing but our duty, and friends to 
nothing but real merit. 

May he that turns his back on his friend, fall into the hands 
of his enemy. 

May honor be the commander when love takes the field. 

May reason guide the helm when passion blows the gale. 

May those who would enslave become slaves themselves. 
May genius and merit never want a friend. 

May the road of happiness be lighted by virtue. 

May life last as long as it is worth wearing. 

May we never murmur without a cause, and never have a 
cause to murmur. 

May the eye that drops for the misfortunes of others never 
shed a tear for its own. 

May the lovers of the fair sex never want means to support 
and spirit to defend them. 

May the tear of misery be dried by the hand of commisera¬ 
tion. 

May the voyage of life end in the haven of happiness. 
Provision to the unprovided. 

Peace and honest friendship with all nations; entangling 
alliances with none. 

Riches to the generous, and power to the merciful. 

Short shoes and long corns to the enemies of freedom. 

Success to the lover, and joy to the beloved. 

The life we love, with whom we love. 

The friend we love, and the woman we dare trust. 

The union of two fond hearts. 

The lovers of honor, and honorable lovers. 

The unity of hearts in the union of hands. 

The love of liberty, and liberty in love. 

The liberty of the press without licentiousness. 

The virtuous fair, and the fair virtuous. 

The road to honor through the plains of virtue. 

155 



TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS. 


The hero of Saratoga—may his memory animate the breast of 
every American. 

The American’s triumvirate, love, honor and liberty. 

The memory of Washington. 

May the example of the new world regenerate the old. 

Wit without virulence, wine without excess, and wisdom with¬ 
out affectation. 

What charms, arms and disarms. 

Home pleasant, and our friends at home. 

Woman: She needs no eulogy, she speaks for herself. 

Friendship: May its lamp ever be supplied by the oil of truth 
and fidelity. 

THE ARMERICAN NAVY.—May it ever sail on the sea of 
glory. 

MAY those who are discontented with their own country 
leave their country for their country’s good. 

DISCRETION in speech is more than eloquence. May we 
always remember these three things: The manner, the place 
and the time. 

Here’s a sigh to those who love me. 

And a smile to those who hate. 

And whatever sky's above me, 

Here’s a heart for every fate. 

Were’t the last drop in the well. 

As I gasped upon the brink, 

Ere my fainting spirit fell, 

’Tis to thee that I would drink.—Byron. 

CADDY S TOAST IN “ERMINIE.”—’Ere’s to the ’ealth o’ 
your Royal Ighness; hand may the skin o’ ha gooseberry b© 
big enough for han humbrella to cover hup hall your enemies. 

Here’s to the girl I love, * 

And here’s to the girl who loves me, 

And here s to all that love her whom I love, 

And all those that love her who love me. 

I vili drink to the woman who wrought my woe, 

In the diamond morning of long ago; 

To the splendor, caught from Orient skies, 

That thrilled in the dark of her hazel eyes. 

Her large eyes filled with the fire of the south, 

And the dewy wine of her warm red mouth.—Winter. 

May those that are single get wives to their mind, 

And those that are married true happiness find. 

156 


TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS. 


Here’* a health to me and mine, 

Not forgetting 1 thee and thine: 

And when thou and thine 
Come to see me and mine, 

May we and mine make thee and thine 
As welcome as thou and thine , 

Have ever made me and mine. 

INDUSTRY.—The right hand of fortune, the grave of care, 
and the cradle of content. 

Here’s to the prettiest, 

Here’s to the wittiest, 

Here’s to the truest of all who are true. 

Here’s to the sweetest one, 

Here’s to them all in one—here's to you. 

OUR COUNTRY.—May she always be in the right—but, right 
or wrong, Our Country.—Stephen Decatur. 

HERE’S to our sweethearts and our wives. May our sweet¬ 
hearts soon become our wives and our wives ever remain our 
sweethearts. 

Here’s to the girls of the American shore; 

I love but one, I love no more. 

Since she’s not here to drink her part, 

I drink her share with all my heart. 

Here’s to one and only one, 

And may that one be she 
Who loves but one and only one. 

And may that one be me. 

Some hae meat and canna’ eat, 

And some wad eat who want it; 

But we hae meat and we can eat, 

So let the Lord be thankit. 

A glass is good and a lass is good, 

And a pipe to smoke in cold weather. 

The world is good and the people are good. 

And we’re all good fellows together. 

Yesterday’s yesterday while to-day’s here, 

To-day is to-day till to-morrow appear, 

To-morrow’s to-morrow until to-day’s past, 

And kisses are kisses as long as they last. 

OUR COUNTRY.—To her we drink, for her we pray, 

Our voices silent never; 

For her we’ll fight, come what may; 

The Stars and Stripes forever. 

157 


TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS . 


Through this toilsome world, alas, 

Once, and only once, we pass. 

If a kindness we may show, 

If a good deed we may do 
To our suffering fellow-men, 

Let us do it, for ’tis plain, 

We shall not pass this way again. 

WOMAN.- 1 The fairest work of the great Author; the edition 
is large, and no man should be without a copy. 

Drink to me only with thine eyes. 

And I will pledge with mine; 

Or leave a kiss within the cup, 

And I’ll not look for wine. 

The thirst that from the soul doth rise 
Doth ask a drink divine; 

But might I of Jehovah’s nectar sip, 

I would not change from thine.—Ben Jonson. 

Drink to-day and drown all sorrow; 

You shall perhaps not do’t to-morrow; 

Best while you have it, use your breath; 

There is no drinking after death.—Beaumont and Fletcher. 

HOME.—The father’s kingdom; the child’s paradise; the 
mother’s world. 

OUIDA’S FAVORITE TOAST:— 

Here’s to those I love; 

Here’s to those who love me; 

Here’s to those who love those I love, 

And here’s to those who love those who love those who 
love me. 

The Man We Love.—He who thinks the most good and speaks 
the least ill of his neighbor. 

False Friends.—May we never have friends who, like shadows, 
keep close to us in the sunshine only to desert us on a cloudy 
day or in the night. 

Here’s to tho j who’d love us if we only cared. 

Here’s to those we’d love if we only dared. 

Here’s to one another and one other, whoever he or she 
may be. 

A little health, a little wealth, 

A little house and freedom, 

With some friends for certain ends. 

But little cause to need ’em. 

Here’s to the lasses we’ve loved, my lad, 

Here’s to the lips we’ve pressed; 

For of kisses and lasses, 

158 


TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS . 


Like liquor in glasses, 

The last is always the best. 

Come in the evening, come in the morning, 

Come when you’re looked for, come without warnin*. 

Here’s to a long life and a merry one, 

A quick death and an easy one, 

A pretty girl and a true one, 

A cold bottle and another one. 

The world is filled with flowers, 

And flowers are filled with dew. 

And dew is filled with love \ 

And you and you and you. 

Here’s to you as good as you are, 

And to me as bad as I am; 

And as good as you are and as bad as I am, 

I’m as good as you are as bad as I am. 

THE LAW.—The only thing certain about litigation is its 
Uncertainty. 

THE LAWYER—Learned gentleman, who rescues your estate 
from your enemies and keeps it for. himself. 

A SPREADEAGLE TOAST.—The Boundaries of Our Coun¬ 
try: East, by the rising sun; north, by the north pole; west, by 
all creation; and south, by the day of judgment. 

When going up the hill of prosperity may you never meet 
a friend coming down. 

Here’s a health to the future; a sigh for the past; 

We can love and remember, and hope to the last, 

And for all the base lies that the almanacs hold 
While there’s love in the heart we can never grow old. 

May the hinges of friendship never grow rusty. 

Come, come, good wine is a good familiar creature, if it be 
well used.—Shakespeare. 

Shall I ask the brave soldier who fights by my side in the 
cause of mankind whether our creeds agree? 

May all single men be married, and all married men be happy. 

OUR COUNTRY’S EMBLEM:— 

The lily of France may fade, 

The thistle and shamrock wither, 

The oak of England may decay. 

But the stars shine on forever. 

159 


TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS. 


God made man 
Frail as a bubble; 

God made Love, 

Love made trouble; 

God made the Vine; 

Was it a sin 
That man made wine 
To drown trouble in? 

The Good Thing's of the World.—Parsons are preaching 1 tot 
them, lawyers are pleading for them, physicians are prescribing 
for them, authors are writing for them, soldiers are fighting 
for them, but true philosophers alone are enjoying them. 

My life has been like sunny skies 
When they are fair to view; 

But there never yet were lives or skies 
Clouds might not wander through. 

The Three Great American Generals.—General Peace, General 
Prosperity and General Satisfaction. 

AMERICA.—“Our hearts, our hopes are all with thee, 

Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, 
Our faith triumphant o’er our fears, 

Are all with thee, are all with thee.” 

Our National Birds.—The American Eagle, the Thanksgiving 
Turkey: may one give us peace in all our states—and the other 
a piece for all our plates. 


OPPORTUNITY, 

John J. Ingalls’ Famous Sonnet. 

Master of human destinies am I. 

Fame. Love and Fortune on my footsteps wait. 
Cities and fields I walk; I penetrate 
Deserts and seas remote, and, passing by 
Hovel, and mart, and palace, soon or late 
I knock unbidden once at every gate! 

If sleeping, wake—if feasting, rise before 
I turn away. It is the hour of fate, 

And they who follow me reach every state 
Mortals desire, and conquer every foe 
Save death; but those who doubt or hesitate^. 
Condemned to failure, penury, and woe, 

Seek me in vain and uselessly implore: 

I answer not, and I return no more. 

160 



SOME RIDDLES OUR GRANDFATHERS SOLVED 

Feet have they, but they walk not—stoves. 

Eyes have they, but they see not—potatoes. 

Noses have they, but they smell not—tea-pots. 

Mouths have they, but they taste not—rivers. 

Hands have they, but they handle not—clocks. 

Ears have they, but they hear not—corn stalks. 

Tongues have they, but they talk not—wagons. 

What thing is that which is lengthened by being cut at both 
ends? A ditch. 

Why do we all go to bed? Because the bed will not come 
to us. 

Why is Paris like the letter F? Because it is the capital of 
France. 

In which month do ladies talk least? In February. 

Why is a room full of married folks like an empty room? 
There is not a single person in it. 

Why is a peach-stone like a regiment? It has a kernel 
(Colonel). 

Why is an island like the letter T? Because it is in the 
midst of wa-t-er. 

When is a door not a door? When it is ajar (a jar). 

Why is a bee-hive like a spectator? Because it is a bee- 
holder (beholder). 

What is that which a train cannot move without, and yet is 
not the least use to it? A noise. 

When is a man over head and ears in debt? When the hat 
he has on is not paid for. 

Why is a man led astray like one governed by a girl? He 
is misled (miss-led). 

Why is a Jew in a fever like a diamond? He is a Jew ill 
- (jewel). 

Why are fixed stars like pen, ink and paper? They are 
stationary (stationery). 

Why do cats see best in the dark? Because they eat 
(lights). 

What is that which is always invisible and never out of 
sight? The letter I. 

Why is a cook like a barber? He dresses hare (hair). 

Why is a waiter like a race horse? He often runs for a plate 
or a cup. 

Why is a madman like two men? He is one beside himself. 

Why is a good story like a church bell? It is often told 
(tolled). 

What is the weight of the moon? Four quarters. 

161 


SOME RIDDLES OUR GRANDFATHERS SOLVED. 


What sea would make the best bed-room? Adriatic 
(a-dry-attic). 

Why is Ireland likely to become rich? Because the capital 
is always Dublin (doubling). 

What two letters make a county in Massachusetts? S. X. 
(Essex). 

Why is a good saloon like a bad one? Both Inn convenient. 

Why do dentists make good politicians? Because they have 
a great pull. 

Why is the Hudson river like a shoe? Because it is a great 
place for tows (toes). 

Why is a race at a circus like a big conflagration? Because 
the heat is in tents (intense). 

Which is the left side of a plum pudding? The part that is 
not eaten. 

Why is a man who runs in debt like a clock? He goes on 
tick. 

Why is the wick of a candle like Athens? It is in the 
midst of grease (Greece). 

Why are deep sighs like long stockings? Heigh-ho’s (high 
hose). 

What occupation is the sun? A tanner. 

Why are your eyes like stage horses? They are always 
under lashes. 

Why are your teeth like verbs? Regular, irregular and de¬ 
fective. 

What word makes you sick if you leave out one of its let¬ 
ters? Music. 

What word of ten letters can be spelled with six? Expedi¬ 
ency (X P D N C E). 

Why should red-headed men be chosen for soldiers? They * 
carry fire-locks. 

Why is the letter D like a sailor? It follows the sea (C). 

Why is a theological student like a merchant? Both study 
the Prophets (profits). 

If the alphabet were invited out to dine, what time would 
U, V, W, X, Y and Z go? After tea (T). 

How can you take one from nineteen and leave twenty? 
XIX—XX. 

Why are Protestants like flies? They are in sects (insects). 

Why are the eye-brows like mistakes ? They are over sights 
(oversights). 

Why is an Irishman turning over like a policeman on duty? 
He is Pat rolling (pa-trolling). 

162 


LAST WORDS OF FAMOUS PEOPLE. 

“ Tis well.”—George Washington. 

“Tete d’armee.”—Napoleon. 

“My country! How I love my country.”—Wm. Pitt. 

“So much the better. I shall not live to see the surrender of 
Quebec.”—Gen. Montcalm. 

“I thank God that I have done my duty.”—Admiral Nelson. 

“I pray thee see me safe up, but for my coming down I can 
shift for myself,” were the last words of Sir Thomas Moore 
when ascending the scaffold. 

“God bless you,” were the dying words of the celebrated 
Dr. Johnson. • 

“Wonderful, wonderful, this death.”—Etty. 

“I have finished.”—Hogarth. 

“Dying, dying.”—Thos. Hood. 

“And I shall see many strange animals by the way.”—Frank 
Buckland. 

“I feel as one who is waiting and waited for.”—Douglas 
Jerrold. 

“Did I not tell you truly that it was for myself that I com¬ 
posed this death chant?”—Mozart. 

“Drop the curtain, the farce is played out.”—Rabelais. 

“I am what I am. I am what I am.”—Swift. 

“I still live.”—Daniel Webster. 

“How grand these rays. They seem to beckon earth to 
heaven.”—Humboldt. 

“It is now time that we depart—I to die, you to live; but 
which is the better destination is unknown.”—Socrates. 

“Adieu, my dear Morand, I am dying.”—Voltaire. 

“It grows dark. Boys, you may go home.”—The dying 
schoolmaster. 

“I am prepared to meet my Maker.”—Gen. Lew Wallace. 

“My beautiful flowers, my lovely flowers.”—Richter. 

“James, take good care of the horse.”—Winfield Scott. 

“Many things are becoming clearer to me.”—Schiller. 

“I feel the daisies growing over me.”—John Keats. 

“What, is there no bribing death?”—Cardinal Beaufort. 

“Taking a leap in the dark. O, mystery.”—Thomas Paine. 

“Let the earth be filled with his glory.”—Earl of Derby. 

“There is not a drop of blood on my hands.”—Frederick V. 

“I am taking a fearful leap in the dark.”—Thomas Hobbes. 

“Don’t let that awkward squad fire over my grave.”—Burns. 

“Here, veteran, if you think it right, strike.”—Cicero. 

“My days are past as a shadow that returns not.”—R. 
Hooker. 


163 


LAST WORDS OF FAMOUS PEOPLE. 

“1 thought that dying had been more difficult.”—Louis XIV. 

“O Lord, forgive me specially my sins of omission.”—Usher. 

“Let me die to the sounds of delicious music.”—Mirabeau. 

“It is small, very small,” alluding to her neck.—Anna 
Boleyn. 

“Let me hear those notes so long rny solace and delight.”— 
Mozart. 

“To die for liberty is a pleasure and not a pain.”—Morco 
Bozzaris. 

“We are as near heaven by sea as by land.”—Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert. 

“I do not sleep. I wish to meet death awake.”—Maria 
Theresa. 

“I resign my $oul to God; my daughter to my country.”— 
Jefferson. 

“I would not change my joy for the empire of the world.”— 
Philip Sidney. 

“Farewell, Livia, and ever remember our long union.”— 
Augustus Caesar. 

“Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit.”—Chris¬ 
topher Columbus. 

THE GREAT FIRE IN BALTIMORE. 

Date—Feb. 7-8, 1904. 

Loss—$75,000,000 to $100,000,000. 

Insurance—$32,864,894. 

Acres of Buildings Burned—140. 

Shortly before noon on the 7th of February, 1904, fire broke 
out in the wholesale dry-goods house of Hurst & Co., at Ger¬ 
man and Liberty streets, in Baltimore, Md. An explosion of 
gasoline wrecked the building and caused the flames to spread 
to adjoining structures. Attempts were made to check the 
progress of the fire by blowing up buildings with dynamite, 
but without success. The conflagration lasted twenty-seven 
hours, and when it was finally brought under control almost 
the entire business section of the city was in ruins. Approxi¬ 
mately 140 acres of buildings were consumed and several thou¬ 
sand firms burned out. Insurance men differed in their esti¬ 
mates of the total loss, some placing it at $70,000,000 to $75,- 
coo,ooo and others making it as high as $125,000,000. The 
total insurance was $32,864,894. 

Preparations for rebuilding the city were begun immedi¬ 
ately and before the close of the year substantial progress in 
that direction had been made. 


164 


HOW TO CARE FOR A PIANO. 


(BY WILLIAM H. DAMON, EXPERT PIANO-FORTE TUNER.) 

The first most important thing in the preservation of a piano 
is to avoid atmospheric changes and extremes and also sudden 
changes of temperature. Where the summer condition of the at¬ 
mosphere is damp all precautions possible should be taken to 
avoid an entirely dry condition in winter, such as that given by 
steam or furnace heat. In all cases should the air in the home 
contain moisture enough to permit a heavy frost on the windows 
in zero weather. The absence of frost under such conditions 
is positive proof of an entirely dry atmosphere, and this is a 
piano’s most dangerous enemy, causing the sounding-board to 
crack, shrinking up the bridges, and consequently putting the 
piano seriously out of tune, also causing an undue dryness in all 
the action parts and often a loosening of the glue joints, thus 
producing clicks and rattles. To obviate this difficulty is by no 
means an easy task and will require considerable attention. 

Permit all the fresh air possible during winter, being careful 
to keep the piano out of cold drafts, as this will cause a sudden 
contraction of the varnish and cause it to check or crack. Plants 
in the room are desirable and vessels of w r ater of any kind 

will be of assistance. The most potent means of avoiding extreme 
dryness is to place a single-loaf bread-pan half full of water 
in the lower part of the piano, taking out the lower panel and 

placing it on either side of the pedals inside. This should be 

refilled about once a month during artificial heat, care being taken 
to remove the vessel as soon as the heat is discontinued in the 
spring. In cases where stove heat is used these precautions are not 
necessary. 

The action of a piano, like any other delicate piece of machinery, 
should be carefully examined, and, if necessary, adjusted each time 
it is tuned. The hammers need occasional and careful attention 
to preserve original tone quality and elasticity. Never allow the 
piano to be beaten or played hard upon. This is ruinous to both 
the action and tuning. When not in use the music rack and top 
should be closed to exclude dust. The keyboard need never be 
closed, as the ivory needs both light and ventilation and will event¬ 
ually turn yellow unless left open. 

The case demands careful treatment to preserve its beauty and 
polish. Never use anything other than a soft piece of cotton cloth 
or cheese cloth to dust it with. Never wipe it with a dry chamois 
skin or silk cloth. Silk is not as soft as cotton and will scratch. 
A dry chamois skin picks up the dust and grit and gradually 
scours off the fine finish. In dusting never use a feather duster, 
nor rub the piano hard with anything. The dust should be whipped 
off, and not rubbed into the varnish. If the piano is dingy, smoky 
or dirty looking, it should be washed carefully with lukewarm 
water with a little ammonia in it to soften it. Never use soap. 
Use nothing but a small, soft sponge and a chamois skin. Wipe 
over a small part at a time with the sponge, following quickly with 
the wet chamois skin wrung out of the same water. This will dry 
it immediately and leave it as beautiful and clean as new. Never 
use patent polishes. If your piano needs polishing employ a com¬ 
petent polisher to give it a hand rubbing friction polish. Patent 
polishes contain harmful acids and chemicals that eventually ruin 
the varnish entirely and at best only smear the piano, giving it 
only a temporary luster. 


105 


SOME THINGS THAT ARE MISNAMED. 


America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, a naval astronomer 
of Florence, but he did not discover the New World. 

Arabic figures were invented by the Indians. 

Baffin's Bay is no bay at all. 

Blacklead is a compound of carbon and iron. 

Bridegroom has nothing to do with groom. It is the old English 
"guma,” a man, “bryd'-guma.” 

Catgut is gut of sheep. 

Cuttle-bone is not bone, but a structure of pure chalk Imbedded 
loosely in the substance of a species of cuttle-fish. 

Cleopatra’s Needles were not erected by Cleopatra, nor in honor 
of that queen, but by Thothmes III. 

Dutch clocks are of German (Deutsch), not Dutch, manufac¬ 
ture. 

Elements. Fire, air, earth, and water, called the four elements, 
are not elements at all. 

Galvanized iron is not galvanized—simply iron coated with zinc. 

German silver is not silver at all, but a metallic mixture which 
has been in use in China time out of mind. 

Gothic architecture is not that of the Goths, but the ecclesias¬ 
tical style employed in England and France before the Renais¬ 
sance. 

Honeydew is neither honey nor dew, but an animal substance 
given off by certain insects, especially when hunted by ants. 

Humble pie, for “umbil pie.” The umbils of venison were 
served to inferiors and servants. 

Japan lacquer contains no lac at all, but is made from the resin 
of a kind of nut-tree. 

Jerusalem artichoke has no connection with Jerusalem, but 
with the sunflower, “girasole.” 

Kid gloves are not kid at all, but are made of lambskin or sheep¬ 
skin. 

Lunar caustic is simply nitrate of silver, and silver is the as- 
trological symbol of the moon. 

Mother of pearl is the inner layer of several sorts of shell, 
and in some cases the matrix of the pearl. 

Pen means a feather. (Latin, “penna,” a wing). A steel pen is 
therefore an anomaly. 

Pompey’s pillar, in Alexandria, was erected neither by nor to 
Pompey. 

Prussian blue does not come from Prussia. It is the precipi¬ 
tate of the salt of protoxide of iron, with red prussiatie of potass. 

Rice paper is not made from rice, but from the pith of Tung- 
tsau, or hollowplant. 

Salt (that is, table salt) is not salt at all, but “chloride of 
sodium.” 

Sealing-wax is not wax at all, nor does it contain wax. It is 
made of shellac, Venice turpentine, and cinnabar. 

Slave by derivation should mean noble, illustrious. 

Sperm oil properly means “seed oil,” from the notion that it 
w r as the spawn or milt of a whale. It is chiefly taken, hiow’ever, 
from the head, not the spawn, of the “spermaceti” whale. 

Titmouse is not a mouse, but a little hedge-sparrow. 

Tonquin beans come from Tonka, in Guinea, not Tonquin, in 
Asia. 

Turkeys do not come from Turkey, but North America. 

Turkey rhubarb grows in the great mountain chain, between 
Tartary and Siberia, and is a Russian monopoly. 


166 


SOME THINGS THAT ARE MISNAMED. 


Turkish baths are not of Turkish origin. 

Y'entriloquism is not voice from the stomach, but from the 
mouth. 

Whalebone is not bone, nor does it possess any properties of 
bone. It is a substance attached to the upper jaw of the whale, 
and serves to strain the water which the creature takes up. 

Wormwood has nothing to do with worms or wood ; it is the 
Anglo-Saxon “wer mod,” man-inspiriting, being a strong tonic. 


POSTAL INFORMATION. 


Local, or Drop Letters, two cents for each ounce at all letter 
carrier offices, and at other offices 1 cent. 

Letters to any part of the United States or the Dominion of 
Canada, 2 cents for each ounce or fraction thereof. 

Letters to Great Britain or Ireland, or the Continent of Europe, 
5 cents for each half ounce. 

Valuable Letters may be registered by paying a charge of 8 cents. 

Postal Cards costing one cent each can be sent to any part of 
the United States or Canada. They may be sent to Newfoundland. 
Great Britain and Ireland by adding a 1 cent stamp. Private post 
cards at same rate. 

Printed Matter: 1. Printed Books, Periodicals, Transient News¬ 
papers and other matter wholly in print, in unsealed envelopes, 1 
cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof. 

2. Printed circulars may bear the date, address and signature at 
this rate. 

3. Reproductions by electric pen, Hektograph, and similar pro¬ 
cesses, same as Printed Matter. 

Articles of Merchandise, Seeds, Cuttings, Roots, and other mail- 
able matter, 1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof. 

All Packages of mail matter not charged with letter postage 
must be arranged so the same can be conveniently examined by 
postmasters. If not so arranged, letter postage will be charged. 

Articles of Merchandise may be registered at the rate of 8 cents 
a package, subject to proper examination before registration. The 
same and the address of sender must be indorsed in writing, or in 
print, on each package offered for registration. 

Any Package may have the name and address of the sender, 
with the word “from” prefixed on the wrapper, and the number 
and names of the articles may be added in brief form. 

Postal Note, payable to bearer at any money order office, will cost 
three cents. 

Money Orders: For sums not exceeding $2.50, 3 cents; over 
$2.50 to $5, 5 cents; over $5 to $10, 8 cents; over $10 to $20, 10 
cents; over $20 to $30, 12 cents; over $30 to $40, 15 cents ; over 
$40 to $50, 18 cents; over $50 to $60, 20 cents; e"' " $60 to $75, 
25 cents; over $75 to $100, 30 cents. 


167 



%i “ liberty or give me death. 

—Patrick Henry. 

THE STEPS IN THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN LIBERTY. 

Magna Charta . 

N EARLY seven hundred years ago was organized a movement 
which resulted in the great charter of English liberty—a 
movement which foreshadowed the battle of our American fore¬ 
fathers for political independence. On the 25 th of August, 
1213 , the prelates and Barons, tiring of the tyranny and vacil¬ 
lation of King John, formed a council and passed measures to 
secure their rights. After two years of contest, with many 
vicissitudes, the Barons entered London and the King fled into 
Hampshire. By agreement both parties met at Runnymede 
on the 9 th of June, 1215 , and after several days’ debate, on 
June 15 , Magna Charta (the Great Charter), the glory of Eng¬ 
land, was signed and sealed by the sovereign. The Magna 
Charta is a comprehensive bill of rights, and, though crude in 
form, and with many clauses of merely local value, its spirit 
still lives and will live. Clear and prominent we find the 
motto, “No tax without representation.” The original docu¬ 
ment is in Latin and contains sixty-one articles, of which the 
39 th and 40 th, embodying the very marrow of our own State 
constitutions, are here given as translated in the English 
statutes: 

“ 39 . No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned or be 
disseised of his freehold, or liberties or free customs, or be 
otherwise destroped [damaged], nor will we press upon him 
nor seize upon him [condemn him] but by lawful judgment of 
his peers or by the law of the land. 

“ 40 . We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to 
any man, either right or justice.” 

The Great Charter recognizes a popular tribunal as a 
check on the official judges and may be looked upon as the 
foundation of the writ of Habeas Corpus. It provides that no 
one is to be condemned on rumor or suspicion, but only on the 
evidence of witnesses. It affords protection against excessive 
emercements, illegal distresses and various processes for debts 

168 


Steps in the Growth of American Liberty 

and services due to the crown. Fines are in all cases to be 
proportionate to the magnitude of the offense, and even 
the villein or rustic is not to be deprived of his necessary chat¬ 
tels. There are provisions regarding the forfeiture of land for 
felony. The testamentary power of the subject is recognized 
over part of his personal estate, and the rest to be divided be¬ 
tween his widow and children. The independence of the 
church is also provided for. These are the most important 
features of the Great Charter, which, exacted by men with 
arms in their hands from a resisting king, occupies so conspic¬ 
uous a place in history, which establishes the supremacy of 
the law of England over the will of the monarch, and which 
still forms the basis of English liberties. 

The Mecklenburg Declaration . 

1LM ORE than a year before the signing of the Declaration of 
(7* Independence a document was drawn up that was almost 
a model in phraseology and sentiment of the great charter of 
American freedom. There are various accounts of this matter, 
but the most trustworthy is this: 

At a public meeting of the residents of Mecklenburg 
County, North Carolina, held at Charlotte on the 20th of May, 
1775, it was 

“ Resolved , That whenever directly or indirectly abetted, 
or in any way, form or manner countenanced, the unchartered 
and dangerous invasion of our rights, as claimed by Great 
Britain, is an enemy to our country—to America—and to the 
inherent and inalienable rights of man. 

“ Resolved , That we, the citizens of Mecklenburg County, 
do hereby dissolve the political bonds which have connected 
us to the mother country, and hereby absolve ourselves from 
all allegiance to the British crown, and abjure all political con¬ 
nection, contract or association with that nation, which has 
wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties, and inhumanly 
~hed the blood of American patriots at Lexington. 

“ Resolved , That we do hereby declare ourselves a free and 
independent people: are and of right ought to be a sovereign 
and self-governing association, under the control of no power 
other than that of our God and the general government of the 
Congress To the maintenance of which independence we 


Steps in the Growth of American Liberty. 

solemnly pledge to each other our mutual co-operation, our 
lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.” 

There are two other resolutions, concerning the militia 
and the administration of the law, but these, having no present 
value, are here omitted. 

The Declaration of Independence. 

In Congress , July 4, 1116. 

\kj HEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary 
** for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have 
connected them with another, and to assume, among the pow¬ 
ers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the 
laws of Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent re¬ 
spect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should 
declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to he self-evident: that all men are 
created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with 
certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, 
and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any 
form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the 
right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a 
new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and 
organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most 
likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
indeed, will dictate that governments long established should 
not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly 
all experience has shown that mankind are more disposed to 
suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by 
abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But 
when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invari¬ 
ably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under 
absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw 
off'such government, and to provide new guards for their fu¬ 
ture security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these 
colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them 
to alter their former systems of government. The history of 
the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated in¬ 
juries and usurpations, all having in direct object the estab¬ 
lishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove 
this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
necessary for the public good. 

170 


Steps in the Growth of American Liberty. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation 
till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he 
has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation 
of large districts of people,unless those people would relinquish 
the right of representation in the legislature—a right ines¬ 
timable to them, formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public 
records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op¬ 
posing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the 
people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, in¬ 
capable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large, 
for their exercise, the state remaining, in the meantime, ex¬ 
posed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convul¬ 
sions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization 
of foreigners, refusing to pass others to encourage their migra¬ 
tion hither, and raising conditions of new appropriation of 
lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refus¬ 
ing his assent to laws establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the 
tenure of their offices and the amount and payment of their 
salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers, to harass our people, and to eat out their 
substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
without the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and 
superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdic¬ 
tion foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our 
laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us. 

For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment for 
any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of 
these States. 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world. 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent. 

171 


Steps in the Growth of American Liberty. 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial bj 
jury. 

For transporting us beyond the seas to be tried for pre¬ 
tended offenses. 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh¬ 
boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, 
and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an ex¬ 
ample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
rule into these colonies. 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valu¬ 
able laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our gov¬ 
ernments. 

For suspending our own legislatures and declaring them¬ 
selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases what¬ 
soever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of 
his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries, to complete the works of death, desolation and 
tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and per¬ 
fidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally 
unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on 
the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become 
the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall them¬ 
selves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has 
endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the 
merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned 
for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions 
have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose 
character is thus marked by every act which may define a 
tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to ~our British 
brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of at¬ 
tempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable juris¬ 
diction over us. We have reminded them of the circum¬ 
stances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap¬ 
pealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have 
conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow 
these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our con¬ 
nection and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the 
voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, ac- 


Steps in the Growth of American Liberty. 


quiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and 
hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in 
peace friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
A merica, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the su¬ 
preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, 
do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of 
these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the 
British crown, and that all political connection between them 
and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis¬ 
solved; and that, as free and independent States, they have 
full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, es¬ 
tablish commerce and to do all other acts and things which 
independent States may of right do. Aud for the support of 
this declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Di¬ 
vine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, 
our fortunes and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by order of the Congress, 
engrossed, and signed by the following members: 

JOHN HANCOCK. 


New Hampshire —Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Mat¬ 
thew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay —Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert 
Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island —Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. 
Connecticut —Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, Wil¬ 
liam Williams, Oliver Wolcott. 

New York —William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis 


Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

New Jersey —Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Fran¬ 
cis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania —Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin 
Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George 
Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. 

Delaware —Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean. 

Maryland —Samuel Chase, William Paco, Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 

Virginia —George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas 
Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis 
Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina —William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John 


Penn. 


173 


Steps in the Growth of American Liberty. 

South Carolina— Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr. 
Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 

The following clause formed part of the original Declara¬ 
tion of Independence as signed, but was finally left out of the 
printed copies “out of respect to South Carolina”: 

“He [King George III.] has waged cruel war against hu¬ 
man nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and 
liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended 
him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another 
hemisphere or to incur miserable death in their transportation 
thither.. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel 
powers, is the warfare of the Christian King of Great Britain. 
Determined to keep a market where men should be bought 
and sold, he has at length prostituted his negative for sup¬ 
pressing any legislative attempt to prohibit and restrain this 
execrable commerce.” 


Jefferson’s Political Policy. 

1. Legal equality of all human beings. 2. The people the 
only source of power. 3. No hereditary offices, nor order 
of “nobility,” nor title. 4. No unnecessary taxation. 5. No 
national banks or bonds. 6. No costly splendor of adminis¬ 
tration. 7. Freedom of thought and discussion. 8. Civil 
authority superior to the military. 9. No favored classes; 
no special privileges; no monopolies. 10. Free and fair 
elections; universal suffrage. 11. No public money spent 
without warrant of law. 12. No mysteries in government 
hidden from the public eye. 13. Representatives bound by 
the instructions of their constituents. 14. The Constitution 
of the United States a special grant of powers limited and 
definite. 15. Freedom, sovereignty and independence of 
the respective States. 16. Absolute severance of Church 
and State. 17 The Union a compact—not a consolidation 
nor a centralization. 18. Moderate salaries, economy and 
strict accountability. 19. Gold and silver currency—sup¬ 
plemented by treasury notes bearing no interest and bot¬ 
tomed on taxes. 20. No State banks of issue. 21 No ex¬ 
pensive navy or diplomatic establishment. 22. A progress¬ 
ive or graduated tax laid upon wealth. 23. No internal 
revenue system. A complete separation of public moneys 
from bank funds. J 


174 


V **To secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our Posterity 


THE COHSTITUTIOM OF THE UHITED STATES. 

PREAMBLE, 

\Aj E, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
P er f e ct union, establish justice, insure domestic tran¬ 
quillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general 
welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the 
United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. 

Section I. 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall 
be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall con- 
Bist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 

Section II. 1. The House of Representatives shall be 
composed of members chosen every second year by the people 
of the several States; and the electors in each State shall have 
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the State legislature. 

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have 
attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years 
a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representative and direct taxes shall be apportioned 
among the several States which may be included within this 
Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be 
determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, 
including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex¬ 
cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. 
The actual enumeration shall be made within three years 
after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, 
and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such man¬ 
ner as they shall by law direct. The number of representa¬ 
tives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
State shall have at least one representative; and until such 
enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall 
be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New 
York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight;Delaware, one; 
Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Caro¬ 
lina, five, and Georgia, three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any 
State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of elec¬ 
tion to fill such vacancies. 


175 


The Constitution of the United States . 

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their 
speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of 
impeachment. 

Section III. 1. The Senate of the United States shall 
be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the 
legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have 
one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse¬ 
quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as 
may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the 
first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, 
of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of 
the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one- 
third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen 
by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legisla¬ 
ture of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which 
shall then fill such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have at¬ 
tained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen 
of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an 
inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be pres¬ 
ident of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be 
equally divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also 
a president pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice-President, 
or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United 
States. 

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all im¬ 
peachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on 
oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States 
is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be 
convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem¬ 
bers present. 

7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend 
further than to removal from office, disqualification to hold 
and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United 
States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and 
subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, ac¬ 
cording to law. 

Section iV. 1. The times, places and manner of holding 
elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed 
in each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may 
at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as 
to the places of choosing senators. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every 
176 


The Constitution of the United States. 


year; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in Decern 
ber, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 

Section V. 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elec- 
tion, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a ma¬ 
jority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may be au¬ 
thorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such 
manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. 

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceed¬ 
ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with 
the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

5. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and 
from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as 
in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of 
the members of either house on any question shall, at the de¬ 
sire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, 
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three 
days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses 
Shall be sitting. 

Section VI. 1. The senators and representatives shall 
receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by 
law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They 
shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of peace, 
be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the ses¬ 
sion of their respective houses, and in going to and returning 
from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for 
which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under 
the authority of the United States, which shall have been 
created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, 
during such time; and no person holding any office under the 
United States shall be a member of either house during his 
continuance in office. 

Section VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall origin¬ 
ate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may 
propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Rep¬ 
resentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be 
presented to the President of the United States; if he approve 
he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his objections, 
to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall en¬ 
ter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to re¬ 
consider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that 
house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with 
the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be 


The Constitution of the United States. 

reconsidered and if approved by two-thirds of that house,it shall 
become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses 
6hall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the 
journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be 
returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) 
after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a 
law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, 
by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it 
shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concur' 
rence of the Senate and the House of Representatives may be 
necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be pre¬ 
sented to the President of the United States; and before the 
same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being dis¬ 
approved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirdsof the Senate 
and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim¬ 
itations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section VIII. The Congress shall have power— 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, 
to pay the debts aud provide for the common defense and gen¬ 
eral welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and 
excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
the several States, and with the Indian tribes; 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uni¬ 
form laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the 
United States; 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of for¬ 
eign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
securities and current coin of the United States; 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by 
securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclu¬ 
sive right to their respective writings and discoveries; 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed 
on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
and make rules concerning captures on land and water; 

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of 
money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; 

13. To provide and maintain a navy; 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of 
the land and naval forces; 


178 


The Constitution of the United States. 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the 
laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; 

16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the 
militia, and for governing such part of them as may be em¬ 
ployed in the service of the United States, reserving to the 
States, respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the 
authority of training the militia according to the discipline 
prescribed by Congress; 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatso¬ 
ever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, 
by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Con¬ 
gress, become thw seat of the government of the United States, 
and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the 
consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall 
be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, 
and other needful buildings; 

And to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper 
for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other 
powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the 
United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

Section IX. 1. The migration or importation of such per¬ 
sons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to 
admit shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the 
year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty 
may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars 
for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not 
be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, 
the public safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be 
passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless 
in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore di¬ 
rected to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from 
any State. 

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of com¬ 
merce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of 
another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be 
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in 
consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular 
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all 
public moneys shall be published from time to time. 

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 
States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust 
under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept 

179 


The Constitution of the United States. 

of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind what¬ 
ever, from any king, prince or foreign state. 

Section X. 1. INo State shall enter into any treaty, alli¬ 
ance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; 
coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and 
silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of at¬ 
tainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of 
contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
lay any impost or duties on imports or exports, except what 
may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; 
and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any 
State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the treas¬ 
ury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to 
the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, 
without the consent of the Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, 
keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign 
power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such 
imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section I. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a 
President of the United States of America. He shall hold his 
office during the term of four years; and, together with the 
Vice-President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legis- 
ture thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the 
whole number of senators and representatives to which the 
State may be entitled in the Congress; but no senator or rep¬ 
resentative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under 
the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and 
vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not 
be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And 
they shall make a list of all the persons voted for and of the 
number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and cer¬ 
tify and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the 
United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The 
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest, 
number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a 
majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if 
there be more than one who have such a majority, and have 
an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives 
shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President 


The Constitution of the United States. 

and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest 
on the list, the said House shall, in like manner, choose the 
President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each State having 
one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of amember 
or members from two-thirds of all the States, and a majority 
of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, 
after the choice of the President, the person having the 
greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice- 
President. But if there should remain two or more who have 
equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the 
Vice-President. 

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the 
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, 
which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 

5. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen 
of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Con¬ 
stitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither 
shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years 
a resident within the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or 
of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers 
and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the 
Vice-President; and the Congress may, by law, provide for the 
case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the 
President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then 
act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly, until 
the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his 
services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor 
diminished during the period for which he shall have been 
elected; and he shall not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall 
take the following oath or affirmation: 

“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully exe¬ 
cute the office of President of the United States; and will, to 
the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Con¬ 
stitution of the United States.” 

Section II. 1. The President shall be commander-in- 
chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the 
militia of the several States, when called into the actual serv¬ 
ice of the United States. He may require the opinion, in 
writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive de¬ 
partments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their 
respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves 


The Constitution of the United States. 

and paruons for offenses against the United States, except in 
cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and con¬ 
sent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of 
the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint 
embassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States 
whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, 
and which shall be established by law. But the Congress 
may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as 
they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, 
or in the heads of departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies 
that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting 
commissions which shall expire at the end of their next 
session. 

Section III. 1. He shall, from time to time, give to the 
Congress information of the state of the Union, and recom¬ 
mend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge 
necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occa¬ 
sions, convene both houses, or either of them; and in case of 
disagreement between them, with respect to the time of ad¬ 
journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
think proper. He shall receive embassadors and other public 
ministers. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe¬ 
cuted; and shall commission all officers of the United States. 

Section IV. 1. The President, Vice-President and all 
civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office 
on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or 
other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

Section I. 1. The judicial power of the United States 
shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior 
courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and estab¬ 
lish. The judges both of the Supreme and inferior courts 
shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at 
stated times, receive for their services a compensation which 
shall not be diminished during their continuance of office. 

Section II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all 
cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the 
laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall 
be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting embas¬ 
sadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of ad¬ 
miralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which 
the United States shall be a party; to controversies between 
two or more States, between a State and citizens of another 

182 


The Constitution of the United States. 

State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of 
the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, 
and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
states, citizens, or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting embassadors, other public minis¬ 
ters and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, 
the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the 
other cases mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate 
jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 
under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach¬ 
ment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the 
State where the said crime shall have been committed; but 
when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at 
such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

Section III. 1. Treason against the United States shall 
consist only in levying war against them or in adhering to 
their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall 
be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two wit¬ 
nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punish¬ 
ment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work cor¬ 
ruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the 
person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section I. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given imeach 
State to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of 
every other State; and the Congress may, by general laws, 
prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and pro¬ 
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be en¬ 
titled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several 
States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or 
other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in an¬ 
other State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the 
State from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the 
State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State under 
the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence 
of any laws or regulations therein, be discharged from such 
service or labor; but shall be delivered up on claim of the 
party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

Section III. 1. New States may be admitted by the 
Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or 
erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any 

183 


The Constitution of the United States» 

State be formed by the junction of two or more States or parts 
of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the 
States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose ol, and make 
all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or 
other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in 
this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 
claim of the United States, or of any particular State. 

Section IV. 1. The United States shall guarantee to 
every State in this Union a republican form of government, 
and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, on ap¬ 
plication of the legislature, or of the executive (when the 
legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses 
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Con¬ 
stitution; or, on the application of the legislatures of two- 
thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for pro¬ 
posing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all 
intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when rati¬ 
fied by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, 
or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification may be .proposed by the Congress; 
provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the 
year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any man¬ 
ner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of 
the fifth article; and that no State, without its consent, shall 
be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into 
before the adoption of this Constitution 6hall be as valid 
againot the United States under this Constitution as under 
the Confederation. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the 
United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the 
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the 
Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwith¬ 
standing. 

3. The senators and representatives before rationed 
and the members of the several State legislatures, ana all ex 
ecutive and judicial officers, both of the United States and the 
several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to sup- 

184 


The Constitution of the United States. 

port this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be re¬ 
quired as a qualification to any office or public trust under the 
United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

1. The ratification of the convention of nine States shall 
be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between 
the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of 
the States present, the seventeenth day of Decem¬ 
ber, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hun¬ 
dred and eighty, and of the Independence of the 
United States of America the twelfth. In witness 
whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

George Washington, 

President , and Deputy from Virginia. 

AMENDMENTS. 

ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment 
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridg¬ 
ing the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the 
people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government 
for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of 
a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms 
shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house without the consent of tho owner, nor in time of war, 
but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and 
seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but 
upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and 
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the per¬ 
sons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other- 

185 


The Constitution of the United States . 

wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of 
a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, 
or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or pub¬ 
lic danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense 
to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be com¬ 
pelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, 
nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due pro¬ 
cess of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the 
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the 
State and district wherein the crime shall have been com¬ 
mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained 
by law; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the ac¬ 
cusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to 
have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in hie favor, 
and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be 
preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re¬ 
examined, in any court of the United States, than according to 
the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive finet? 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by 
the people. 

ACTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved 
to the States respectively, or to the people. 

[The preceding ten amendatory articles were proposed to the 
legislatures of the States by the first Congress, September 25,1789, 
and notification of ratification received from all the States except 
Connecticut, Georgia and Massachusetts. 1 

ARTICLE XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 

186 


The Constitution of the United States. 

Btrued to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or 
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens or sub¬ 
jects of any foreign state. 

[Proposed by the Third Congress, and Congress notified of its 
adoption January 8,1798.] 


ARTICLE XII. 

1. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and 
vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, 
at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with 
themselves. They shall name in their ballots the person voted 
for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for 
as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all 
persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as 
Vice-President; and of the number of votes for each; which 
lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the 
seat of government of the United States, directed to the Presi¬ 
dent of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the 
presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person 
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the 
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, 
then from the persons having the highest numbers, not ex¬ 
ceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the 
House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, 
the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall 
be taken by States, the representation from each State having 
one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member 
or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of 
all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
House of Representatives shall not choose a President when¬ 
ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President 
shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other con¬ 
stitutional disability of the President. 

2. The person having the greatest number of votes as 
Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number bo 
a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if 
no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers 
on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President. A 
quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole, 
number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shal 
be necessary to a choice. 

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office 

of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the 
United States. 1k7 


The Constitution of the United States. 

[Proposed by the Eighth Congress, and declared adopted Sep¬ 
tember 25, 1804, by proclamation of the Secretary of State.] 

ARTICLE XIII. 

1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment fo.r crime, whereof the party shall have been duly 
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place 
subject to their jurisdiction. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 

[Proposed by the Thirty-eighth Congress, and declared adopted 
December 18,1865, by proclamation of the Secretary of State.] 

ARTICLE XIV. 

Section I. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 
the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No 
State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the 
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its 
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Section II. Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several States according to their respective numbers, 
counting the whole number of persons in each State, exclud¬ 
ing Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any 
election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the United States, representatives -in Congress, the 
executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of 
the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabit¬ 
ants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens 
of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for par¬ 
ticipation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representa¬ 
tion therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the num¬ 
ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of 
male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 

Section III. No person shall be a senator or representa¬ 
tive in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or 
hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or 
under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a 
member of Congress, or ae an officer of the United States, or 
as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or 
judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the 
United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion 
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies there 
of; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, 
remove such disability 


188 


The Constitution of the United States. 

Section IV. The validity of the public debt of the United 
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for pay¬ 
ment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing in¬ 
surrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither 
the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt 
or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against 
the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of 
any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be 
held illegal and void. , 

Section V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by 
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

[Proposed by the Thirty-ninth Congress and declared adopted 
by concurrent resolution of Congress, July 21,1868.] 


ARTICLE XV. 

Section I. The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States,or 
any State, on account of race, color or previous condition of 

servitude. . 

Section II. The Congress shall have power to enforce 
this article by appropriate legislation. 

[Proposed by the Fortieth Congress, and declared adopted by 
proclamation of the Secretary of State, March 30,1870. j 

* 


Workingmen Easily Gulled. 

Who fought for King George in 1776 ? Working people. 

What interest did they have inbeing ruled by him? None. 

Why, then, did they risk their lives for him? Because he 
hired them. 

Where did the king get the money to pay them? By tax¬ 
ing them. 

Then they really paid themselves for fighting? Certainly. 

In every war ever fought the working people paid the ex¬ 
penses. 


“ What constitutes a state ? . . . 

. . . Men who their duties know, 

But know their rights, and, knowing, 

Dare maintain.” — Jones . 

GALVESTON SEA WALL. 

The Galveston sea wall, designed to protect the city from 
the waters of the Gulf of Mexico and prevent another dis¬ 
aster like that of Sept. 8, 1900, was completed July 29, 1904. 
It is 17,593 feet long, 16 feet high, 16 feet wide at the base and 
c feet at the top. It is built of concrete and cost $1,198,318. 

189 


LEGAL ADVICE 


B LACKSTONE defines law as the rules of human action 
or conduct, but what is commonly understood by the 
term is the civil or municipal regulations of a nation as 
applied to a particular country. The forms of law which gov¬ 
ern civil contracts and business intercourse are distinguished as 
statute and common. Statute law is the written law of the land, 
as enacted by State or national legislative bodies. The com¬ 
mon law is grounded on the general customs of England, and 
includes the law of nature, the law of God, the principles and 
maxims of the law and the decisions of the superior courts. It 
overrides both the canon and the civil law where they go be¬ 
yond or are inconsistent with it. 

To the man involved in litigation the best advice is to go to 
the best lawyer he can find. But an ounce of prevention is 
worth a pound of cure, and the purpose of the following pages is 
to furnish the ounce of prevention. Knowledge is power in 
nothing so much as in business law, especially since the law pre¬ 
sumes that no man is ignorant of the law. 

Business Law in Brief. 

Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 

It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 

The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 

An agreement without consideration is void. 

Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law. 

A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. 

The act of one partner binds all the others. 

The seal of a party to a written contract imports consider¬ 
ation. 

A contract made with a minor cannot be enforced against 
him. A note made by a minor is voidable. 

A contract made with a lunatic is void. 

A contract made on a Sunday is void. 

Principals are liable for the acts of their agents. 

Agents are liable to their principals for errors. 

Each individual in a partnership is liable for the whole amount 
of the debts of the firm. 

A note which does not state on its face that it bears interest, 
will bear interest only after due. 

A lease of land for a longer term than one year is void unless 
in writing. 

An indorser of a note is exempt from liability if notice of its 
dishonor is not mailed or served within twenty-four hours of its 
non-payment. 

In case of the death of the principal maker of a note the holder 

190 



LEGAL ADVICE. 


is not required to notify a surety that the note is not paid, before 
the settlement of the maker’s estate. 

Notes obtained by fraud, or made by an intoxicated person, 
are not collectible. 

If no time of payment is specified in a note it is payable on 
demand. 

An indorser can avoid liability by writing “without recourse” 
beneath his signature. 

A check indorsed by the payee is evidence of payment in the 
drawer’s hands. 

An outlawed debt is revived should the debtor make a partial 
pay men c. 

Want of consideration—a common defense interposed to the 
paymtnt of negotiable paper—is a good defense between the 
original parties to the paper ; but after it has been transferred 
before maturity to an innocent holder for value it is not a de¬ 
fense. 

Negotiable paper, payable to bearer or indorsed in blank, 
which has been stolen or lost, cannot be collected by the thief 
or finder, but a holder who receives it in good faith before ma¬ 
turity, for value, can hold it against the owner’s claims at the 
time it was lost. 

Sometimes the holder of paper has the right to demand pay¬ 
ment before maturity ; for instance, when a draft has been pro¬ 
tested for non-acceptance and the proper notices served, the 
holder may at once proceed against the drawer and indorsers. 

If a note or draft is to be paid in the State where it is made, 
the contract will be governed by the laws of that State. When 
negotiable paper is payable in a State other than that in which 
it is made, the laws of that State will govern it. Marriage con¬ 
tracts, if valid where they are made, are valid everywhere. 
Contracts relating to personal property are governed by the laws 
of the place where made, except those relating to real estate, 
which are governed by the laws of the place where the land is 
situated. 

If negotiable paper, pledged to a bank as security for the 
payment of a loan or debt, falls due, and the bank fails to de¬ 
mand payment and have it protested when dishonored, the banli 
is liable to the owner for the full amount of the paper. 


Agreements and Contracts, 

A contract or agreement is where a promise is made on ona 
side and assented to on the other, or where two or more per¬ 
sons enter into engagement with each other by a promise on 
either side. In a written contract assent is proved by the signa¬ 
ture or mark. In verbal agreements it may be given by a word 

191 



LEGAL ADVICE. 

or a nod, by shaking of hands, or by a sign. The old saw, 
“Silence gives consent,” is often upheld in law. 

The conditions of a contract, as applying to individuals, are: 
i. Age ; 2 . Rationality ; and 3 , as to Corporations, the posses¬ 
sion of general or special statutory powers. 

Persons under age are incompetent to make contracts, except 
under certain limitations. Generally such persons are incapa¬ 
ble of making binding contracts. 

As to rationality, the general principle of law is that all 
persons not rendered incompetent by personal disability, or by 
considerations of public policy, are capable of making a contract. 

Corporations have powers to make contracts strictly within the 
limits prescribed by their charters, or by special or general statute. 

The first step toward a contract is the proposition or offer, 
which may be withdrawn at any time before it is agreed to. 
When the proposition is verbal, and no time is specified, it is not 
binding unless accepted at once. To give one the option or re¬ 
fusal of property at a specified price, is simply to give him a cer¬ 
tain time to make up his mind whether he will buy the property 
or not. To make the option binding he must accept within the 
time named. The party giving the option has the right to with¬ 
draw it, and sell the property to another, at any time previous to 
its aeceptance, if the offer is gratuitous, and there is no consid¬ 
eration to support it. 

If a letter of acceptance is mailed, and immediately after a 
letter withdrawing the offer is received, the contract is binding. 
An acceptance takes effect from the time it is mailed, not from 
the time it is received ; it must, however, be in accordance with 
the original proposition, for any new matter introduced would 
constitute a new offer. When the offer is accepted, either ver¬ 
bally or in writing, it is an express assent, and is binding. 

A contract made under a mistake of law is not void. Every¬ 
body is presumed to know the law. This, however, applies only 
tc contracts permitted by law and clear of fraud. 

A refusal of an offer cannot be retracted without the consent 
of the second party. Once a proposition is refused, the matter 
is ended. And no one has the right to accept an offer except 
the person to whom it was made. 

The consideration is the reason or thing for which the parties 
bind themselves in the contract, and it is either a benefit to the 
promisor or an injury to the oth^r party. Considerations are 
technically divided into valuable and good , and it sometimes 
happens that the consideration need not be expressed, but is im¬ 
plied. A valuable consideration is either money or property or 
service to be given, or some injury to be endured. A promise 
to marry is considered a valuable consideration. A good con- 

192 


LEGAL ADVICE. 

sideration means that the contract is entered into because of con* 
sanguinity or affection, which will support the contract when 
executed, but will not support an action to enforce an executory 
contract. Whether a consideration is sufficient or not is tested 
by its being a benefit to the promisor or an iniury to the other 
party. If it has a legal value, it makes no difference how small 
that value may be. The promisor need not always be benefited, 
as, for instance, the indorser of a note, who Is liable although he 
gets no benefit. But if a person promise to do something him 
self for which no consideration is to be received, there is no 
cause of action for breach of the contract. 

There are several causes which void contracts, first among 
which is fraud. Fraud is defined to be “every kind of artifice 
employed by one person for the purpose of willfully deceiving 
another to his injury.” No fraudulent contract will stand in law 
or m equity. The party upon whom the fraud has been prac¬ 
ticed must void the contract as soon as he discovers the fraud, 
for if he goes on after having knowledge of the fraud he cannot 
afterwards avoid it. But the one who perpetrates the fraud 
cannot plead that ground for voiding it. Contracts in restraint 
trade. are V P^> as also are contracts in opposition to public 
policy, impeding the course of justice, in restraint of marriage 
contrary to the insolvent acts, or for immoral purposes. Am 
violation of the essential requisites of a contract, or the omissior 
of an essential requisite, will void it. 

DON T enter into an agreement on a Sunday unless it is rati, 
fied on a week day. 

DON’T make a contract with a person of urtsound mind o i 
under the influence of liquor, or otherwise under restraint o) 
liberty, mind or body. Use caution in making contracts with 
an illiterate, blind or deaf and dumb person, and see to it that 
witnesses are present. 

DON’T put a forced construction on a contract—the intent of 
the parties is a contract. 

DON’T suppose that you can withdraw a proposition made in 
writing and sent by mail after the party to whom it was made 
has mailed an unconditional acceptance. 

DON’T suppose that a conditional acceptance of a proposition 
is binding on the party making the proposition. 

DON’T forget that the courts will construe a contract ac¬ 
cording to the law prevailing where it was made. 

DON’T forget that the law says, “no consideration, no con¬ 
tract,” and that the courts will not enforce a contract which is 
too severe in its provisions. 

DON’T sign an agreement unless you have carefully weighed 
its provisions, which should all be fixed and certain. 

193 



Notes and Negotiable Paper. 

The superstructure of business as it exists to-day rests on the 
broad foundation of confidence—the result of what may be called 
the evolution of commerce, and the principal stages in this evo¬ 
lution are an interesting study. First there was only barter in 
kind as still practiced among savages—for example, the ex¬ 
change of a bushel of corn for a handful of arrow-heads. Then 
came the introduction of money as a medium of exchange ; and 
to-day we have the substitution of negotiable paper as docu¬ 
mentary evidence of indebtedness, including promissory notes, 
due bills, drafts, checks, certificates of deposit, bills of exchange, 
bank bills, treasury notes (greenbacks), and all other evidences 
of debt, the ownership of which may be transferred from one 

person to another. _ . , . . 

The mere acknowledgment of debt is not sufficient to make 
negotiable paper ; the promise of payment or an order on some 
one to pay is indispensable. This promise must be for money 
onlv. The amount must be exactly specified. The title must 
be transferable. This feature must be visible on the face of the 
paper by the use of such words as “bearer” or “order.” In some 
of the States peculiar phrases are ordered by statute, as “Payable 
without defalcation or discount,” or “Payable at ——, naming 
the bank or office. 

A written agreement, signed by one person, to pay another, at 
a fixed time, a stated sum of money, is a promissory note. It 
becomes negotiable by being made payable to an order on some 
one or to bearer. As it is a contract, a consideration is one of 
its essential elements. Yet, although it be void as between the 
two first partiefc, being negotiable and coming into the hands of 
another person who gives value for it, not knowing of its defect, 
it has full force and may be collected. 

The date is of great consequence. In computing time, the day 
of date is not counted, but it is the fixed point beginning the 
time at the end of which payment must be made. Omission of 
the date does not destroy a note, but the holder must prove to 
the time of its making. The promise to pay must be precise as 
to time which the note is to run. It must be at a fixed period, 
or conditional upon the occurrence of something certain to hap¬ 
pen, as “at sight,” “five days after sight,” “on demand,” “three 
months after date,” “ten days after the death of John Doe.” The 
time not being specified, the note is considered “payable on de¬ 
mand.” 

The maker, the person who promises and whose signature the 
note bears, must be competent. Insane people and idiots are 
naturally , and aliens, minors and married women may be legally , 
incompetent. The maker is responsible and binds himself to 
pay the amount stated on the note at its maturity. He need not 

194 


LEGAL ADVICE. 

pay it before it becomes due, but should he do so and neglect to 
cancel the note, he would be again responsible if any other per¬ 
son, without knowledge of such payment, acquired it for value 
before maturity. Even a receipt for payment from the first 
payee would not stand good against the subsequent holder. 

The payee is the person in whose favor the note is drawn_ 

the legal holder, the person to whom the money must be paid. 
When a note is made payable simply to bearer, without naming 
the payee, any one holding the note honestly may collect. 

A subsequent party, one who comes into possession of the note 
after the original holder, has a better claim than the first one, 
for the reason that between the maker and the first payee there 
^ ve been, in the contract, some understanding or condition 
militating against the payment when it would become due, but 
the third person, knowing nothing of this, gives his value and 
receives the note. The law will always sustain the subsequent 

^be indorser is held responsible if the maker fails to pay when 
the note arrives at maturity. A note payable to order must be 
indorsed by a holder upon passing it to another, and, as value 
has been given each time, the last holder will look to his next 
preceding one and to all the others. 

A note, being on deposit as collateral security, becoming due, 
the temporary holder is the payee and must collect. 

An indorsement is a writing across the back of the note, which 
makes the writer responsible for the amount of the note. There 
are various forms of indorsement. 

1. In blank , the indorser simply writing his name on the back 
of the note. 

2. General , or in full , the indorser writing above his signa¬ 
ture “Pay --* or “Pay-or order.” 

3. Qualified , the words “without recourse” being used after 
the name of the payee in the indorsement. 

4. Conditional , a condition being stated, as: “Pay-, 

unless payment forbidden before maturity.” 

5. Restrictive , as: “Pay-only.” 

The blank indorsement, the full indorsement and the general 
indorsement are practically the same ; each entitles the holder 
of the note to the money, and to look to the indorser for pay¬ 
ment if the maker of the note defaults. It has even been held 
that in a general indorsement the holder had the right to fill in 
the words “or order” if he saw fit. The qualified indorsement 
releases the indorser from any liability in case the maker of the 
note defaults. The conditional and restrictive indorsement are 
used only in special cases. Each indorser is severally and collect¬ 
ively liable for the whole amount of the note indorsed if it is 

195 






LEGAL ADVICE. 

dishonored, provided it is duly protested and notice given to 
each. The indorser looks to the man who indorsed it before 
him, and so back to the original maker of the note. As soon as 
a note is protested, it is vitally necessary that notice should be 
sent to each person interested at once. 

TO BE ON THE SAFE SIDE, it is well to see to it that 
any note offered for negotiation— 

Is dated correctly; 

Specifies the amount of money to be paid^ 

Names the person to wh >m it is to be paid; 

Includes the words “or order” after the name of the payee, if 
it is desired to make the note negotiable;- 

Appoints a place where the payment is to be made; 

States that the note is made “for value received;” 

And is signed by the maker or his duly authorized representa¬ 
tive. 

In some States phrases are required in the body of the note, 
such as, “witnout defalcation or discount ;” but, as a general 
thing, that fact is understood without the statement. 

Partnership. 

The general rule is that every person of sound mind, and not 
otherwise restrained by law, may enter into a contract of part¬ 
nership. 

There are several kinds of partners : 

1. Ostensible partners, or those whose names are made public 
as partners, and who in reality are such, and who take all the 
benefits and risks. 

2. Nominal partners, or those who appear before the public 
as partners, but who have no real interest in the business. 

3. Dormant , or silent partners, or those whose names are 
not known or do not appear as partners, but who, nevertheless, 
have an interest in the business. 

4. Special , or limited partners, or those who are interested in 
the business only to the amount of the capital they have invested 
in it. 

5. General partners, who manage the business, while the 
capital, either in whole or in part, is supplied by a special part¬ 
ner or partners. They are liable for all the debts and contracts 
of the firm. 

A nominal partner renders himself liable for all the debts and 
contracts of the firm. 

A dormant partner, if it becomes known that he has an inter¬ 
est, whether creditors trusted the firm on his account or not, be¬ 
comes liable equally with the other partners. 

The regulations concerning special or limited partnerships, in 

196 



LEGAL ADVICE. 


any particular State where recognized, are to be found in the 
statutes of such State ; and strict compliance with the statutes 
is necessary in order to avoid incurring the responsibilities at¬ 
taching to the position of general partner. 

A person who lends his name as a partner, or who suffers his 
name to continue in the firm after he has actually ceased to be a 
partner thereof, is still responsible to third persons as a partner. 

A partner may buy and sell partnership effects ; make con¬ 
tracts in reference to the business of the firm ; pay and receive 
money ; draw, and indorse, and accept bills and notes ; and all 
acts of such a nature, even though they be upon his own private 
account, will bind the other partners, if connected with matters 
apparently having reference to the business of the firm, and 
transacted with other parties ignorant of the fact that such deal¬ 
ings are for the particular partner’s private account. The repre^ 
sentation or misrepresentation of any fact made in any partner* 
ship transaction by one partner, or the commission of any fraud 
in such transaction, will bind the entire firm, even though the 
other partners may have no connection with, or knowledge of 
the same. 

If a partner sign his individual name to negotiable paper, all 
the partners are bound thereby, if such paper appear on its face 
to be on partnership account. If negotiable paper of a firm be 
given by one partner on his private account, and in the course of 
its circulation pass into the hands of a bona fide holder for value, 
without notice or knowledge of the fact attending its creation, 
the partnership is bound thereby. 

One partner cannot bind the firm by deed, though he may by 
deed execute an ordinary release of a debt due the partnership. 

If no time be fixed in articles of copartnership for the com¬ 
mencement thereof, it is presumed to commence from the date 
and execution of the articles. If no precise period is mentioned 
for continuance, a partner may withdraw at any time, and dis¬ 
solve such partnership at his pleasure ; and even if a definite 
period be agreed upon, a partner may, by giving notice, dissolve 
the partnership as to all capacity of the firm to bind him by con¬ 
tracts thereafter made. The withdrawing partner subjects 
himself, however, to a claim for damages by reason of his 
breach of the covenant. 

The death of a partner dissolves the partnership, unless there 
be an express stipulation that, in such an event, the representa¬ 
tives of the deceased partner may continue the business in con¬ 
nection with the survivors, for the benefit of the widow and 
children. 

A partnership is dissolved by operation of law ; by a voluntary 
and bona fide assignment by any partner of hisf interest therein ; 

197 


LEGAL ADVICE . 


by the bankruptcy or death of any of the partners ; or by a war 
between the countries of which the partners are subjects. 

Immediately after a dissolution, notice of the same should be 
published in the papers, and a special notice sent to every person 
who has had dealings with the firm. If these precautions be not 
taken, each partner will still continue liable for the acts of the 
others to all persons who have had no notice of such dissolution. 

DON’T enter into a partnership without carefully drawn 
articles, and don’t sign the articles until the partnership funds 
are on deposit. 

DON’T forget that a partner may be called upon to make 
good partnership losses with his individual property, and that 
each partner may be held for the acts of the other partners as 
well as for his own. 

DON’T enter a firm already established unless you are will¬ 
ing to become responsible for its debts. 

DON’T do anything out of the usual run of business without 
the consent of your partners. 

DON’T mix private matters with partnership affairs, and 
don’t continue in a partnership where trust and confidence are 
lacking. 

DON’T continue a partnership after expiration of articles, 
and do not make any change without due public notice. 

DON’T dissolve a partnership without due public notice or 
without designating a member to settle all matters outstanding. 


Agency and Attorney. 

By agency is meant the substitution of one person by and for 
another, the former to transact business for the latter. An 
agency may be established by implication —an express agree¬ 
ment with a person that he is to become the agent of another 
not being necessary—or verbally, or by writing. A verbal crea¬ 
tion of agency suffices to authorize the agent to make a contract 
even in cases where such contract must be in writing. 

Agency is of three kinds : special, general and professional. 
A special agency is an authority exercised for a special purpose. 
If a special agent exceed the limits of his authority, his principal 
is not bound by his acts. 

A general agency authorizes the transaction of all business of 
a particular kind, or growing out of a particular employment. 
The principal will be bound by the acts of a general agent, 
though the latter act contrary to private instructions, provided 
he keep, at the same time, within the general limits of his au¬ 
thority. 

Professional agents are those licensed by the proper authority 
to transact certain kinds of business for a compensation. The 

198 



LEGAL ADVICE. 

following are among this class of agents : i. Attorneys. 2. 
Brokers. 3. Factors. 4. Auctioneers. 5. Masters of Ships. 

In regard to the subject of an agency, the general rule is, that 
whatever a man may do in his own right he may also transact 
through another. Things of a personal nature, implying personal 
confidence on the part of the person possessing them, cannot be 
delegated. 

Infants, married women, lunatics, idiots, aliens, belligerents, 
and persons incapable of making legal contracts, cannot act as 
principals in the appointment of agents. Infants and married 
women may, however, become principals in certain cases. 

Agency may be terminated in two ways : (1) by the act of 
the principal or agent ; (2) by operation of law. In the latter 
case, the termination of the agency is effected by lapse of time, 
by completion of the subject-matter of the agency, by the ex¬ 
tinction of the subject-matter, or by the insanity, bankruptcy or 
death of either party. 

DON’T do through another what weald be illegal for you to 
do yourself. 

DON’T lose any time in repudiating illegal acts of your agent. 

DON’T make an illegal act of your agent’s your own by ac¬ 
cepting the benefit thereof. 

DON’T transact business through an agent unless he can 
show that he stands in his principal’s stead in the matter in 
hand. 

DON’T, as agent, appoint sub-agents without the consent of 
your principal. 

DON’T go beyond your authority in an agency unless you 
are willing to become personally responsible. 

DON’T accept an agency, or act as an attorney in fact, in com¬ 
plicated matters unless your powers are clearly defined in writing. 

Landlord and Tenant. 

Leases for one year or less need no written agreement. Leases 
for more than a year must be in writing; if for life, signed, 
sealed, and witnessed in the same manner as any other import¬ 
ant document. 

Leases for over three years must be recorded. No particular 
form I? necessary. 

If no agreement in writing for more than a year can be pro¬ 
duced, the tenant holds the property from year to year at the 
will of the landlord. If there is no agreement as to time, the 
tenant as a rule holds from year to year. 

A tenancy at will may be terminated by giving the tenant one 
month's notice in writing, requiring him to remove from the 
premises occupied. 


199 



LEGAL ADVICE. 

A tenant is not responsible for taxes, unless it is so stated in 

the lease. , „ , , , , 

The tenant may underlet as much of the property as he de¬ 
sires, unless it is expressly forbidden in the lease. Tenants at 
will cannot underlet. 

A married woman cannot lease her property under the com¬ 
mon law, but this prohibition is removed by statute in most of 
the States. A husband cannot make a lease which will bind his 
wife’s property after his death. 

A lease made by a minor is not binding after the minor has 
attained his majority. It binds the lessee, however, unless the 
minor should release him. Should the minor receive rent after 
attaining his majority, the lease will be thereby ratified. A lease 
given by a guardian will not extend beyond the majority of the 
ward. 

A new lease renders void a former lease. 

In case there are no writings, the tenancy begins from the day 
possession is taken ; where there are writings and the time ot 
commencement is not stated, the tenancy will be held to com¬ 
mence from the date of said writings. 

Leases on-mortgaged property, whereon the mortgage was 
given prior to the lease, terminate when the mortgage is fore¬ 
closed. 

Where a tenant assigns his lease, even with the landlord s con¬ 
sent, he will remain liable for the rent unless his lease is sur¬ 
rendered or cancelled. 

There are many special features of the law of landlord and 
tenant in relation to agricultural tenancy. Generally an outgo¬ 
ing tenant cannot sell or take away the manure. A tenant 
whose estate has terminated by an uncertain event which he 
could neither foresee nor control is entitled to the annual crop 
which he sowed while his estate continued, by the law of emble¬ 
ments. He may also, in certain cases, take the emblements or 
annual profits of the land after his tenancy has ended, and, 
unless restricted by some stipulation to the contrary, may re¬ 
move such fixtures as he has erected during his occupation for 
convenience, profit or comfort; for, in general, what a tenant 
has added he may remove, if he can do so without injury to the 
premises, unless he has actually built it in so as to make it an 
integral part of what was there originally. 

The following are immovable fixtures : Agricultural erec¬ 
tions, fold-yard walls, cart house, barns fixed in the ground, 
beast house, carpenter shop, fuel house, pigeon house, pineries 
substantially fixed, wagon house, box borders not belonging to a 
gardener by trade, flowers, trees, hedges, ale-house bar, dress¬ 
ers, partitions, locks and keys, benches affixed to the house, 

200 


LEGAL ADVICE. 


statue erected as an ornament to grounds, sun dial, chimney 
piece not ornamental, closets affixed to the house, conduits, 
conservatory, substantially affixed, doors, fruit trees if a 
tenant be not a nurseryman by trade, glass windows, hearths, 
millstones, looms substantially affixed to the floor of a factory, 
threshing machines fixed by bolts and screws to posts let into 
the ground. 

DON’T occupy premises until a written lease is in your pos¬ 
session, and don’t depend on promises of a landlord unless the^ 
are part of such lease. 

DON’T accept a married woman as tenant unless the law of 
the State permit her to make an executory contract. 

DON’T think that you can legally eject sub-tenants unless 
you have given them notice of the tenant’s forfeiture of his lease. 

DON’T make such improvements in premises occupied by 
you as the law would regard as immovable fixtures, unless you 
are willing to turn them over to the landlord when your lease 
expires. A building erected on foundations sunk into the ground 
would become part of the realty and thus belong to the landlord. 

DON’T think, -however, that you have no right to remove 
trade fixtures erected by you. 

DON’T accept less than thirty days’ notice when you rent by 
the month. 

DON’T forget that where premises are let for illegal use the 
law will not aid you in collecting arrears for rent. 


Law Relating to Farms, Etc. 

In a deed to agricultural property the boundaries should be 
clearly determined. The question, What does the farmer get? is 
answered by these boundaries, and the deed to a farm always in¬ 
cludes the dwelling houses, barns and other improvements 
thereon belonging to the grantor, even though these are not 
mentioned. It also conveys all the fences standing on the farm, 
but all might not think it also included the fencing-stuff, posts, 
rails, etc., which had once been used in the fence, but had been 
taken down and piled up for future use again in the same place. But 
new fencing material, just bought, and never attached to the 
soil, would not pass. So piles of hop poles, stored away, if once 
used on the land, and intended to be again so used, have been 
considered a part of it, but loose boards or scaffold poles, merely 
laid across the beams of a barn and never fastened to it, would 
not be, and the seller of the farm might take them away. Stand¬ 
ing trees, of course, also pass, as part of the land; so do trees 
blown down or cut down, and still left in the woods where they 
fell, but not if cut and corded up for sale; the wgod ha§ then be¬ 
come personal property. 



LEGAL ADVICE. 


If there be any manure in the barnyard or in the compost heap 
on the field, ready for immediate use the buyer ordinarily, in 
the absence of any contrary agreement, takes that also as be¬ 
longing to tlfe farm, though it might not be so if the owner had 
previously sold it to some other party, and had collected it to¬ 
gether in a heap by itself, for such an act might be a technical 
severance from the soil, and so convert real into personal es¬ 
tate; and even a lessee of a farm could take away the manure 
made on the place while he was in occupation. Growing crops 
also pass by the deed of a farm unless they are expressly re¬ 
served, and when it is not intended to convey those it should be 
so stated in the deed itself; a mere oral agreement to that effect 
would net be, in most States, valid in law. Another mode is to 
stipulate that possession is not to be given until some future day, 
in which case the crops or manures may be removed before that 
time. 

An adjoining road is, to its middle, owned by the farmer 
whose land is bound, unless there are reservations to the con¬ 
trary in the deeds through which he derives title. But this own¬ 
ership is subject to the right of the public to the use of the 
road. 

If a tree grows so as to come over the land of a neighbor, the 
latter may cut away the parts which so come over, for he owns 
his land and all that is above or below it. If it be a fruit tree he 
may cut every branch or twig which comes over his land, but he 
cannot touch the fruit which falls to the land. The owner of 
the tree may enter peaceably upon the land of the neighbor 
and take up the branches and fruit. 


Lien Laws. 

Any one who, as contractor, sub-contractor or laborer, per¬ 
forms any work, or furnishes any materials, in pursuance of, or 
in conformity with, any agreement or contract with the owner, 
lessee, agent or one in possession of the property, toward the 
erection, altering, improving or repairing of any building, shall 
have a lien for the value of such labor or materials on the build¬ 
ing or land on which it stands to the extent of the right, title 
and interest of the owner, lessee or person in possession at the 
time of the claimant’s filing his notice with the clerk of the 
county court. Such lien is called a mechanic’s lien. 

The notice should be filed within thirty days after comple¬ 
tion of the work or the furnishing of the materials, and should 
state the residence of the claimant, the amount claimed, from 
whom due, when due, and to whom due, the name of the person 
against whom claimed, the name of the owner, lessee or person 
in possession of the premises, with a brief description of the latter. 

202 



an 


LEGAL ADVICE. 

Liens cease in one year after the filing of the notice, unless 
action is begun, or the lien is continued by an order of court. 

The following classes of persons are generally entitled to lien: 
i. Bailees, who may perform labor and services, on the thing 
bailed, at the request of the bailor. 2. Innkeepers, upon the 
baggage of guests they have accommod ated. 3. Common carri¬ 
ers, upon goods carried, for the amount of their freight and dis¬ 
bursements. 4. Vendors, on the goods sold for payment of the 
price where no credit has been expressly promised or implied. 
5. Agents, upon goods of their principals, for advancements for 
the benefit of the latter. 6. All persons are entitled to the 
right of lien who are compelled by law to receive property and 
bestow labor or expense on the same. 

The right of lien may be waived: 1. By express contract. 2. 
By neglect. 3. By new agreement. 4. By allowing change of 
possession. 5. By surrendering possession. 

The manner of the enforcement of a lien, whether it be an inn¬ 
keeper’s, agent’s, carrier’s, factor’s, etc., depends wholly upon the 
nature and character of the lien. 

DON’T purchase real estate unless the records have been 
thoroughly searched for all liens known to the law, or until all 
notices of action against the same have been discharged. 

DON’T think that you have no right to sell perishable property 
on which you have a lien. Your lien will attach to the proceeds. 

DON’T foreclose a lien without proper notice. 

DON’T make payments to a contractor before you have full 
knowledge of all liens filed. 

DON’T forget that liens take precedence according to pri¬ 
ority, and that interest always runs on a judgment. 


Deeds—Transfer of Property. 

A deed is a writing by which lands, tenements or heredita¬ 
ments are conveyed, sealed and delivered. It must be written or 
printed on parchment or paper; the parties must be competent 
to contract; there must be a proper object to grant; a sufficient 
consideration; an agreement properly declared; if desired, it 
must have been read to the party executing it; it must be signed 
and sealed; attested by witnesses, in the absence of any statute 
regulation to the contrary; properly acknowledged before a 
competent officer; and recorded within the time and in the office 
prescribed by the State wherein executed. 

The maker of a deed is the grantor; the party to whom it is 
delivered, the grantee. If the grantor have a wife, she must, in 
the absence of a statute to the contrary, sign and acknowledge 
the deed; otherwise, after the husband’s death, she may claim 
the use of one-third, during her life. 

203 



LEGAL ADVICE. 

By & general warranty deed the grantor covenants to insure the 
lands against all persons whatsoever; by a special warranty deed 
he warrants only against himself and those claiming under him. 
In deeds made by executors, administrators or guardians there is 
generally no warranty. A quit-claim deed releases all the interest 
which the grantor has in the land, whatever it may be. 

A deed of trust is given to a person called a trustee, to hold in 
fee simple, or otherwise, for the use of some other person who is 
entitled to the proceeds, profits or use. 

A deed may be made void by alterations made in it after its 
execution; by the disagreement of the parties whose concurrence 
is necessary; or by the judgment of a competent tribunal. . 

Interlineations or erasures in a deed, made before signing, 
should be mentioned in a note, and witnessed in proper form. 
After the acknowledgment of a deed the parties have no right to 
make the slightest alteration. An alteration of a deed after 
execution, if made in favor of the grantee, vitiates the deed. If 
altered before delivery, such alteration destroys the deed as to 
the party altering it. 

Abstracts of title are brief accounts of all the deeds upon 
which titles rest, and judgments and instruments affecting such 
titles. 

The evidences of title are usually conveyances, wills, orders 
or decrees of courts, judgments, judicial sales, sales by offi¬ 
cers appointed by law, acts of the Legislature and of Con¬ 
gress. 

DON’T accept a deed unless all the following conditions are 
complied with: i. It must be signed, sealed and witnessed. 2. 
Interlineations must be mentioned in the certificate of acknowl¬ 
edgment. 3. All the partners must join in a deed from a part¬ 
nership. 4. A deed from a corporation should bear the corpo¬ 
rate seal and be signed by officers designated in the resolution 
of the directors authorizing it. 5. A deed from a married 
woman should be joined in by the husband. 6. A deed from an 
executor should recite his power of sale. 7. The consideration 
must be expressed. 

DON’T deed property to your wife direct. A deed to your 
wife does not cut off obligations contracted previously. 

DON’T pay consideration money on a conveyance of real 
estate until the record has been searched to the moment of pass¬ 
ing title, and unless you know.of your own knowledge that no 
judgments, mortgages or tax liens are outstanding against the 
property. 

DON’T delay in having a deed or mortgage recorded. 

DON’T attempt to give a better title than you have your¬ 
self. 


204 


Mortgages. 

A mortgage is a conveyance of property, either real or per" 
sonal, to secure payment of a debt. When the debt is paid the 
mortgage becomes void and of no value. In real estate mort¬ 
gages the person giving the mortgage retains possession of the 
property, receives all the debts and other profits, and pays all 
taxes and other expenses. The instrument must be acknowl¬ 
edged, like a deed, before a proper public officer, and recorded in 
the office of the county clerk or recorder, or whatever officer’s 
duty it is to record such instruments. All mortgages must con¬ 
tain a redemption clause and must be signed and sealed. The 
time when the debt becomes due, to secure which the mortgage is 
given, must be plainly set forth and the property conveyed 
must be clearly described, located and scheduled. 

Some mortgages contain a clause permitting the sale of the 
property without decree of court when a default is made in the 
payment either of the principal sum or the interest. 

A foreclosure is a statement that the property is forfeited and 
must be sold. 

When a mortgage is assigned to another person, it must be 
for a valuable consideration; and the note or notes which it was 
given to secure must be given at the same time. 

If the mortgaged property, when foreclosed and brought to 
sale, brings more money than is needed to satisfy the debt, inter¬ 
est and costs, the surplus must be paid to the mortgagor. 

Satisfaction of mortgages upon real or personal property may 
be either— 

1. By an entry upon the margin of the record thereof, signed by 
the mortgagee or his attorney, assignee or personal representa¬ 
tive, acknowledging the satisfaction of the mortgage, in the 
presence of the recording officer; or — 

2. By a receipt indorsed upon the mortgage, signed by the 
mortgagee, his agent or attorney, which receipt may be entered 
upon the margin of the record; or — 

3. It may be discharged upon the record thereof whenever 
there is presented to the proper officer an instrument acknowl¬ 
edging the satisfaction of such mortgage, executed by the mort¬ 
gagee, his duly authorized attorney in fact, assignee or personal 
representative, and acknowledged in the same manner as other 
instruments affecting real estate. 

Chattel mortgages are mortgages on personal property. Most 
of the rules applicable to mortgages on real estate apply also to 
those on personal property, though in some States there are 
laws regulating personal mortgages. Any instrument will 
answer the purpose of a chattel mortgage which would answer 
as a bill of sale, with a clause attached providing for the avoid¬ 
ance of the mortgage when the debt is paid. 

A chattel mortgage will not cover property subsequently ac- 

205 


LEGAL ADVICE. 


quired by the mortgagor. Mortgages of personal property 
should contain a clause providing for the equity of redemption. 
A mortgagee may sell or transfer his mortgage to another 
party for a consideration, but such property cannot be seized or 
sold until the expiration of the period for which the mortgage 
was given. Mortgages given with intent to defraud creditors 
are void. 

DON’T lose any time in having a mortgage properly 
recorded. 

DON’T pay installments on chattel mortgages unless the 
same are indorsed thereon. 

DON’T lose sight of the fact that a chattel mortgage is a con¬ 
ditional bill of sale. 

DON’T accept a chattel mortgage the term whereof is for 
more than a year. 

DON’T neglect to have a chattel mortgage signed, sealed and 
witnessed, and don’t fail to see to it that the schedule contains 
every article embraced under it. 

DON’T fail to see to it that goods or chattels mortgaged to 
you are properly insured. 

DON’T suppose that a chattel mortgage is valid when the 
debt to be secured by it is not. 

DON’T give a chattel mortgage payable on demand unless 
you are prepared to forfeit the chattels at any moment. 

DON’T think that destruction by fire or otherwise of the 
chattels mortgaged wipes out the debt. 

DON’T forget that foreclosure in the case of a chattel mort¬ 
gage is unnecessary except to cut off claims of other creditors. 


Assignments. 

An assignment is a transfer of property maae in writing. In 
effect it is passing to another person all of one’s title or interest 
in any sort of real or personal property, rights, actions or 
estates. However, some things are not assignable; an officer’s 
pay or commission, a judge’s salary, fishing claims, Government 
bounties, or claims arising out of frauds or torts. Personal 
trusts cannot be assigned, as a guardianship or the right of a 
master in his apprentice. 

Unlike many other legal devices the holder of an assignment 
is not bound to show that a valuable consideration was given. 
The owner of a cause of action may give it away if he pleases, 
and in the positive absence of evidence to the contrary the 
court will presume that the assignment was for a sufficient con¬ 
sideration. 

Proof will be called for only when it appears that the assign¬ 
ment was a mere sham or fraudulent. No formality is required 

206 



LEGAL ADVICE. 


by law in an assignment. Any instrument between the con¬ 
tracting parties which goes to show their intention to pass the 
property from one to another will be sufficient. It may be 
proved, for instance, by the payee of a note, that he indorsed (or 
delivered without indorsement) the note to the assignee, and 
this is sufficient evidence of assignment. 

In every assignment of an instrument, even not negotiable, 
the assignee impliedly warrants the validity of the instrument 
and the obligation of the third party to pay it. He warrants 
that there is no legal defense against its collection arising out of 
his connection with the parties; that all parties were legally 
able to contract, and that the amount is unpaid. 

An assignment carries with it all the collateral securities and 
guaranties of the original debt, even though they are not men¬ 
tioned in the instrument. 

Where property is assigned for the benefit of creditors, its act¬ 
ual transfer to the assignee must be made immediately. When 
an assignment is made under the common law, the assignor may 
prefer certain creditors; but in a State where this sort of an as¬ 
signment is governed by statute, no preference can be shown. 
An assignment for the benefit of creditors covers all of the as¬ 
signor’s property, wherever or whatever it may be, that is not 
exempt from execution. 

When insured property is sold the insurance policy should be 
assigned. This can only be done with the consent of the in¬ 
surer, and that consent must be at once obtained. 

Correct schedules of the property assigned should accompany 
and be attached to every assignment. 


Inns, Hotels and Boarding-houses. 

An inn, or hotel, is a place of entertainment for travelers. If 
an innkeeper opens his house for travelers, it is an implied en¬ 
gagement to entertain all persons who travel that way, and upon 
this universal assumption an action will lie against him for 
damages if he, without good reason, refuses to admit a trav¬ 
eler. 

Innkeepers are responsible for the safe custody of the goods of 
their guests, and can limit their liability only by an express 
agreement or special contract with their guests; but if goods arc 
lost through negligence of the owner himself the innkeeper’s 
liability ceases. An innkeeper may retain the goods of his guest 
until the amount of the guest’s bill has been paid. 

A boarding-house is not an inn, nor is a coffee-house or eat¬ 
ing-room. A boarding-house keeper has no lien on the goods of 
a boarder except by special agreement, nor is he responsible for 
their safe custody. He is liable, however, for loss caused by the 

207 



LEGAL ADVICE. 

negligence of his servants. An innkeeper is liable for loss with¬ 
out such negligence. - 

Bonds. 

A written instrument, admitting an obligation on the part of 
the maker to pay a certain sum of money to another specified 
person at a fixed time, for a valuable consideration, is called a 
bond. The obligor is the one giving the bond; the beneficiary is 
called the obligee. This definition applies to all bonds, but gen¬ 
erally these instruments are given to guarantee the performance 
or non-performance of certain acts by the obligor, which being 
done or left undone, as the case may be, the bond becomes void, 
but if the conditions are broken it remains in full force. As a 
rule, the bond is made out for a sum twice the amount of any 
debt which is apt to be incurred by the obligor under its con¬ 
ditions, the statement being set forth that the sum named is the 
penalty, as liquidated or settled damages, in the event of the 
failure of the obligor to carry out the conditions. 

An act of Providence, whereby the accomplishment of a bond 
is rendered impossible, relieves the obligor of all liability. 

A bond for the payment of money differs from a promissory 
note only in having a seal. 

Bills of Sale. 

A bill of sale is a formal written conveyance of personal prop¬ 
erty- If the property is delivered when sold, or if part of the 
purchase money is paid, a written instrument is not necessary to 
make the conveyance, but it is convenient evidence of the trans¬ 
fer of title. But, to protect the interests of the purchaser 
against the creditors of the seller, the bill is not sufficient of 
itself; there should also be a delivery of the property. If an act¬ 
ual and continued change of possession does not accompany 
the sale it is void as against the creditors of the seller and subse¬ 
quent purchasers and mortgagees in good faith, unless the buyer 
can show that his purchase was made in good faith, without in¬ 
tent to defraud, and that there was some good reason for leav¬ 
ing the property in the hands of the seller. 

Guaranty 

Is an assurance made by a second party that his principal will 
perform some specific act. For instance, A gives B a note, and 
C by indorsing the instrument guarantees to B that A will pay 
it at maturity. C is the guarantor. His liability is special, and 
if B renews the note when it becomes due he is no longer liable. 
A guaranty for collection is a very different thing from a guar¬ 
anty of payment. The first warrants that the money is collect- 

208 




LEGAL ADVICE . 


ble; the latter, that it will be paid at maturity. In the first case 
the party guaranteed must be able to prove that due diligence 
was employed in attempting to collect the money; in the second, 
no such proof is necessary. The only form necessary in guaran¬ 
teeing a note is writing one’s name across the back of it,—a pro¬ 
cess commonly called indorsing. 


Corporations. 

Several persons joining together for the accomplishment of 
any business or social purpose can legally organize themselves 
into a corporation, a form of partnership which combines the 
resources of all, and yet gives a limited pecuniary liability, 
amounting only to the amount of stock owned by each stock¬ 
holder. In the States, the legislature of each Commonwealth 
enjoys the power of regulating the corporations, and in the Terri¬ 
tories this power is, of course, vested in the General Government. 
The actual cost of organization amounts to something less than 
$10, most of which is in fees to the Secretary of State. When 
the stock has been subscribed a meeting is called, and each share¬ 
holder casts a vote for every share which he owns or holds a 
proxy for, for each person who is to be elected director, or he 
may give one director as many votes as the number of shares he 
is voting, multiplied by the number of directors to be elected, 
amounts to, or distribute his votes as he chooses. Thus, if he 
owns ten shares of stock and there are six directors to be elected, 
he has sixty votes, which he can give, either ten for each director, 
or twenty for each of three, or sixty for one, or in any other way 
that he sees fit, so that his whole vote will not be more than sixty 
votes. These directors meet as soon after the election as pos¬ 
sible and choose a president, vice-president, secretary and treas¬ 
urer, whereupon the corporation is ready for business. 

The law in all the States on the subject of incorporating com¬ 
panies is very similar, and the necessary forms are to be obtained 
usually from the Secretary of State. 


Wills and How to Make Them. 

Every description of property, whether real or personal, may 
be given by will. In the case of persons dying owing debts, 
however, the law gives to the executors sufficient of the personal 
property of the deceased to pay off" all existing indebtedness, 
irrespective of the terms of the will; and where the personal 
property is not sufficient for this purpose, real property may be 
so appropriated. 

Property may be bequeathed by will to all persons, including 
married women, infants, lunatics, idiots, etc. 

Wills may be made by any person not disqualified by age or 




LEGAL ADVICE. 


mental incapacity. Generally speaking, a person must have at¬ 
tained the age of twenty-one years before he or she can make 
a valid will of lands, and the same age, in many States, is re¬ 
quired for a will of solely personal property. 

In New York males of eighteen and females of sixteen are 
competent to bequeath personal property. “Sound and disposing 
mind and memory” are always essential to the validity of any 
will. For this reason, idiots, lunatics, intoxicated persons (dur¬ 
ing intoxication), and persons of unsound or weak minds, are 
incompetent to make wills. A will procured by fraud is also 
invalid, although the testator be fully competent to make a valid 
will. All wills must be in writing, except those made by soldiers in 
active service during war, and by sailors while at sea. Such 
persons may make a verbal or nuncupative will, under certain 
restrictions, as to witnesses, etc. No particular form of words 
is required. 

A valid will must be subscribed or signed by the testator, or 
some one for him, in his presence, and at his request. The sig¬ 
nature must be affixed in the presence of each of the witnesses. 
In case the will be signed by some one for him, the testator must 
acknowledge the signature to be his own in presence of the wit¬ 
nesses. The testator must declare to each of the subscribing 
witnesses that the instrument is his “last will and testament.” 
This is of the utmost importance, and is called the “publication.” 
There must be at least two (three are required in some of the 
States) subscribing witnesses, who must act as such at the tes¬ 
tator s request, or at the request of some one in his presence. 
The subscribing witnesses must not be beneficially interested in 
the provisions of the will. These witnesses must all sign the will 
in the presence of the testator, and (in New York and some of 
the other States) in the presence of each other. 

A codicil is an appendix annexed to the will after its execution, 
whereby the testator makes some change in, or addition to, his 
former disposition, and must be signed, published and attested 
m the same manner as the original will. 

The revocation of a will may be express or implied. Express, 
by the execution of a new and later will, or by the intentional 
destruction of the old one, or by a formal written revocation, 
signed and witnessed in the same manner as the will itself. An 
implied revocation is wrought by the subsequent marriage of the 
testator and the birth of children, or by either. 

DON’T leave anything uncertain in a will, and don’t neglect 
to declare it to be your last will and testament. 

DON T make a will without two (better three) witnesses, none 
of whom must be interested in it. See that each witness writes 
his full name and address. 


210 


LEGAL ADVICE. 


DON’T make a new will unless you destroy or revoke the old 
one, and don’t add a codicil unless it is executed in the same way 
as the original will. 

DON’T neglect to make a new will if you mortgage or sell 
property devised or bequeathed in a prior one. 

DON’T make a will which does not provide for children that 
may be born. 

DON’T will property to a corporation whose charter does not 
permit it to take by devise or bequest. 

DON’T fail to say “bequeath” for personal and “devise” for 
real property. 


Heirship to Property Not Bequeathed. 

In England, where the policy is to keep landed estates undivided, 
the law of primogeniture prevails, giving to the eldest son and 
his descendants superior rights to the property. In case of de¬ 
fault, the second son and his descendants become the heirs, and 
so on. If there be only daughters, they inherit equally. 

In the United States the property would be divided among the 
heirs as follows: (i.) To the children. These, if of equal de¬ 
gree, receive the property in equal shares. If of unequal degree, 
the more remote descendants take the share that would have be¬ 
longed to their parent, if living. Thus: A, B andC are children 
of the testator, and of these B and C are living and A is dead, 
at the testator’s death. The estate, after paying all debts, will be 
divided into three equal parts, the descendants of A, together, 
receiving one-third, and B and C each another third; but in case 
A left no descendants, then B and C each will be awarded one 
half of the property. (2.) If there are no descendants the 
parents of the testator would receive the estate, the father being 
sometimes preferred to the mother. (3.) If parents are 
not living, the brothers and sisters of the testator would 
take the property, sharing equally. If one or more of the 
brothers or sisters had died, their children would receive the share 
tnat would have descended to their parent. (4.) Grandparents 
would be the next claimants, after which (5.) uncles and aunts, 
and after them (6.) their children, and so on. In case no heirs 
are found, the property inures to the State. 

The above principles are stated as generally recognized in the 
laws of the several States. As these laws, however, vary, full 
information can only be obtained from the statutes of the several 
States. 


Legacies and the Duties of Executors and Administrators. 

A legacy is a gift or bequest of personal property by will or 
testament. Legacies are of three kinds: General, specific and 
demonstrative. 211 




LEGAL ADVICE. 

A general legacy does not amount to a bequest of any par¬ 
ticular portion of, or article belonging to, the personal estate of 
the testator, as distinguished from all others of the same kind; 
as a bequest of a sum of money, or a horse. 

A specific legacy is a bequest of property specifically desig¬ 
nated, so as to be definitely distinguished from the rest of the 
testator’s estate; as, a bequest of all the money contained in a 
certain box, or the horse in the testator’s stable. 

A demonstrative legacy is a bequest of a certain amount of 
money to be paid out of a particular fund; as, a bequest of $500 
;o be paid out of the proceeds of the sale of certain property. 

An executor should first extinguish all the lawful debts of the 
testator, and for this purpose all the personal property may be 
applied, if necessary, even though some of it has been bequeathed 
in specific legacies. After the debts are paid, the specific legacies 
are next to be satisfied; then the demonstrative legacies; and 
lastly, the general legacies. If there be insufficient assets to 
satisfy any of the legacies in either of these three classes suc¬ 
cessively, those in the same class will be paid ratably and in 
proportion, and subsequent classes will fail entirely. 

Residuary legatees take subject to all other legacies. A resid¬ 
uary legatee is one to whom is bequeathed “all the rest, residue 
and remainder” of an estate. 

Specific and general legacies are subject to ademption; thus, if 
the testator bequeath “the horse in his stable,” and at the time of 
his death has no horse, the legacy fails entirely and is said to be 
“adeemed.” Or, if the legacy bequeaths the furniture in a cer¬ 
tain specified house, and the testator remove the furniture to 
another house, the legacy is adeemed. 

Legacies are vested, or contingent. A vested legacy is one 
where the legatee acquires an absolute present right to present 
or future enjoyment. A contingent legacy is one where the 
right of enjoyment depends upon some contingency; as, a gift to 
a child if he attains the age of twenty-one years. A cumulative 
legacy is one additional to a previous legacy contained in the 
same will. 

In New York, and several other States, a legacy given to a 
subscribing witness of a will is void. An executor may be a 
legatee. It is also provided that “no person having a husband, 
wife, child, or parent, shall bequeath to a corporation more than 
one half of his personal estate after the payment of his debts.” 

Legacies are not required to be paid in less than one year from 
the time of the testator’s death. This time is allowed to ihe ex¬ 
ecutor to enable him to ascertain the nature and value of the 
property, the full liabilities of the testator and to collect the 
assets. 


212 


LEGAL ADVICE. 


A legacy to an infant should not be paid except under order of 
the court, and such order will be governed by the laws of the 
State. 

DON’T become an executor or administrator unless you are 
willing and have time to attend to the duties, and don’t enter 
upon a trust until you thoroughly understand your duties and 
powers. 

DON’T mix trust and personal funds. 

DON’T pay out a dollar of trust money without proper 
vouchers, and don’t fail to keep accurate accounts. 

DON’T liquidate any claim until you have the whole estate in 
hand. 

DON’T pay a bequest before the time fixed in the will without 
deducting interest. 

DON’T give a promissory note as executor or administrator. 

DON’T execute a contested will, or compromise a claim due 
an estate, without the advice and consent of the court. 

DON’T incur any other expenses than those of the burial 
until the will is properly probated, but do not hesitate to sell 
perishable property. 


The Right of Dower. 

Dower is one-third part of the husband’s estate, and in general 
cannot be destroyed by the mere act of the husband. Hence, in 
the sale of real estate by the husband, his wife must, with the 
husband, sign the conveyance to make the title complete to the 
purchaser. In the absence of such signature, the widow can 
claim full dower rights after the husband’s death. Creditors, 
also, seize the property subject to such dowry rights. 

The husband in his will sometimes gives his wife property in 
lieu of dowery. In this case she may, after his death, elect to 
take either such property or her dower; but she cannot take both. 
While the husband lives the wife’s right of dower is only inchoate; 
it cannot be enforced. Should he sell the land to a stranger, she 
has no right of action or remedy until his death. 

In all cases the law of the State in which the land is situated 
governs it, and, as in the case of heirship, full information must 
be sought for in statute which is applicable. 


Marriage and Divorce. 

Marriage may be entered into by any two persons, with the 
following exceptions: Idiots, lunatics, persons of unsound mind, 
persons related by blood or affinity within certain degrees pro¬ 
hibited by law, infants under the age of consent, which varies in 
the different States, and all persons already married and not 
legally divorced. 




LEGAL ADVICE. 

The violation of the marriage vow is cause for absolute divorce 
in all the States and Territories, excepting South Carolina and 
New Mexico, which have no divorce laws. 

Physical inability is a cause in all the States except Cal., Conn., Dak., Ia., La., 
N IVL, N. Y., S. C., Tex. and Vt. In most of these States it renders marriage 

V °Wiilful desertion, one year, in Ark., Cal., Col., Dak., Fla., Ida., Kan., Ky. t 

Mo., Mon., Nev., Utah. Wis., W.T. and Wyo. 

Willful desertion, two years, in Ala., Ariz., Ill., Ind., la.. Mien., Miss., i eo., 
^Wdlful^desertion, three years, in Conn., Del., Ga., Me., Md., Mass., Minn., N. 

^WiUfui’desertion! five years, in Va. and R. I., though the court may in the latter 

State decree a divorce for a shorter period. . j tm t m V 

Habitual drunkenness, in all the States and Territories, except Md., N. J., N. Y., 

^“imprisonment fiwTelony ”or “^ttenof fe l°"y” in T all N the M Sta g S ? nd 1 J' e 5 1 - 
lories (with limitations), except Dak., Fla., Me., Md., N. J., N. M., N. Y., N. C., 

^ “""Cruel and abusive treatment,” “Intolerable cruelty,” “extreme cruelty, “re¬ 
peated cruelty,” or “ inhuman treatment,” in all the States and Territories except 
N I N M N. Y.. N. C., S. C., Va. and W. Va. , _ , 

Failure by the husband to provide: one year in Cal., Col., Dak., Ne Y^. aad 
Wyo ; two years in Ind. and Ida.; no time specified in Anz., Ida., Mass., Mich., 
Me., Neb , R. I., Vt. and Wis.; willful neglect for three years m Del. 

Fraud and fraudulent contract in Anz., Conn., Ga., Ida., Kan., Ky., U., la. 

S Absence without being heard from : three years in N. H.; seven years in Conn, 
and Vt.; separation five years, in Ky.; voluntary separation, five years, in Wis. 
When reasonably presumed dead by the court, in R. I. 

“ Ungovernable temper,” in Ky.; “ habitual indulgence in violent and ungovern¬ 
able temper,” in Fla.; “cruel treatment, outrages or excesses as to render their 
living together insupportable ” in Ark., Ky., La , Mo., Tenn. andTex., indignities 
as render life burdensome,” in Mo., Ore., Pa , Tenn., W. T. and Wyo. 

In Ga. an absolute divorce is granted only after the concurrent verdict of two juries 
at different terms of the court. In N. Y. absolute divorce is granted for but one 
cause, adultery. 

All of the causes above enumerated are for absolute or full 
divorce, and collusion and connivance are especially barred, and 
also condonation of violation of the marriage vow. 

The courts of every State, and particularly of New York, are 
very jealous of their jurisdiction, and generally refuse to recog¬ 
nize as valid a divorce against one of the citizens of the State by 
the court of another State, unless both parties to the suit were 
subject at the same time to the jurisdiction of the court granting 
the divorce. 

Previous Residence Required.— Dak., ninety days; Cal., Ind., 
Ida., Neb., Nev., N. M., Tex. and Wyoming, six months; Ala., Anz., Ark., Col., 
HI la., Kan., Ky., Me., Miss., Minn., Mich., Mo., Mont., N. H., O., Ore., Pa., 
Utah, Vt. (both parties as husband and wife), W. Va., W. T. and Wis., one year; 
Fla., Md., N. C., R. I. and Tenn., two years; Conn, and Mass, (if, when married, 
both parties were residents; otherwise five years), three years. 

Remarriage.—There are no restrictions upon remarriage by divorced per¬ 
sons in Conn., Ky., Ill. and Minn. Defendant must wait two years and obtain 
permission from the court in Mass. The decree of the court may restrain the guilty 
party from remarrying in Va. Parties cannot remarry until after two years, except 

214 


LEGAL ADVICE. 


by permission of the court, in Me. In N. Y. the plaintiff may remarry, but the de¬ 
fendant cannot do so during the plaintiff’s lifetime, unless the decree be modified 
or proof that five years have elapsed, and that complainant has married again and 
defendant’s conduct has been uniformly good. Any violation of this is punished as 
bigamy, even though the other party has been married. In Del., Pa. and Tenn., 
no wife or husband divorced for violation of the marriage vow can marry the partz- 
ceps crzmints during the life of the former husband or wife, nor in La. at any time ; 
such marriage in La. renders the person divorced guilty of bigamy. 


Rights of Married Women. 

Any and all property which a woman owns at her marriage, 
together with the rents, issues and profits thereof, and the prop¬ 
erty that comes to her by descent, devise, bequest, gift or grant, 
or which she acquires by her trade, business labor, or services 
performed on her separate account, shall, notwithstanding her 
marriage, remain her sole and separate property, and may be 
used, collected and invested by her in her own name, and shali 
not be subject to the interference or control of her husband, or be 
liable for his debts, unless for such debts as may have been con¬ 
tracted for the support of herself or children by her as his agent. 

A married woman may likewise bargain, sell, assign, transfer 
and convey such property, and enter into contracts regarding 
the same on her separate trade, labor or business with the like 
effect as if she were unmarried. Her husband, however, is not 
liable for such contracts, and they do not render him or his 
property in any way liable therefor. She may also sue and be 
sued in all matters having relation to her sole and separate 
property in the same manner as if she were sole. 

In the following cases a married woman’s contract may be 
enforced against her and her separate estate : i. When the 
contract is created in or respecting the carrying on of the trade 
or business of the wife. 2. When it relates to or is made for the 
benefit of her sole or separate estate. 3. When the intention to 
charge the separate estate is expressed in the contract creat¬ 
ing the liability. 

When a husband receives a principal sum of money belonging 
to his wife, the law presumes he receives it for her use, and he 
must account for it, or expend it on her account by her authority 
or direction, or that she gave it to him as a gift. 

If he receives interest or income and spends it with her 
knowledge and without objection, a gift will be presumed from 
acquiescence. 

Money received by a husband from his wife and expended by 
him, under her direction, on his land, in improving the home of 
the family, is a gift, and cannot be recovered by the wife, or re¬ 
claimed, or an account demanded. 

An appropriation by a wife, herself, of her separate property 
to the use and benefit of her husband, in the absence of an agree* 

215 



LEGAL ADVICE. 

mpnt to reoav or any circumstances from which such an agree¬ 
ment can be iAferred%ill not create the relation of debtor and 
creditor, nor render the husband liable to account. 

Though no words of gift be spoken, a gift by a wife to her 
husband may be shown by the very nature of the transaction, 
or appear from the attending circumstances. . 

A wife who causelessly deserts her husband is not entitled to 
the aid of a court of equity in getting possession of such chattels 
as she has contributed to the furnishing and adornment of her 
husband’s house. Her legal title remains, and she could convey 
her interest to a third party by sale, and said party would have a 
good title, unless her husband should prove a gift. 

Wife’s property is not liable to a lien of a sub-contractor for 
materials furnished to the husband for the erection of a building 
thereon, where it is not shown that the wife was notified of the 
intention to furnish the materials, or a settlement made with the 
contractor and given to the wife, her agent or trustee. 

The common law of the United States has some curious pro¬ 
visions regarding the rights of married women, though in all the 
States there are statutory provisions essentially modifying this law. 
As it now stands the husband is responsible for necessaries sup¬ 
plied to the wife even should he not fail to supply them himself, 
and is held liable if he turn her from his house, or otherwise 
separates himself from her without good cause. He is not held 
liable if the wife deserts him, or if he turns her away for good 
cause. If she leaves him through good cause, then he is liable. 
If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and so represents her, 
even though this representation is made to one who knows she 
is not, he is liable the same way as if she were his wife. 


Arbitration. 

Arbitration is an investigation and determination of subjects 
of difference between persons involved in dispute, by unofficial 
persons chosen by the parties in question. 

The general rule is that any person capable of making a valid 
contract concerning the subject in dispute may be a party to an 
arbitration. Any matter which the parties may adjust by agree¬ 
ment, or which may be made the subject of a suit at law, may 
be determined by arbitration. Crimes cannot be made the sub¬ 
ject matter of an arbitration. This matter is regulated by statute 
in the different States. 


The Law of Finding. 

The general rule is that the finder has a clear title against 
every one but the owner. The proprietor of a hotel or a shop 


216 




LEGAL ADVICE 


has no right to demand property of others found on his premises. 
Such proprietor may make regulations in regard to lost property 
which will bind their employes, but they cannot bind the public. 
The finder has been held to stand in the place of the owner, so 
that he was permitted to prevail in an action against a person 
who found an article which the plaintiff had originally found, 
but subsequently lost. The police have no special rights in re¬ 
gard to articles lost, unless those rights are conferred by statute. 
Receivers of articles found are trustees for the owner or finder. 
They have no power in the absence of special statute to keep an 
article against the finder, any more than the finder has to retain 
an article against the owner. 


Number of Miles by Water from New York to 


Amsterdam. 

Bermudas. 

Bombay. 

Boston. 

Buenos Ayres__ 

Calcutta. 

Canton . 

Cape Horn. 

Cape of Good Hope 

Charleston. 

Columbia River... 
Constantinople.... 

Dublin. 

Gibraltar. 

Halifax . 

Hamburg. 

Havana. 

Havre. 


3,510 

660 

11,574 

310 

7,110 

12,425 

13,900 

8,115 

6,830 

750 

15,965 

5,140 

3,225 

3,300 

612 

3,775 

1,420 

3,210 


Kingston. 

Lima. 

Liverpool. 

London. 

Madras. 

Naples. 

New Orleans.... 

Panama. 

Pekin. 

Philadelphia. 

Quebec. 

Rio Janeiro. 

Sandwich Islands 
San Francisco... 
St. Petersburg... 

Valparaiso. 

Washington .... 
Around the Globe 


1,640 

11,310 

3,210 

3,375 

11,850 

4,330 

2,045 

2,358 

15,325 

240 

1,400 

3,840 

15,300 

15,858 

4,420 

9,750 

400 

25,000 


Dimensions of the Oceans. 


Area, Sq. Miles. Av. Depth. 

Pacific. . .68,000,000 12,780 feet 
Atlantic..35,000,000 12,060 “ 

Indian.. .25,000,000 10,980 “ 

Inland Seas of the World. 
Name. Area, Sq. Miles. 

Caspian Sea. , .176,000 


Area, Sq. Miles. Av. Depth. 

Antarctic. .8,500,000 6,000 feet 
Arctic.5,000,000 5,100 “ 


Sea of Aral. ... 30,000 

Dead Sea. 303 

Lake Baikal. . . 12,000 
Lake Superior. 32,000 
Lake Michigan. 22,400 
Lake Huron... 21,000 


Depth. 

250 ft. 
100 “ 
200 “ 
750 “ 
1,000 “ 
1,000 “ 
1,000 “ 


Name. Area, Sq. Miles. Depth. 

Lake Erie.10,815 204 ft. 

Lake Ontario . . 6,300 336 “ 

Lake Nicaragua. 6,000 300 “ 

Lake Titacaca.. 3,012 800 “ 

Salt Lake. 1,875 1,400 “ 

Lake Tchad .... 14,000 350 “ 

Lake Lodoga.. .12,000 1,200 “ 


217 














































PRINCIPAL POINTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. 


Congress must meet at least once a year. 

One State cannot undo the acts of another. 

Congress may admit as many new States as desired. 

The Constitution guarantees every citizen a speedy trial by 

jury. . 

A State cannot exercise a power which is vested in Congress 

alone. 

One State must respect the laws and legal decisions of an¬ 
other. 

Congress cannot pass a law to punish a crime already com¬ 
mitted. 

U. S. Senators are chosen by the legislatures of the States by 
joint ballot. 

Bills for revenue can originate only in the House df Repre¬ 
sentatives. 

A person committing a felony in one State cannot find refuge: 
in another. 

The Constitution of the United States forbids excessive bail 
or cruel punishment. 

Treaties with foreign countries are made by the President and 
ratified by the Senate. 

In the U. S. Senate Rhode Island or Nevada has an equal 
voice with New York. 

When Congress passes a bankruptcy law it annuls all the 
State laws on that subject. 

Writing alone does not constitute treason against the United 
States. There must be an overt act. 

Congress cannot lay any disabilities on the children of a per¬ 
son convicted of crime or misdemeanor. 

The Territories each send a delegate to Congress, who has. 
the right of debate, but not the right to vote. 

The Vice-President, who ex-officio presides over the Senate, 
has no vote in that body except on a tie ballot. 

An act of Congress cannot become a law over the President’s 
veto except on a two-thirds vote of both houses. 

An officer of the Government cannot accept title of nobility, 
order or honor without the permission of Congress. 

Money lost in the mails cannot be recovered from the Govern¬ 
ment. Registering a letter does not insure its contents. 

It is the House of Representatives that may impeach the 
President for any crime, and the Senate hears the accusation. 

If the President holds a bill longer than ten days while Con¬ 
gress is still in session, it becomes a law without his signature. 

Silver coin of denominations less than $i is not a legal tender 

218 




POINTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. 

for more than $5.00. Copper and nickel coin is not lesral 
tender. ® 

The term of a Congressman is two years, but a Congressman 
may be re-elected to as many successive terms as his constituents 
may wish. 

Amendments to the Constitution require a two-thirds vote of 
each house of Congress and must be ratified by at least three- 
fourths of the States. 

When the militia is called out in the service of the General 
Government, they pass out of the control of the various States 
under the command of the President. 

The President ofthe United States must be 35 years of age; a U. 
S. Senator, 30; a Congressman, 25. The President must have 
been a resident of the United States fourteen years. 

A grand jury is a secret tribunal, and may hear only one side 
of a case. It simply decides whether there is good reason to 
hold for trial. It consists of twenty-four men, twelve of whom 
may indict. 

A naturalized citizen cannot become President or Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the United States. A male child born abroad of Ameri¬ 
can parents has an equal chance to become President with one 
born on American soil. 


Curious By-Products from Coal.— The Pittsburgh Dis¬ 
patch mentionssome chemical developments from coal that are new. There are a 
good many products from coal that the majority of the people know nothing of. 
Their number will go into the thousands, and research into this particular branch 
of inorganic chemistry is bringing new and rich rewards to scientists each year. One 
of the hydrocarbons distinctly produced from coal tar is benzole. This is the base 
of magenta red and blue coloring matters and of the oil of bitter almonds. This oil 
formerly came entirely from the vegetable product from which it takes its name, but 
now it is, to a large extent, made from benzole, and a chemically pure product is 
secured.. The vegetable oil of bitter almonds contains a certain amount of prussic 
acid, which is a poisonous substance. Toluene, or tolulo, is another product from 
coal tar, which is the base of a great many chemicals. Benzoic acid, which used to 
be made almost entirely from plants, is now readily made from toluene. Carbolic 
acid is another product of tolulo. The latter is a colorless fluid with a smell very 
much like crude petroleum, while carbolic acid and salicylic acid, two of its prod¬ 
ucts, are far from being sweet-smelling compounds. Yet this same tolulo is the 
basis of a number of very fragrant products. Wintergreen oil, much purer than from 
the plant, and generally, preferred by confectioners and others who use it, is one ; 
oil of cinnamon, cinnamic acid, and oil of cloves are among the middle products 
which are in great demand. As yet the products of coal tar have not been made use 
of for medicines to any great extent, except as disinfectants, but, from experiments 
now going on, it is hoped to produce pure quinine from chinolene, one of the coal- 
tar products, and scientists say that it is only a question of time when all alkaloids 
known, and probably others not now known, will be made from coal tar. It would 
take a good-sized book to even begin to give an idea of the commercial products 
alone of coal tar. Nearly every known color, except cochineal red and indigo blue, 
is made, and the latter was produced after nine years of experiment by the eminent 
German scientist Byer of Munich, but the manufacture was so expensive that it has 
never been done except for scientific purposes. The logwood and madder dyes ot 
our grandmothers’ days are rarely seen in the market now, owing to the cheapness 
with which they are manufactured. Red ink, which formerly was made almost ex¬ 
clusively from carmine, is now made from eosine, one of the numerous coal-tar 
progeny. ojq 



THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT. 

1. A printed copy of the title (besides the two copies to be 
deposited after publication) of the book, map, chart, dramatic or 
musical composition, engraving, cut, print or photograph, or a 
description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary or 
model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which copyright is 
desired, must be sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed “Li¬ 
brarian of Congress, Washington, D. C.” This must be done before 
the publication of the book or other article. The applicant must 
state distinctly the name and residence of the claimant, and whether 
copyright is claimed as author, designer or proprietor. The printed 
title required may be a copy of the title page of such publications 
as have title pages. In other cases, the title must be printed 
expressly for copyright entry, with name of claimant of copyright. 
The style of type is immaterial, and the print of a typewriter will 
be accepted. But a separate title is required for each entry, and 
each title must be printed on paper as large as commercial note. 
The title of a periodical must include the date and number. 

2. The legal fee for recording each copyright claim is 50 cents, 
and for a copy of this record (or certificate of copyright) an addi¬ 
tional fee of 50 cents is required. Certificates covering more than 
one entry are not issued. In the case of publications which are 
the production of persons not citizens or residents of the United 
States, the fee for recording title is $1 and 50 cents additional for 
a copy of the record. Certificates covering more than one entry 
in one certificate are not issued. Express orders, money orders and 
currency only taken for fees. No postage stamps received. 

3. Not later than the day of publication in this country or 
abroad, two complete copies of the best edition of each book or 
other article must be delivered, or deposited in the mail within the 
United States, addressed “Librarian op Congress, Washington, 
D. C.,” to perfect the copyright. The freight or postage must be 
prepaid, or the publications inclosed in parcels covered by printed 
penalty-labels, furnished by the Librarian, in which case they will 
come free by mail ( not express), without limit of weight, accord¬ 
ing to rulings of the Postoflice Department. Books must be printed 
from type set in the United States or plates made therefrom: 
photographs from negatives made in the United States; chromes 
and lithographs from drawings on stone or transfers therefrom 
made in the United States. In the case of paintings, drawings, stat- 

, uary, or models or designs for works of art, a photograph of the 
article is to be sent in lieu of the two copies. Without the deposit of 
copies required the copyright is void, and a penalty of $25 is in¬ 
curred. No copy is required to be deposited elsewhere. The law 
requires one copy of each new edition w r herein any substantial 
changes are made to be deposited w r ith the Librarian of Congress. 

4. No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in 
every copy published, on the title page or the page following, if it 
be a book ; or, if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, en¬ 
graving, photograph, painting, drawung, chromo, statue, statuary or 
model design intended to be perfected as a w’ork of the fine arts, 
by inscribing upon some portion thereof, or on the substances on 
which the same is mounted, the following wrnrds, viz. : “Entered 

according to act of Congress, in the year -, by -, in the office 

of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington,” or, at the option of 
the person^entering the copyright, the words : “Copyright, 19—, 

The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any person who has 
not obtained a copyright who shall insert the notice “ Entered ac- 


220 





THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT. 

cording to act of Congress ” or “Copyright,” etc., or words of the 
same import, in or upon any book or other article. 

5* The copyright law secures to authors and their assigns the 
exclusive right to translate or to dramatize any of their works 
no notice is required to enforce this right. ’ 

-6* The original term of copyright runs for twenty-eight years 

itlun six months before the end of that time the author or de- 

fn^thor +orm 1S nr W f id0V ? or children > “ay secure a renewal for the 
further term of fourteen years, making forty-two years in all. 

7. The time within which any work entered for copyright may be 
issued fiom the press is not limited by any law or regulation, 
but depends upon the discretion of the proprietor. A copyright 
may be secured for a projected work as well as for a completed 
one. But the law provides for no caveat, or notice of interfer¬ 
ence—only for actual entry of title. 

v. copyright is assignable in law by any instrument of writing, 
but such assignment must be recorded in the office of the Librarian 
of Congress within sixty days from its date. The fee for this 
record and certificate is $1, and for a certified copy of any record 
of assignment $1. 

9. A copy of the record (or duplicate certificate) of any copyright 
entry will be furnished, under seal, at the rate of 50 cents each. 

1 «°^. In , the case of books Published in more than one volume, or of 
periodicals published in numbers, or of engravings, photographs or 
other articles published with variations, a copyright is to be entered 
for each volume or part of a book, or number of a periodical, or 
variety, as to style, title or inscription, of any other article. But a 
book published serially in a periodical, under the same general title, 
requires only one entry. To complete the copyright on such a 
work, two copies of each serial part, as well as of the complete 
work (if published separately), must be deposited. 

11. To secure a copyright for a painting, statue, or model or de¬ 
sign intended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, so as to 
prevent infringement by copying, engraving, or vending such de¬ 
sign, a definite description must accompany the application for 
copyright, and a photograph of the same, at least as large as “cab¬ 
inet size,” should be mailed to the Librarian of Congress within 
ten days from the completion of the work or design. 

12. Copyrights cannot be granted upon trademarks, nor upon 
mere names of companies or articles, nor upon prints or labels in¬ 
tended to be used with any article of manufacture. If protection 
for such names or labels is desired, application must be made to 
the Patent Office. 


THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS. 

Any person, firm or corporation can obtain protection for any 
lawful trademark by complying with the following: 

1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office the name, resi¬ 
dence and place of business of persons desiring the trademark. 

2. The class of merchandise and description of the same. 

3. A description of the trademark itself with fac-similes. 

4. The length of time that the said mark has already bee* 
used. 


221 



THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS . 


5. By payment of the required fee—$6 for labels and $25 for 

tr 6 de By r complying with such regulations as may be prescribed 
by the commissioner of patents. 

3 7. A lawful trademark must consist of some a 5 b \* rar y 
the name of a person or place), indicating or not the use or natu e 
ofthe thing to which it is applied; of some designation symbol, 
or of both said word and symbol. 


HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 

Patents are issued in the name of the United States, and under 
the seal of the Patent Office, to any person who has invented or 
discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or com¬ 
position of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, 
not known or used by others in this country, and not patented or 
described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country, 
before his invention or discovery thereof, and not in public use or 
on sale for more than two years prior to his application, unless the 
same is proved to have been abandoned ; and by any person w’ho, 
bv his own industry, genius, efforts and expense has invented 
and produced any new and original design for a manufacture, bust, 
statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any new and original design for 
the printing of woolen, silk, cotton or other fabrics; any new 
and original impression, ornament, pattern, print or picture to be 
printed, painted, cast or otherwise placed on or worked into any 
article of manufacture; or any new, useful and original shape or 
configuration of any article of manufacture, the same not having 
been known or used by others before his invention or production 
thereof or patented or described in any printed publication, upon 
payment of the fees required by law and other due proceedings had. 

Every patent contains a grant to the patentee, his heirs or as¬ 
signs, for the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to 
make use and vend the invention or discovery throughout the 
United States and the Territories, referring to the specification for 
the particulars thereof. , „ , . . , ,, 

If it appears that the inventor, at the time of making his applica¬ 
tion believed himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent 
will not be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any 
part thereof, having been known or used in any foreign country 
before his invention or discovery thereof; if it had not been before 
patented or described in any printed publication. 

Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; neither can claim 
one separately. Independent inventors of distinct and independent 
improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent 
for their separate inventions; nor does the fact that one furnishes 
the capital and another makes the invention entitle them to make 
application as joint inventors ; but in such case they may become 
joint patentees. 

The receipt of letters patent from a foreign government will not 
prevent the inventor from obtaining a patent in the United States, 
unless the invention shall have been introduced into public use in 
the United States more than two years prior to the application. 
But every patent granted for an invention which has been pre¬ 
viously patented by the same inventor in a foreign country will be 

222 



HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 

so limited as to expire at the same time with the foreign patent or 
if there be more than one, at the same time with the one haVing 

i e ro Sh t? eS unexpired term, but in no case will it be in force 
more than seventeen years. 

.—Application for a patent must be made in 
Vn ?hi Commissioner of Patents. The applicant must also 
file in the Patent Office a written description of the same, and of the 

usinS e if °1 making '. constructing, compounding and 

using it, in such full, clear, concise and exact terms as to enable 

w??h P w r h12» S £ ll J ed ln . the ar , t or science to which it appertains, or 
with which it is most nearly connected, to make, construct, com- 
P? Q uad a ? d use the same; and in case of a machine, he must ex¬ 
plain the pi inciple thereof, and the best mode in which he has con¬ 
templated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other 
Inventions, and particularly point out and distinctly claim the part, 
impiovement or combination which he claims as his invention or dis¬ 
covery. The specification and claim must be signed by the in¬ 
ventor and attested by two witnesses. 6 * 

When the nature of the case admits of drawings, the applicant 
must furnish one copy signed by the inventor or his attorney in 
fact, and attested by two witnesses, to be filed in the Patent Office 
In all cases which admit of representation by model, the applicant, 
if required by the Commissioner, shall furnish a model of con¬ 
venient size to exhibit advantageously the several parts of his in¬ 
vention or discovery. 

The applicant shall make oath that he verily believes himself to 
be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the art, machine 
manufacture, composition or improvement for which he solicits a 
patent; that he does not know and does not believe that the same 
was ever before known or used, and shall state of what country 
1 ?T a . i cl i lz ^ n- Such oath ma y be made before any person within 
the united btates authorized by law to administer oaths, or, when 
the applicant resides in a foreign country, before any minister, 
charge d’affaires, consul or commercial agent, holding commission 
under the Government of the United States, or before any notary 
public of the foreign country in which the applicant may be 

On the filing of such application and the payment of the fees 
required by law, if, on such examination, it appears that the claim¬ 
ant is justly entitled to a patent under the law, and that the same 
is sufficiently useful and important, the Commissioner will issue a 
patent therefor. 

ASSIGNMENTS.—Every patent or any interest therein shall be 
assignable in law by an instrument in writing; and the patentee or 
his assigns or legal representatives may, in like manner, grant and 
convey an exclusive right under his patent to the whole or anv 
specified part of the United States. 


REISSUES.—A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his 
legal representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest when, 
by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason 
of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than 
he had a right to claim as new, the original patent is inoperative 
or invalid, provided the error has arisen from inadvertance, acci¬ 
dent or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention. 
In the cases of patents issued and assigned prior to July 8, 1870, 
the applications for reissue may be made by the assignees; but in 
the cases of patents issued or assigned since that date, the applica¬ 
tions must be made and the specifications sworn to by the in¬ 
ventors, if they be living. 


223 


HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 

CAVEATS.—A caveat, under the patent law, is a notice given to 
the office of the caveator’s claim as inventor, in order to prevent the 
grant of a patent to another for the same alleged invention upon 
an application filed during the life of the caveat without notice 
to the caveator. 

Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention 
or discovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, 
on payment of a fee of $10, file in the Patent Office a caveat set¬ 
ting forth the object and the distinguishing characteristics of the 
invention, and praying protection of his right until he shall have 
matured his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential 
archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be 
operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof. 

An alien has the same privilege, if he has resided in the United 
States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has 
made oath of his intention to become a citizen. 

The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the 
nature of the case admits of it, a drawing, and, like the applica¬ 
tion, must be limited to a single invention or improvement. 

FEES.—Fees must be paid in advance, and are as follows: On 
filing each original application for a patent, $15. On issuing each 
original patent, $20. In design cases: For three years and six 
months, $10 ; for seven years, $15; for fourteen years, $30. On 
filing each caveat, $10. On every application for the reissue of a 
patent, $30. On filing each disclaimer, $10. For certified copies 
of patents and other papers, including certified printed copies, 10 
cents per hundred words. For recording every assignment, agree¬ 
ment, power of attorney or other paper, of three hundred words 
or under, $1 ; of over three hundred and under one thousand words, 
$2 ; of over one thousand words, $3. For copies of drawings, the 
reasonable cost of making them. 


THE BANKRUPTCY LAW. 


Extracts from the United States Bankruptcy Act of July 1, 1898 
(superseding state laws) : 

Section 4. Who May Become Bankrupts. — (a) Any person 
who owes debts, except a corporation, shall be entitled to the bene¬ 
fits of this act as a voluntary bankrupt. 

(b) Any natural person (except a wage-earner or a person en¬ 
gaged chiefly in farming or the tillage of the soil), any unincor¬ 
porated company, and any corporation engaged principally in manu¬ 
facturing, trading, printing, publishing, or mercantile pursuits, 
owing debts to the amount of one thousand dollars or over, may be 
adjudged an involuntary bankrupt upon default or an impartial 
trial, and shall be subject to the provisions and entitled to the 
benefits of this act. Private bankers, but not national banks or 
banks incorporated under State or Territorial laws, may be ad¬ 
judged Involuntary bankrupts. 

Section 7. Duties of Bankrupts. — (a) The bankrupt shall (1) 
attend the first meeting of his creditors, if directed by the court 
or a judge thereof to do so, and the hearing upon his application 
for a discharge, if filed; (2) comply with all lawful orders of 

224 



THE BANKRUPTCY LAW . 

the court; (3) examine the correctness of all profits of claims 
filed, against his estate; (4) execute and deliver such papers as 
shall be ordered by the court; (5) execute to his trustee transfers 
of all his property In foreign countries; (6) immediately inform 
his trustee of any attempt, by his creditors or other persons, to 
evade the provisions of this act, coming to his knowledge; (7) 
in case of any person having to his knowledge proved a false claim 
against his estate, disclose that act immediately to his trustee; 
(8) prepare, make oath to, and file in court within ten days, unless 
further time is granted, after the adjudication if an involuntary 
bankrupt, and with the petition if a voluntary bankrupt a 
schedule of his property, showing the amount and kind of prop¬ 
erty, the location thereof, its money value in detail, and a list of 
his creditors, showing their residences, if known (if unknown that 
fact to be stated), the amount due each of them, the consideration 
thereof, the security held by them, if any, and a claim for such 
exemptions as he may be entitled to, all in triplicate, one copy of 
eac T ,& r tke cIerk > on e for the referee, and one for the trustee; 
and (9) when present at the first meeting of his creditors, and at 
such other times as the court shall order, submit to an examination 
concerning the conducting of his business, the cause of his bank¬ 
ruptcy, his dealings with his creditors and other persons, the 
amount, kind, and whereabouts of his property, and, in addition, 
a V ™ a tters which may affect the administration and settlement 
of his estate; but no testimony given by him shall be offered 
in evidence against him in any criminal proceedings. 

. Provided, however, that he shall not be required to attend a meet¬ 
ing of his creditors, or at or for an examination at a place more 
than one hundred and fifty miles distant from his home or princi¬ 
pal place of business, or to examine claims except when presented 
to him, unless ordered by the court, or a judge thereof for cause 
ehown, and the bankrupt shall be paid his actual expenses from the 
# estate when examined or required to attend at any place other than 
the city, town, or village of his residence. 


THE WORLD'S GREAT CITIES. 

The Great Cities of the World. —London (1901), 4 536 063* 
New York (1900), 3,437,202; Paris (1896), 2,536,834’; Berlin 
(1900), 1,884,151; Chicago (1900), 1,698,575; Vienna (1901), 
1,635,647; Canton (est.), 1,600,000; Tokio, Japan (1898), 1,440,- 
121; Philadelphia (1900), 1,293,697; St. Petersburg (inc. sub¬ 
urbs) (1897), 1,267,023; Constantinople (est.), 1,125,000; Calcutta 
(1901), 1,121,664; Peking (est.), 1,000,000; Moscow (1897), 9S8- 
614; Osaka (1898), 821,235; Bombay (1901), 770,843; Glasgow 
(1901), 760,423; Hamburg (1900), 705,738; Liverpool (1901), 
685,276; Buenos Ayres (1895), 663,854; Warsaw (1897), 638,- 
209; St. Louis (1000), 575.238; Brussels (inc. suburbs) (1899), 
570,844; Cairo, Egypt (1897), 570,062; Boston 
Naples (1899), 544,057; Manchester, England 
Amsterdam (1899), 523,557; Rio de Janeiro 
Birmingham, England (1901), 522,182; Rome 
Madrid (1897), 512,150; Barcelona (1897), 

(1901), 509,397; Baltimore (1900), 508,957; Buda-Pesth 
505,763; Munich (1900), 499,959. 


(1900), 
(1901), 
(1890), 
(1899), 
509.589; 


560,892 
543,969 
522,651; 
512,423; 
Madras 
(1891), 


225 



PARLIAMENTARY LAW AT A GLANCE 


E 

A 


D 

A 


H 


E 

E 


M' 

D 

E 

F 

F 


A E H 


List of Motions Arranged According to their Purpose and Effect. 

[Letters refer to rules below.] 

Modifying or amending. 

8. To amend or to substitute, or to divide the question 

To refer to committee. 

7 . To commit (or recommit)." 

Deferring Action. 

6. To postpone to a fixed time - 

4 . To lay on the table - 
Suppressing or extending debate. 

5 . For the previous question ... 

To limit, or close, debate - 
To extend limits of debate - 

Suppressing the question. 

Objection to consideration of question 

9 . To postpone indefinitely - 
4 . To lay upon the table - 

To bring up a question the second time. 

_ . , \ debatable question 

To reconsider j unc i e batable question 

Concerning Orders , Rules , etc. 

3 . For the orders of the day - 

To make subject a special order - 
To amend the rules - 

To suspend the rules - - 

To take up a question out of its proper ordei 
To take from the table - 
Questions touching priority of business 
Questions of privilege. 

Asking leave to continue speaking after indecorum 
Appeal from chair’s decision touching indecorum A 
Appeal from chair’s decision generally ... 

Question upon reading of papers - 

Withdrawal of a motion ------ 

Closing a meeting. 

2 . To adjourn (in committees, to rise), or to take a j 
recess, without limitation - - - - \ 

1 . To fix the time to which to adjourn - 
Order of Precedence. — The motions above numbered 1 to 9 take pre¬ 
cedence over all others in the order given , and an y one of them , except to amend 
or substitute, is in order while a motion of a lower rank is pending. 

Rule A. Undebatable, but remarks may be tacitly allowed. 

Rule B. Undebatable if another question is before the assembly. 

Rule C. Limited debate allowed on propriety of postponement only. 

Rule D. Opens the main question to debate. Motions not so marked do 
not allow of reference to main question. 

Rule E. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when 
there is no other business before the house. 

Rule F. Cannot be reconsidered. t 

Rule G. An affirmative vote cannot be reconsidered. 

Rule H. In order when another has the floor. 

Rule I. A motion to reconsider may be moved and entered when another 
has the floor, but the business then before the house may not 
be set aside. This motion can only be entertained when made 
by one who voted originally with the prevailing side. When 
called up it takes precedence of all others which may come up, 
excepting only motions relating to adjournment. 

Rule K. A motion to amend an amendment cannot be amended. 

226 


A E 


E 

E 


F 

A 

E 


H 

H 

A 

A 

E 


K 

D 

C 

G 

M 

M 

A 

N 

E 

G 

I 

I 

N 

M 

M 

M 

E 

G 

A 

A 

L 

L 

E 

E 

F 

B 








PARLIAMENTARY LAW. 

Rule L. When an appeal from the chair’s decision results in a tie vote the 
chair is sustained. 

Rule M. Requires a two-thirds vote unless special rules have been enacted. 
Rule N. Does not require to be seconded. 

GENERAL RULES. 

No motion is open for discussion until it has been stated by the chair. 
The maker of a motion cannot modify it or withdraw it after it has 
been stated by the chair, except by general consent. 

Only one reconsideration of a question is permitted. 

A motion to adjourn, to lay on the table, or to take from the table, can¬ 
not be renewed unless some other motion has been made in the interval. 

On motion to strike out the words, “Shall the words stand part of the 
motion?” unless a majority sustains the words, they are struck out. 

On motion for previous question, the form to be observed is, “Shall the 
main question be now put?” This, if carried, ends debate. 

On an appeal from the chair’s decision, “Shall the decision be sustained 
as the ruling of the house?” The chair is generally sustained. 

On motion for orders of the day, “Will the house now proceed to the 
orders of the day?” This, if carried, supersedes intervening motions. 

When an objection is raised to considering questions, “Shall the ques¬ 
tion be considered?” objections may be made by any member before debate 
has commenced, but not subsequently. 


Letter Combinations. —When King Stanislaus of Poland, 

then a young man, came back from a journey, the whole Lescinskian House 
gathered together at Lissa to receive him. The schoolmaster, Jablowsky, prepared 
a festival in commemoration of the event, and had it end with a ballet performed by 
thirteen students, dressed as cavaliers. Each had a shield, upon which one of the 
letters of the words “ Domus Lescinia ” (The Lescinskian House) was written in 
gold. After the first dance, they stood in such a manner that their shields read 
" Damns Lescinta after the stcond dance, they changed order, making it read, 
*‘Ades incotumis” (Unharmed art thou here); after the third, " Mane sidus loci” 
(Continue the star of this place); after the fourth, ‘‘ Sis columna Dei” (Be a pillar 
of God); and finally, "II scande solium!” (Go! ascend the throne). Indeed, 
these two words allow of 1 , 556 , 755,200 transpositions; yet that four of them convey 
independent and appropriate meanings is certainly very curious. 

To Tell Pure Water. —The color, odor, taste and purity 

of water can be ascertained as follows: Fill a large bottle made of colorless glass 
with water; look through the water at some black object. Pour out some of the 
water and leave the bottle half full; cork the bottle and place it for a few hours in a 
warm place; shake up the water, remove the cork, and critically smell the air con¬ 
tained in the bottle. If it has any smell, particularly if the odor is repulsive, the 
water should not be used for domest ; c purposes. By heating the water an odor is 
evolved that would not otherwise appear. Water fresh from the well is usually 
tasteless, even if it contains a large amount of putrescible organic matter. All water 
for domestic purposes should be perfectly tasteless, and remain so even after it ha9 
been warmed, since warming often develops a taste in water which is tasteless when 
cold. 

Hand Grenades. —Take chloride of calcium, crude, 20 parts ; 

common salt, 5 parts ; and water, 75 parts. Mix and put in thin bottles. In case oil 
fire, a bottle so thrown that it will break in or very near the fire will put it out. This 
mixture is better and cheaper than many of the high-priced grenades sold for the 
purpose of fire protection. 

How to Get Rid of Rats. —Get a piece of lead pipe and use 

it as a funnel to introduce about 1 % ounces of sulphide of potassium into any outside 
holes tenanted by rats, not to be used in dwellings. To get rid of mice use tartar 
emetic mingled with any favorite food; they will eat, sicken and take their leave. 

227 



POINTS OF CRIMINAL LAW. 


You cannot lawfully condone an offense by receiving back 
stolen property. 

The exemption of females from arrest applies only in civil, not 
in criminal matters. 

Every man is bound to obey the call of a Sheriff for assistance 
'n making an arrest. 

The rule “Every man’s house is his castle” does not hold good 
when a man is accused of crime. 

Embezzlement can be charged only against a clerk or servant, 
or the officer or agent cf a corporation. 

Bigamy cannot be proven in law if one party to a marriage has 
been absent and not heard from for five years. 

Grand larceny is when the value of property stolen exceeds 
$ 25 . 00 —when less than that, the offense is petit larceny. 

Arson to be in the first degree must have been committed at 
night and the buildings fired must have been inhabited. 

Drunkenness is not a legal excuse for crime, but delirium 
tremens is considered by the law as a species of insanity. 

In a case of assault it is only necessary to prove an “offer or 
attempt at assault.” Battery presumes physical violence. 

Mayhem, although popularly supposed to refer to injury to 
the face, lip, tongue, eye, or ear, applies to any injury done a 
limb. 

A felony is a crime punishable by imprisonment in a State 
prison ; an “infamous” crime is one punishable with death or 
State prison. 

A police officer is not authorized to make an arrest without a 
warrant unless he has personal knowledge of the offense for 
which the arrest is made. 

An accident is not a crime, unless criminal carelessness can be 
proven. A man shooting at a burglar and killing a member of 
his family is not a murderer. 

Burglary in the first degree can be committed only in the 
night time. Twilight, if dark enough to prevent distinguishing 
a man’s face, is the same as “night” in law. 

Murder to be in the first degree must be willful, premeditated 
and malicious, or committed while the murderer is engaged in a 
felonious act. The killing of a man in a duel is murder, and it is 
a misdemeanor to accept or give a challenge. 

False swearing is perjury in law only when willfully done, 
and when the oath has been legally administered. Such quali¬ 
fying expressions as “to the best of my belief,” “as I am in¬ 
formed,” may save an averment from being perjured. The law 
is that the false statement sworn to must be absolute. Suborna¬ 
tion of perjury is a felony. 


223 



BUSINESS AND LEGAL FORMS 


SHORT FORM OF ASSIGNMENT OF WRITTEN INSTRUMENT. 

For Value Received, I do hereby assign, transfer and set over unto C D, 
and his assigns, all my right, title and interest in and to the within written instru¬ 
ment, this .day of.. A.D. 1890 . A B. 

ORDINARY BILL OF EXCHANGE, OR DRAFT AT A TIME AFTER 

SIGHT. 

$ 250 . Chicago, January 1 , 1800 . 

Ten days after sight, pay to the order of W F, two hundred and fifty dollar*, 
for value received, and charge the same to account of 

To M. B. & Co., 1 J. H. C. & Co., 

New York City, > Chicago, 

N. Y. ) Illinois. 

When a draft is payable at sight, commence thus: 

•*At sight, pay,” etc. 

GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. 

This Agreement, made this.day of.one thousand eight hundred 

and.. between A B, of.county of.and State of Illinois, of the 

first part, and C D, of.. in said county and State, of the second part— 

Witnesseth, that the said A B, in consideration of the covenants and agree¬ 
ments on the part of the party of the second part hereinafter contained, doth cove¬ 
nant and agree to and with the said C D, that there insert the agreement on the 
part of A B). 

And the said C D, in consideration of the covenants on the part of the party ot 
the first part, doth covenant and agree to and with the said A B, that (here insert 
the agreement on the part of C D). 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, the day and 
year first above written. A B. [seal.] 

C D. [seal.] 

COMMON FORM OF BOND FOR PAYMENT OF MONEY. 

Know all men by these presents, that I, A B, of. in the county of 

., and State of Illinois, am held and firmly bound unto C D, of.. in the 

County of . and State aforesaid, in the sum of. .... dollars, to be paid to 

the said C D, his executors, administrators and assigns, to which payment, well and 
truly to be made, I bind myself, my heirs, executors and administrators, and every 
of them, firmly by these presents. 

Sealed with my seal, the.day of.. A.D. 1890 . 

The condition of this obligation is such, that if the above bound A B, his 
heirs, executors and administrators, or either of them, shall well and truly pay, or 
cause to be paid, unto the saidC D, his executors, administrators or assigns, the 

just and full sum of.dollars, with interest thereon, at the yearly rate of.. 

percent, for the same, on or before the.day of ....... A.D. 1890 , then this 

obligation to be void and of no effect; otherwise to remain in full force. 

A B. [seal.] 

FORM OF BILL OF SALE OF GOODS OR PERSONAL PROPERTY. 

Know all men by these presents, that I, A B, of.. in the county of 

.and State of Illinois, in consideration of the sum of.dollars, to me 

paid by C D, of.. at and before the sealing and delivery of these presents, 

the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have bargained, sold and delivered, 
and by these presents do bargain, sell and deliver unto the said C D, the following 
goods and chattels, towit: (Here insert a bill of particular goods sold or personal 
property). . 

To have and to hold the said goods and chattels unto the said C D, his exec¬ 
utors, administrators and assigns, to his and their own proper use and benefit for¬ 
ever. And I, the said A B, for myself and my heirs, executors and administrators, 
do warrant and will defend the said bargained premises unto the said C D., his 
executors, administrators and assigns, from and against all persons whomsoever. 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this.day 

of.A.D. 1890 . AB. [seal.] 


229 























FORM OF BOND FOR A DEED. 

Know all men by these presents, that 1, A B, of the county of. 

and State of Illinois, am held and firmly bound unto C D, of the county of.. 

and State aforesaid, in the penal sum of.dollars, to be paid unto the said 

E F, his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns, to which payment, well and 
truly to be made, I bind myself, my heirs, executors and administrators, and every 
of them, firmly by these presents. 

Sealed with my seal, this.day of.. A.D. 1890 . 

The condition of the above obligation is such, that whereas the above bounden 
A B has this day bargained and sold to the said C D, his heirs and assigns, for the 

sum of.dollars, the following described lot or parcel of land, to-wit: (here 

describe the land,) which sum of.dollars is to be paid in manner following: 

.dollars at the ensealing and delivery hereof, and.dollars in. 

from the date hereof. . ... 

Upon the payment of the said sums being made, at the time and In the manner 
aforesaid, the said A B, for himself, his heirs, executors and assigns, covenants and 
agrees, to and with the said C D, his heirs and assigns, to execute a good and 
sufficient deed of conveyance, in fee simple, free from all incumbrance, with full 
and proper covenants of warranty for the above described premises. 

Now, if the said A B shall well and truly keep, observe and perform his said 
covenants and agreements herein contained, on his part, then this obligation to be 
void; otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. A B. [seal.] 


POWER OF ATTORNEY. 

Know all men by these presents, that I, A B, of. * In the county of 

.and State of Illinois, have made, constituted and appointed, and by these 

presents do make, constitute and appoint, CD, of.. to be my true and lawful 

attorney, for me and in my name, and for my sole use, to (here state the specific 
purposes of the power given), hereby giving and granting unto _my said attorney 
full power and authority in the premises t6 use all lawful means in my name, and 
for my sole benefit for the purposes aforesaid. And generally to do and perform 
all such acts, matters and things as my said attorney shall deem necessary or ex¬ 
pedient for the completion of the authority hereby given, as fully as I might and 
could do if I were personally present; hereby ratiiying and confirming all the acts 
of my said attorney or his substitutes, done by virtue of these presents. 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this.day 

of.. A.D. 1890 . A P j [seal.] 

WARRANTY DEED. 

The grantor (here insert name or names and place of residence), for and in con¬ 
sideration of (here insert consideration) in hand paid, conveys and warrants to (here 
insert the grantee’s name or names) the following described real estate (here insert 
description), situated in the county of ..in the State of Illinois. 

Dated this .day of. . A.D. 18.. A B. [seal.) 

QUIT CLAIM DEED. 

The grantor (here insert grantor’s name or names and place of residence), for 
the consideration of (here insert consideration), convey and quit claim to (here in¬ 
sert grantee’s name or names) all interest in the following described real estate 
(here insert description), situated in the county of.. in the State of Illinois. 

Dated this.day of.. A.D. 18.. A B. [seal.] 

MORTGAGE. 

The mortgagor (here insert name or names) mortgages and warrants to (here 
insert name or names of mortgagee or mortgagees), to secure the payment of (here 
recite the nature and amount of indebtedness, showing when due and the rate of 
interest, and whether secured by note or otherwise), the following described real 

estate (here insert description thereof), situated in the county of.. in the State 

of Illinois. A B. [seal.) 

Dated this.day of.. A.D. 18 .. 

FORM OF CERTIFICATE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT TO DEED OR 
OTHER INSTRUMENT. 


State of (name of State), I 
County of (name of County), j 

I (here give name of officer and his official title) do hereby certify that (name of 
g-antor, and if acknowledged by wife, her name, and add “his wife,”) personally 

230 





















BUSINESS AND LEGAL FORMS. 


known to me to be the same person whose name is (or are) subscribed to the fore¬ 
going instrument, appeared before me this day in person, and acknowledged that 
he (she or they) signed, sealed or delivered the said instrument as his (her or their) 
free and voluntary act, for the uses and purposes therein set forth. 

Given under my hand and (private or official, as the case may be) seal, this 
.day of .A.D. 18.. (Signature of officer.) [seal.) 

SHORT FORM OF LEASE. 


This Indenture, made this.day of . A.D. 18.., between A B, 

party of the first part, and C D, party of the second part, witnesseth, that the said 
party of the first part, in consideration of the covenants of the party of the second 
part, hereinafter set forth, do. .by these presents, lease to the party of the second 
part, the following described property, to-wit: (here describe the premises), in the 

county of .and State of. To have and to hold the same, to the 

party of the second part, from the. day of.. i 8 ..,tothe.day 

of., 18 .. And the party of the second part, in consideration of the leasing of 

said premises, covenants and agrees to pay the party of the first part, at.as 

rent for the same, the sum of.payable as follows, to-wit: (Here set forth 

the terms of payment.) 

And the party of the second part covenants with the party of the first part that 
at the expiration of the term of this lease, .he. .will yield up the premises to the 
party of the first part, without further notice, in as good condition as when the same 
were entered upon by the party of the second part, loss by fire or inevitable accident 

and ordinary wear excepted, and that neither, .he. .nor.legal representatives 

will underlet said premises, or any part thereof, or assign this lease, without the 
written assent of the party of the first part first had thereto. 

And it is further expressly agreed between the parties hereto, that if default 
shall be made in the payment of the rent above reserved, or any part thereof, or any 
of the covenants or agreements herein contained to be kept by the party of the 
second part, it shall be lawful for the party of the first part or..... .legal represen¬ 
tatives, into and upon said premises, or any part thereof, either with or without pro¬ 
cess of law, to re-enter and re-possess the same at the election of the party of the 
first part, and to distrain for any rent that may be due thereon upon any property 
belonging to the party of the second part. And in order to enforce a forfeiture for 
non-payment of rent, it shall not be necessary to make a demand on the same day 
the rent shall become due, but a failure to pay the same at the place aforesaid, or a 
demand and a refusal to pay on the same day or at any time on any subsequent day, 
shall be sufficient; and after such default shall be made, the party of the second 

part and all persons in possession under.shall be deemed guilty of a forcible 

detainer of said premises under the statute. 

And it is further covenanted and agreed between said parties that (here set 
forth any further stipulation agreed upon.) The covenants herein shall extend to 
and be binding upon the heirs, executors and administrators of the parties to this 


leaS ^Witness the hands and seals of said parties, the day and year first above 
writen. A B. [seal.] 

C D. [SEAL.] 

FORM OF WILL. 


TAB, of .in the county of., and State of Illinois, of the age of 

years, of sound mind and memory, do make, publish and declare this my 
last will and testament in the manner following: That is to say. 

First, I give and bequeath to (here may be set forth the manner of disposition 
of personal property, and the names of persons and amount to each.) 

Second, I give and devise to (here set forth the manner of disposition of real 
property, and the names of persons to whom devised, concluding as follows:) M o 
have and to hold the same and the several tracts and parcels thereof to the said 
.his heirs and assigns forever. 

And lastly, I do hereby nominate and appoint. to be executor of this my 

last will and testament, hereby revoking all former wills by me made. (Add the 
following clause if desired;) And I do direct that my said executor shall not be 
obliged to give security as such. 


231 





















BUSINESS AND LEGAL FORMS. 


In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this.day of 

.A.D. 18 .. A B. [seal.] 

The above instrument, consisting of one sheet (or two sheets, as the case may 
be) was at the date thereof signed, sealed, published and declared by the said A B 
as and for his last will and testament, in presence of us, who, at his request and in 
his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as wit¬ 
nesses thereto (or, “ the above instrument, consisting of one sheet was at the date 
thereof, declared to us by the said A B, the testator therein mentioned, to be his 
last will and testament; and at the same time acknowledged to us, and each of us, 
that he had signed and sealed the same, and we therefore, at his request and in his 
presence, and in the presence of each other, signed our names thereto as attesting 
witnesses.)” C D, residing at.. in.county. 

G H, residing at.. in.county. 

The .oregoing is the general form of will, which can be varied in case of several 
devisees and legatees, according to the facts or as circumstances may require. 

A devisee is one to whom real property is devised in the will. 

A legatee is one to whom personal property is given in the will. 

BILL OF SALE. 

Know all men by these presents, that I, E D, of the town of.county 

of.State of.of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of 

one hundred dollars, lawful money of the United States, to me in hand paid, at or 
before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, by C B, of the second part, the 
receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have bargained, sold, granted and con¬ 
veyed, and by these presents do bargain, sell, grant and convey unto the said party 
of the second part, his executors, administrators and assigns (here set out the 
articles sold), to have and to hold the same unto the said party of the second part, 
his executors, administrators and assigns, forever. And I do for myself, my heirs, 
executors and administrators, covenant and agree to and with the said party of the 
second part, to warrant and defend the said described goods hereby sold unto the 
said party of the second part, his executors, administrators and assigns, against all 
and every person and persons whatsoever. — 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the.day of 

. 18 .. ED. [SEAL.) 


Signed, sealed and delivered ) 
in the presence of B B. f 

PROMISSORY NOTE. 

$ 200 . Baltimore.i 8 .„ 

Thirty days after date I promise to pay B B, or order (or bearer), two hundred 
dollars, for value received. B. E. 

JOINT PROMISSORY NOTE. 

$ 1 , 050 . Memphis,.iG.. 

Sixty days after date we jointly promise to pay C D, or order (or bearer), on« 
thousand and fifty dollars, for value received. A C. 

B H 

NOTE PAYABLE ON DEMAND. 

$ 100 . Mobile., 18 .. 

On demand, for value received, I promise to pay H B, or order (or bearer), one 
hundred dollars (with interest). C. C. 

NOTE PAYABLE AT BANK. 

$ 300 . St. Louis., 18 .. 

Thirty days after date, for value received, I promise to pay C D A, or order (or 
bearer), three hundred dollars, at the German-American Savings Bank. D R S. 

NOTE NOT NEGOTIABLE. 

$ 100 . Madison.Ga., 18 .. 

Two months after date I promise to payj H, one hundred dollars, for value 
received. B B. 

NOTE WITH SURETY. 

*75» Columbus, Miss.,.. 18 .. 

Six months from date I promise to pay E G, or order (or bearer), seventy-five 
dollars, for value received. B B. 

232 X X. 


















NOTE PAYABLE BY INSTALLMENTS. 

$500. Albany.18.. 

For value received, I promise to pay A C, or order (or bearer;, five hundred 
dollars, in the following manner: One hundred dollars in three months, two hun¬ 
dred dollars in nine months, one hundred dollars in twelve months, and one hun¬ 
dred dollars in fifteen months, from date, with interest on the several sums as they 
may become due. W Z. 

DUE BILL. 

$50. Cincinnati,.18.. 

Due A W, fifty dollars, with interest from this date. M A. 

DRAFT AT SIGHT. 

$100. Chicago,. ,18.. 

At sight, payj C, or order, one hundred dollars, and charge the same to my 
account. CEB. 

To A X. 

BILL OF EXCHANGE. 

$500. New York,.18.. 

Fifteen days after sight (or as many days as may be agreed upon), pay to the 
order of Mr. B B, five hundred dollars, and charge the same to the account of 
To L M, St. Louis, Mo. C D. 


HIGH WATER 

At the following places may be found for each day by adding 
to, or substracting from, the time of high water at New York the 
hours and minutes given. The * denotes time to be addcd\ 
the f to be subtracted. The interval between tides is approxi¬ 
mately twelve hours. 


Albany, N. Y *. 9 

Annapolis, Md.*. 8 

Atlantic City, N.J.f. 0 

Baltimore, Md.*.10 

Block Island, R. I.f. 0 

Boston, Mass.*. 3 

Bridgeport, Conn.*. 3 

Bristol, R. I.f.0 

Cape May, N. J.*. 0 

Charleston, S. C.f. 0 

Eastport, Me.*. 3 

Fernandina, Fla.f . 0 

Gloucester, Mass.*. 2 

Isles of Shoals*. 3 

Jacksonville, Fla.*. 0 

Key West, Fla*. 1 

Marblehead, Mass.*. 3 

Nahant, Mass.*. 3 

Nantucket, Mass.* .4 

New Bedford, Mass.*. 0 

Newbury port, Mass.*. 3 

New Haven, Conn.*.3 

New London, Conn.*. 1 


Time. 

:39 
:57 
:18 
:52 
:53 
:22 
:04 
:02 
:12 
:43 
:01 
:19 
:57 
:11 
:36 
:23 
:04 
:02 
:31 
:10 
:29 
:01 
:16 


233 


Newport, R. I.f. 0 

Norfolk, Va*.0 

Norwich, Conn*. 2 

Old Point Comfort, Va.*. 0 

Philadelphia, Pa.*. 5 

Plymouth, Mass.*. 3 

Point Lookout, Me.*_ 

Portland, Me.* . 

Portsmouth, N. H* . 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y.* . .. 

Providence, R. I.*. 

Richmond, Va*. 8 

Rockaway Inlet, N. Y.f. . 0 

Rockland, Me.* . 2 

Rockport, Mass.*.2 

Salem, Mass.*. 3 

Sandy Hook, N. J*. 0 

Savannah, Ga.f. 0 

Vineyard Haven, Mass.*. 3 

Washington, D. C.*.11 

Watch Hill, R. I*. 0 

West Point, N. Y.*. 2 

Wilmington, N. C.*.... , 0 


Time. 
22 
56 
05 
37 
37 
12 
49 
10 
:16 
:27 
:07 
:47 
26 
:55 
:50 
:05 
:36 
:49 
:35 
:54 
:53 
:55 
59 



































STOCK INVESTMENTS EXPLAINED. 


T HE CAPITAL of corporations is always divided into 
shares, usually of $100 each. These are known as stocky 
and represent an interest in the property and profits 
Df the company. A dividend is the distribution of the profits, 
proportionate to number of shares held among the stockholders. 
Stock certificates are written instruments, signed by the proper 
officers of the company, and certifying that the holder is the 
owner of a certain number of shares. These are transferable, 
and may be bought and sold the same as other property. The 
sum for which each share or certificate was issued is the far 
valuey and the amount for which it can be sold the market value. 

Preferred Stock takes preference of the ordinary stock of 
a corporation, and the holders are entitled to a stated per cent, 
annually out of net earnings before a dividend can be declared 
on common stock. Preferred stocks are generally the result of 
reorganization, although sometimes issued in payment of floating 
or unsecured debts. 

Watering Stock. —Sometimes the charter of a corporation 
forbids the declaring of a dividend exceeding a certain per cent, 
of the par value of its stock. In this case the directors may find 
it desirable to “water” the stock—that is, issue additional shares. 
This increase in the number of shares of course reduces the per¬ 
centage of dividend, although the same profit in the aggregate is 
secured to the stockholders. 

Dealing in Stocks. 

The person employing a broker to buy the stock is required to 
advance at the outset a certain per cent, of the purchase price of 
the stock, as security for possible losses by reason of a decline of 
the stock while in the broker’s hands. The amount of the mar¬ 
gin required is generally io per cent., but may be more or less, 
and frequently is nothing at all, depending on the broker’s confi¬ 
dence in his customer’s readiness to meet losses, if there be any. 

The broker then goes into the stock exchange and buys of 
some selling broker the stock indicated, the buying broker him¬ 
self advancing the purchase money. 

The relation existing between the customer and the broker in 
a transaction of this kind may be briefly stated as follows: 

The broker agrees: i. That he will buy for his customer the 
stock indicated, at its market value. 2 . That he will hold the 
stock for the benefit of his customer so long as the necessary 
margin is advanced, and kept paid, or until notice is given by 
either party that the transaction must be closed. 3 . That he 
will at all times have the stock in his possession or under his con¬ 
trol; or an equal amount of other shares of the same stock, sub- 

234 



STOCKS AND BONDS. 


ject to the call of the customer. 4 . That he will sell the shares 
on the order of the customer, on payment to him of the pur¬ 
chase price advanced by the broker, accounting to the customer 
for the proceeds of the sale. 5 . That he will exercise proper 
care and competent skill in the services which he undertakes to 
perform. 

The customer agrees: 1 . To pay the margin walled for at the 
outset. 2 . To keep good such margin according to the fluctua¬ 
tion of the market. 3 . To take the stock purchased by his order 
when requested to do so bv the broker, paying the latter the dif¬ 
ference between the margin advanced and the sum paid for the 
stock by the broker, together with his commissions for doing the 
business. 

Although the broker’s money bought the stock, it belongs to 
the customer, together with all its earnings and dividends, while 
in the broker’s possession, and the customer is entitled to the 
possession of the stock on payment to the broker of the sum of 
money to which he is entitled. 

The broker may pledge the stock, or use it in his business, as 
collateral, but he must have it ready when called for by the cus¬ 
tomer, or other shares of the same stock equivalent in value. 

The customer and the broker may make an express agreement 
that the broker may sell the stock without notice to the customer 
in the case of a threatened decline. 

Generally speaking, when there are no directions as to selling, 
the broker will be protected if he can show that he followed the 
usual custom of brokers in like circumstances. 

If the customer fails to advance the necessary margin when 
called for on reasonable notice, the broker may sell for his own 
protection. 

The reasonable notice may be an hour, a day, or a week, de¬ 
pending on the condition of the market for that particular stock. 

If a broker fraudulently converts the stock to his own use, he 
is guilty of embezzlement. 

Bonds. 

A bond is in the nature of a promissory note—the obligation 
of a corporation, state, county or city to pay a certain sum of 
money at a certain time, with interest payable at fixed periods or 
upon certain conditions. 

The bond of a company may be a perfectly safe investment, 
when the stock is not; and the stock of a prosperous and suc¬ 
cessful company, paying large dividends or having a large sur¬ 
plus, may sell at a higher price than the bonds of the same com¬ 
pany, the income from which is limited to the agreed rate of in¬ 
terest which they bear. A much closer scrutiny should be made 

235 


BROKERAGE AND COMMISSION 


of a company’s standing when one thinks of investing in its 
share capital, than when it is the intention to loan the company 
money on its mortgage bonds. 

Generally the bonds of business corporations are secured by 
mortgage, but some classes of bonds are dependent on the solv¬ 
ency or good faith of the company issuing them. 

The coupons attached to bonds represent the different install¬ 
ments of interest, and are to be cut off and collected from time 
to time as the interest becomes payable. Bonds are sometimes 
issued without coupons, and are then called registered bonds. 
Such bonds are payable only to the registered owner, and the in¬ 
terest on these is paid by check. Convertible bonds are such as 
contain provisions whereby they may be exchanged for stock, 
lands or other property. 

Bonds are known as First Mortgage, Second Mortgage, etc., 
Debentures, Consols, Convertible Land Grant, Sinking Fund, 
Adjustment, Income or otherwise, according to their priority of 
lien, the class of property upon which they are secured, etc. In¬ 
come bonds are generally bonds on which the interest is only 
payable if earned, and ordinarily are not secured by mortgage. 
Bonds are also named from the rate of interest they bear, or 
from the dates at which they are payable or redeemable, or from 
both; as, U. S. 4 ’s 1907 , Virginia 6 ’s Western Union 7 ’s, coupon, 
1 : 900 , Lake Shore reg. 2 d, 1903 . 

Brokerage and Commission. 

A commission merchant, or factor, is an agent intrusted by 
his principal with goods to be sold, with the authority to deduct 
from the proceeds of the sales a certain sum agreed upon as com¬ 
pensation for his services, remitting the balance to his principal. 

Such an agent impliedly agrees to perform his duties in a care¬ 
ful and diligent manner, and to obey the orders and instructions 
which he receives from his principal so far as he is able. 

He is bound to exercise his judgment and discretion to the best 
advantage of his principal, and to render just and true accounts. 

In the absence of special instructions to the contrary, he has 
an implied authority to sell at such times, and at such prices, as 
in the exercise of his discretion he may deem for the best inter¬ 
ests of his principal. 

He may sell on credit, if it is customary so to do, among those 
In the same business, unless he has received orders to che con¬ 
trary. 

All profits made by him in handling his principal’s property or 
money, beyond his ordinary compensation, are for the benefit of 
the principal. 

He cannot himself be the purchaser of the goods intrusted . 

236 


TERMS USED ON 'CHANGE. 

Accommodation Paper. —Notes or bills not representing an actual 
sale or trade transaction, but merely drawn to be discounted for 
the benefit of drawer, acceptor or indorsers, or all combined. 

Balance of Trade. —Difference in value between total imports 
and exports of a country. 

Ballooning. —To work up a stock far beyond its intrinsic worth 
by favorable stories or fictitious sales. 

Bear. —One who strives to depress the price of stocks, etc., and 
for this reason ‘'goes short.” 

Buying Long.—B uying in expectation of a rise. 

Breadstuffs.—A ny kind of grain, corn or meal. 

Broker. —An agent or factor; a middleman paid by commis¬ 
sion. 

Brokerage. —A percentage for the purchase or sale of money 
and stocks. 

Bull.—A broker or dealer who believes that the value of stocks 
or breadstuffs will rise, and speculates for a rise. 

Call. —Demand for payment of installments due on stocks. 

Call.—A privilege given to another to “call” for delivery at a 
time and price fixed. 

Clique.—A combination of operators controlling large capital 
in order to unduly expand or break down the market. 

Collaterals. —Any kind of values given in pawn when money 
is borrowed. 

Corners.—T he buying up of a large quantity of stocks or grain 
to raise the price. When the market is oversold, the shorts if com¬ 
pelled to deliver, find themselves in a “corner.” 

Curbstone Brokers. —Brokers or agents who are not members 
of any regular organization, and do business mainly on the side¬ 
walk. 

Delivery. —When stock or grain is brought to the buyer in exact 
accordance with the rules of the Exchange it is called a good de¬ 
livery. When there are irregularities the delivery is pronounced 
bad, and the buyer can appeal to the Exchange. 

Differences. —-The price at which a stock is bargained for and 
the rate or day of delivery are not usually the same, the variation 
being termed the difference. 

Factor. —An agent appointed to sell goods on commission. 

Factorage.— Commissions allowed factors. 

Flat. —Inactive ; depressed ; dull. The flat value of bonds and 
stocks is the value without interest. 

Flyer. —A small side operation. 

Forcing Quotations is where brokers wish to keep up the price 
of a stock and to prevent its falling out of sight. This is gener¬ 
ally accomplished by a small sale. 

Gunning a stock is to use every art to produce a break when 
it is known that a certain house is heavily supplied and would 
be unable to resist an attack. 

Kite-Flying. —Expanding one’s credit beyond wholesome limits. 

Lame Duck. —Stock-broker’s slang for one unable to meet his 
liabilities. , „ 

Long. —One is long when he carries stock or grain for a rise. 

Pointer.—A theory or fact regarding the market on which one 
bases a speculation. 

Pool. —The stock or money contributed by a clique to carry 
through a corner. „ , . , 

Price Current.—T he prevailing price of merchandise, stock, etc. 

Selling Short. —To “sell short” is to sell for future delivery 
what one has not got, in hopes that prices will fall. 

Watering a stock is the art of doubling the quantity of stock 
without improving its quality. 

237 


HINTS TO ADVERTISERS. 


The first thing for an advertiser to decide is the mediums 
which reach the desired class of customers. Cheap mediums do 
not, as a rule, bring good returns, neither does it follow that a 
periodical claiming a large circulation takes precedence over one 
with a less circulation. The tone of the publication and charac¬ 
ter of its readers determine much. A first class periodical with 
a bona fide paid circulation is far more desirable than a much 
larger sample copy circulation. People who think enough of a 
publication to buy it are very apt to read it. 

Except in special cases, hand-bills and dodgers are of little or 
no account. 

The advertisement must be attractive, and if lasting results be 
desired, the goods must be as represented, and the advertisement 
honestly worded. 

The occasional advertiser reaps but meager results; ’tis the 
constant, persistent advertiser who reaps the most benefit. 

The secret of success in advertising lies largely in keeping the 
name and goods constantly before the eye of the public. 

Printer s ink is beneficial to any business, but common sense 
and good judgment are absolutely necessary. The shrewd ad¬ 
vertiser and successful business man exercises as much care and 
discretion in placing his advertisement as he does in buying his 
goods. J ® 

HOW TO COLLECT A DEBT. 


Thousands of dollars are lost every day through negligence or 
carelessness of creditors. 

If there is a fixed date for payment, be on hand promptly to re¬ 
ceive it. J 

If not paid, follow it up closely. 

If party cannot pay now, get a promise for another date of 
payment. Pleasant words and a genial bearing invariably are 
more effective than threats of legal measures. 

If the debtor lives near, call and express your urgent needs of 
money, etc. 

If you cannot get it all, take a part, and get a note for the bal¬ 
ance. Notes are more easily handled and collected than open 
accounts. r 

If the debtor is irresponsible, get him to secure an indorser, so 
that you “ can get the money on it at the bank,” etc. 

If possible, “know your man.” 

With some it is absolutely necessary to be sharp and positive, 
wh.le the man who honestly intends to pay can be handled betted 
by pleasant words, though frank and business-like. 

If a debtor is at a distance;, w r i te a courteous letter, inclosing 
bill or statement, requesting prompt settlement. 

If necessary, a second or third letter should be written 

238 


HOW TO MAKE CHANGE QUICKLY. 

Always consider the amount of purchase as if that much 
money were already counted out, then add to amount of 
purchase enough small change to make even dollars, counting 
out the even dollars last until full amount is made up. 

. If the P ur chase amounts to 57 cents, and you are handed $ 2.00 
in payment, count out 43 cents first to make an even dollar Then 
lay out the other dollar. 

ShouM the purchase be $ 3 . 69 , to be taken out of $ 20 , 00 , begin 
with $ 3.69 as the basis and make up even $ 4.00 by laying out ?i 
cents. This 31 cents with the amount of the purchase you will 
consider as $ 4 . 00 , and count out even dollars to make up the 
$ 20.00 which the customer has handed in. 


MERCHANTS' COST AND PRICE MARKS. 

All merchants use private cipher marks to note cost or selling 
price of goods. The cipher is usually made up from some short 
word or sentence of nine or ten letters, as: 

CORNELIUS, A. 
12345G789 0. 

Five dollars, according to this key, would be eaa. But gen¬ 
erally an extra letter is used to prevent repeating the mark for 0. 
If the sign for a second 0 in this case were y, we would have 
eay instead of eaa. 


TIME IN WHICH MONEY DOUBLES. 


Per 

Cent. 

Simple Int. 

Comp. Int. 

Per 

Cent 

Simple Int. 

Comp. Int. 

2 

50 years. 

35 years. 

5 

20 years. 

14 yrs. 75 da. 


40 years. 

28 yrs. 26 da. 

6 

16 yrs. 8 mos. 

11 yrs. 327 da. 

3 

33 yrs.4mos. 

23 yrs. 164 da. 

7 

14yrs. lC4da. 

10 yrs. 89 da. 


28yrs.208da. 

20 yrs. 54 da. 

8 

12 ^ years. 

9 yrs. 2 da. 

4 

25 years. 

17yrs.246da. 

9 

11 yrs. 40 da. 

8 yrs. 16 da. 

VA 

22 yrs. 81 da. 

15yrs.273da. 

10 

10 years. 

7yrs.l00da. 


“A Dollar Saved, a Dollar Earned." 


The way to accumulate money is to save small sums with 
regularity. A small sum saved daily for fifty years will grow at 
the following rate: 


Daily Savings. Result. 

One cent.$ 950 

Ten cents. 9,504 

Twenty cents. 19,006 

Thirty cents. 28,512 

Forty cents. 38,015 

Fifty cents. 47,520 I 


Daily Savings. Result. 

Sixty cents .$ 57,024 

Seventy cents. 66,528 

Eighty cents. 76,032 

Ninety cents. 85,537 

One Dollar. 475,208 


239 































SHORT INTEREST RULES. 

To find the interest on a given sum for any number of days, 
at any rate of interest, multiply the principal by the number of 
days and divide as follows: 

At 3 per cent, by . 

At 4 per cent., by 
At 5 per cent., by . 

At 6 per cent., by , 

At 7 per cent., by . 

At 8 per cent., by 

TRADE DISCOUNTS. 


. . . 120 

At 

9 

per cent., by . . 

. . 40 

... 90 

At 

10 

per cent., by . • 

. . 36 

. . . 72 

At 

12 

per cent., by . . 

, . 30 

... 60 

At 

15 

per cent., by . . 

. . 24 

. . . 52 

At 

20 

per cent., by . , 

, . 18 

. . .45 





Wholesale houses usually invoice their goods to retailers at 
‘list” prices. List prices were once upon a time supposed to be 
retail prices, but of late a system of “long” list prices has come 
into vogue in many lines of trade—that is, the list price is made 
exorbitantly high, so that wholesalers can give enormous dis¬ 
counts. These discounts, whether large or small, are called 
trade discounts, and are usually deducted at a certain rate per 
cent, from the face of invoice. 

The amount of discount generally depends upon size of bill or 
terms of settlement, or both. Sometimes two or more discounts 
are allowed. Thus 30 % and 5 % is expressed 30 and 5 , meaning 
first a discount of 30 % and then 5 % from the remainder. 

3 c and 5 is not 35 %, but 33 )^%. 10 , 5 and 3 off means three 

successive discounts. 

A wholesale house allowing 10, 5 and 3 off gets more for its 
goods than it would at 18 off. 


HOW TO DETECT COUNTERFEIT MONEY. 

Ir. the space at disposal here, it is impossible of course to give 
a complete illustrated counterfeit detector, but the following 
simpie rules, laid down by Bank Note Examiner Geo. R. Baker, 
will be found extremely valuable: 

Examine the form and features of all human figures; if graceful, and features 
distinct, examine the drapery. Notice whether the folds lie naturally, and observe 
whether the fine strands of the hair are plain and distinct. 

Examine the lettering. In a genuine bill it is absolutely perfect. There has 
never been a counterfeit put out but was more or less defective in the lettering. 

Counterfeiters rarely, if ever, get the imprint or engraver’s name perfect. The 
shading in the background of the vignette and over and around the letters forming 
the name of the bank, on a good bill, is even anu perfect; on a counterfeit it is un¬ 
even and imperfect. 

The die work around the figures of the denomination should be of the same 
character as the ornamental work surrounding it. 

Never take a bill deficient in any of these points. 

Big Trees. —Of ninety-two redwood trees in Calaveras Grove, 
Cal., ten are over thirty feet in diameter, and eighty-two have a 
diameter of from fifteen to thirty feet. Their ages are estimated 
at from 1,000 to 3,500 years. Their height ranges from ico to 
237 feet. 


24J 




BANKERS’ TIME TABLE. 

To Find the Number of Days Between Any Two Dates of the Same Year, or Two Con* 

secutive Years, 

Consult the following table. The numbers in black letter at head of the columns represent the months:—I, January; 2 , February, 

etc. In leap years, add one to the corresponding numbers of all dates after February 28 . 


Gl 



*2: l r*:r ^^ i"- 00 do 0000 qo 00 coco 0000 cn 05 oa>a;a>a> • 
CO CO CO CO CO CO <X> CD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO COCO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO • 

O 

rSlxT^I^ri^Cl^I^r^I^I^I^Q^^^'^^^tOtOiOcococpcOcocococococo 

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO O CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CP CO CO CO 

a 

G>0»—»C'400HptOCOi.''-OOa>0~HC s 3CO'*ptOCQl>-dOC}Or-<C<lCO , TPlOcor^<r) • 
O *H »-h f-h r-H *-* rH »-h .-h *-h r— » <Si c4 (N 04 <>J Ol CQ 03 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CD CO CO CO <0 CO CO CO CO CD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO * 

QC 

XGiO-HC^CO^iOCDNOOClOrHMCO'^iC'^ N OOOiCrH^JC^’^ru^tOh-Cf) 

t ; N»QOcncocoGo^c»^GOOia5a5Ciai^jiaJC5Scococoooo 

OiOOoiOiOOOO»0^iOiOOOOiOiO»OiOiO»OCo!ScoSc5cOCO?oS 

b* 

tO tO tO O tO iO 0 0 0 O tO O tO tO O to tO to to to to to *0 tO to *o tO tO tO to tO 

cs 

t^OOOiO-HCMCO^tQCOI'-CiOOiO’—»C s 3COHptOCOr'^aOOO*— d CO 'rP tO cn • 

to *0 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to AO to • 

10 

222525S2S5 ) 1 S^ 05 ^^^0'.oooocoooooHHHHrtr-H 

“ "rr hp tp tp tP Hp tP tp *rp ^p tp tO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO tO 

* 

KNCOrt<»OONCOGiOiH(NCO^iO • 

'*T* TT -Tt« ’’T Tr TT TJ 1 ’rp-rr ^ Ttl ^-Tt* ^ ^ xft'T}< TjH 00 ^ * 

CO 

^ ( ^ C ^C < *^ C, Q g OCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOrPrP’Tp-H<’« i P’Tp’Tp’Tp-Tp’HnOtOtOtOtO-rP 
^P ^ 'rP xP-^p ^P ’P’'P'P'*P^P'P'rP''P''P'»p'rpTp'<p'<pxP'«P'<p'^<xp'rp^'*pxpiO^P 

0} 

2«S2200000000HHHHHHHHHHNN(MNN • • • 

CO CO CO'rP'rp *rp *rP'rp-*p *rp rp 'rp ^ Tp -tP ^ <*p ^ -^p .^p ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ . . . 

pH 

)S5858£££^£^£r£x£r!jr*'^£r r '' , 'tr ri Q G * :>c * :)OOQO:/:)COOl0 ^c>eo>C}o*aiO>oc> 

cococococooocococococococococOcocococococococococococococococo 


^^CO^tOOb’QCOO^H^MCO^tOO^GOCtO^^iCO^tOd'-QDCiO^ 

12 

ilg|ilg3SISSgSI§§|g|§lggl|illI§ 

PH 

pH 

*$3i5fc2SS 0 !T (:s ^ co ' ,;t ' l ^ )CC>|: ^ 0 o < ^o^HC<ico^pto r ot^X)aiOi— ic<ico^p • 
S2522^« THr ^’ Hr ^ rH,HT,,HrH( ^^ ( N^ < N ( NOJC<JOJ(NcO?OCOCOM • 

cooococococococococococococoooco o ocococococococococoiocoooco • 

10 

r^PP{^PPPir!2?£2:?£ l0 P^ QO< ^ 0rH c^oo^to<ot^<»05 0 T-<<McoV 

cSc5cq<M<r5c*o3c3?3c3?ic3c3c8?ii£j8§4o3£4§q§3§j§i^g,§g§^g 

Si 

^tOCDb-COOO'^C^CO'«P»0'£h-OOO^Or-i05f0^iO*sONOC^OrH^lfO 

GC 

23SS!5SS2aag3aSi85SSS385a853SfflSSSfe§8SSS5Si53 

c^™c^<^<^o*totoc^c^<^<^<^<^c^<^c^c4oac4^c3Sc3c3c3c3tf3S!Sioi 


^^ rJ< iQ cC)t> * G| 0 < ^OiH(MCO , rt<iOONOOa>OrHOlCO’^iOC£)NOOOOHN 

OOOOOOOOXOOOOOOOiOOOOJOiOOOajSoOOOOOOOOHSH 

Hrli—lHr-lr-lHrir-IHrHrtr-IHHHr-<r—C^JC^C^C^C^C^CQC^C^C^C^IC^C^ 


ClCOTpiOCDNOOa)OHOlCOH<iO?DNOOaJOH(NCOHiOCO^OOOOT-» . 
lOiOiOiOiOiOiOiO^^O'-O'OOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNQOOO • 

nrinr-tHHHHHHHHHHHHHr-IrlHHrlTHrtHHrlHHH • 


^'NCOHtQ'X)I^QOOO-(OlCOH»OCNOOOOr-iMCO'H» 0 ?ONOOa>OH 

C s l'MC<JC^(MC s lCQC<lC<ICOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOrOCO'^P'H''rpH , H"^P^^P'H^^lOtO 

HHHHHfHriHHHHHHHHHHr-iriHHHHHHHHHHnH 


»—tc<icO'H<totor^»coa>o^c s Qoo*H<tocoi>>ooo>Or— fc^ioO'TpiOcof^oociO • 

0)J)05C5 05 0)0)0)0)OOOOOCOOOOt-hhh-hhhhh(N • 

H rH rl rH ri ^H ^H ^H r rH rH rH rH rH ri rH fH rH • 

CO 

Or-(NMHiOONCOOO^MCOHiCOl^'0 00'H(NCO'HtOCONcr5)0 

CO CO CO CD CD CO CO CD CO CO 1h W l>- 1>-1'-i>- 1'- GO 00 00 00 CO 00 00 00 00 00 Oi 

0) 

(MCO^PtO'O^-OOOOrHOqoO^PtO^t-^OOaJO^-KMCO^PiOCOi^OOCi • • • 

CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 CO tP ^P ^P "Tp tP ^P -Tp ^ tP -Tp tO tO tO tO tO to tO tO tO to • • • 


rHC^CO^tOCOr^OOCiO^HOaCOHP»OCOt^OOO^O’—'CQfOHtOONOOCJO- 

THrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHr-(C<lC^C<lC v Q(SlC s slC s QC<IC^C s JCOCO 


rweo^»OOrQCCtOr(j}CO^«5®raC©Orweo^W5 0rQCOOr 
rtrtHrtHHHHrtMDINJIflMSWKIJIJlMCS 

241 

















































































FREEZING, FUSING AND BOILING POINTS. 


Substances. 

Reaumur. 

Centi¬ 

grade. 

Fahren¬ 

heit. 

Freezing— 





—16° 

—20° 

— 40 

Oil Anise. 

8 

10 

50 

“ Olive.. 

8 

10 

50 

“ Rose. 

12 

15 

60 

Quicksilver. 

—31.5 

—39.4 

—39 

W ater. . 

— 1 

0 

32 

Fusing— 




Bismuth metal fuses at. 

200 

264 

507 

Cadmium.. 

248.8 

315 

592 

Copper. 

874.6 

1093 

2000 

Gold. 

961 

1200 

2200 

Iodine. 

92 

115 

239 

Iron.. 

1230 

1538 

2800 

Lead. 

255.5 

325 

617 

Potassium. 

46 

68 

136 

Phosphorus .. 

34 

44 

111 

Silver. 

816.8 

1021 

1870 

“ Nitrate. 

159 

198 

389 

Sodium.. 

72 

90 

194 

Steel. 

1452 

1856 

3300 

Sulphur .. 

72 

90 

194 

Tin'... 

173 

230 

446 

Zinc... 

328 

410 

770 

Boiling— 




Alcohol boils at .. 

63 

78 

173 

Bromine. . ... 

50 

53 

145 

Ether... 

28 

35 

95 

“ Nitrous. 

11 

14 

57 

Iodine. 

140 

175 

347 

Olive Oil. 

252 

315 

600 

Quicksilver. ... . 

280 

350 

662 

Water. 

80 

100 

212 


Dangers of Foul Air.—I f the condensed breath collected 
on the cool window panes of a room where a number of persons 
have been assembled be burned, a smell as of singed hair will 
show the presence of organic matter, and if the condensed breath 
be allowed to remain on the windows for a few days, it will be 
found, on examination by the microscope, that it is alive with 
animaculse. It is the inhalation of air containing such putrescent 
matter which causes half of the sick-headaches, which might be 
avoided by a circulation of fresh air. 

242 











































PHYSICAL EXERCISE 


T HE principal methods of developing the physique now pre¬ 
scribed by trainers are exercise with dumbbells, the bar bell 
and the chest weight. The rings and horizontal and paral¬ 
lel bars are also used,but not nearly to the extent that they formerly 
were. The movement has been all in the direction of the sim¬ 
plification of apparatus; in fact, one well-known teacher of the 
Boston Gymnasium when asked his opinion said: “Four bare 
walls and a floor, with a well-posted instructor, is all that is 
really required for a gymnasium.” 

Probably the most important as well as the simplest appliance 
for gymnasium work is the wooden dumbbell, which has dis¬ 
placed the ponderous iron bell of former days. Its weight is 
from three-quarters of a pound to a pound and a half, 
and with one in each hand a variety of motions can be gone 
through, which are of immense benefit in building up or toning 
down every muscle and all vital parts of the body. 

The first object of an instructor in taking a beginner in hand 
is to increase the circulation. This is done by exercising the ex¬ 
tremities, the first movement being one of the hands, after 
which come the wrists, then the arms, and next the head and 
feet. As the circulation is increased the necessity for a larger 
supply of oxygen, technically called “oxygen-hunger,” is created, 
which is only satisfied by breathing exercises, which develop 
the lungs. After the circulation is in a satisfactory condition, 
the dumbbell instructor turns his attention to exercising the 
great muscles of the body, beginning with those of the back, 
strengthening which holds the body erect,thus increasing the chest 
capacity, invigorating the digestive organs, and, in fact, all the 
vital functions. By the use of very light weights an equal and 
symmetrical development of all parts of the body is obtained, 
and then there are no sudden demands on the heart and lungs. 

After the dumbbell comes exercise with the round, or bar 
bell. This is like the dumbbell, with the exception that the bar 
connecting the balls is four or five feet, instead of a few inches 
in length. Bar bells weigh from one to two pounds each, and 
are found most useful in building up the respiratory and diges¬ 
tive systems, their especial province being the strengthening of 
the erector muscles and increasing the flexibility of the chest. 

Of all fixed apparatus in use the pulley weight stands easily 
first in importance. These weights are available for a greater 
variety of objects than any other gymnastic appliance, and can 
be used either for general exercise or for strengthening such 
muscles as most require it. With them a greater localization is 
possible than with the dumbbell, and for this reason they are 
recommended as a kind of supplement to the latter. As chest de- 

243 




i. The bar bell—chest expander. 2. Anterior muscular de¬ 
veloper. 3. Developing loins and lumbar region—aid to diges¬ 
tion. 4. Side and loin development. 5. Giant pulley exercise j 
—for elevating right side of chest. 6. Developing muscles that 
hold the shoulders back. 7. Developing muscles of front upper! 
chest. 8. Posterior development—to make one erect. 


244 
















































PHYSICAL EXERCISE . 

velopers and correctors of round shoulders they are most effec¬ 
tive. As the name implies, they are simply weights attached to 
ropes, which pass over pulleys, and are provided with handles. 
The common pulley is placed at about the height of the shoulder 
of an average man, but recently those which can be adjusted to 
any desired height have been very generally introduced. 

When more special localization is desired than can be ob¬ 
tained by means of the ordinary apparatus, what is known as the 
double-action chest weight is used. This differs from the or¬ 
dinary kind in being provided with several pulleys, so that the 
strain may come at different angles. Double-action weights 
may be divided into three classes—high, low and side pulleys— 
each with its particular use. 

The highest of all, known as the giant pulleys, are made es¬ 
pecially for developing the muscles of the back and chest, and by 
stretching or elongating movements to increase the interior 
capacity of the chest. If the front of the chest is full and the 
back or side chest deficient, the pupil is set to work on the giant 
pulley. To build up the side-walls he stands with the back to 
the pulley-box and the left heel resting against it; the handle is 
grasped in the right hand if the right side of the chest is lacking 
in development, and then drawn straight down by the side; a 
step forward with the right foot, as long as possible, is taken, the 
line brought as far to the front and near the floor as can be done, 
and then the arm, held stiff, allowed to be drawn slowly up by 
the weight. To exercise the left side the same process is gone 
through with, the handle grasped in the left hand. Another 
kind of giant pulley is that which allows the operator to stand 
directly under it, and is used for increasing the lateral diameter 
of the chest. The handles are drawn straight down by the sides, 
the arms are then spread and drawn back by the weights. Gen¬ 
erally speaking, high pulleys are most used for correcting high, 
round shoulders; low pulleys for low, round shoulders; side pul¬ 
leys for individual high or low shoulders, and giant pulleys for 
the development of the walls of the chest and to correct spinal 
curvature. 

The traveling rings, a line of iron rings covered with rubber 
and attached to long ropes fastened to the ceiling some ten feet 
apart, are also valuable in developing the muscles of the back, 
arms and sides. The first ring is grasped in one hand and a 
spring taken from an elevated platform. The momentum carries 
the gymnast to the next ring, which is seized with the frge hand, 
and so the entire length of the line is traversed. The parallel 
bars, low and high, the flying rings, the horizontal bar and the 
trapeze all have their uses, but of late years they have been rele¬ 
gated to a position of distinct inferiority to that now occcupied 
by the dumbbells and pulley weights. 

245 


ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 


WHAT TO DO. 

If an artery is cut, red blood spurts. Compress it above the 
'wound. If a vein is cut, dark blood flows. Compress it below 
and above. 

If choked, go upon all fours and cough. 

For slight burns, dip the part in cold water; if the skin is 
destroyed, cover with varnish or linseed oil. 

For apoplexy, raise the head and body; for fainting, lay the 
person fat. 

Send for a physician when a serious accident of any kind 
occurs, but treat as directed until he arrives. 

Scalds and Burns —'Ihe following facts cannot be too 

firmly impressed on the mind of the reader, that in either of these accidents the 
first, best, and often the only remedies required, are sheets of wadding, fine wool, 
or carded cotton, and in the default of these,violet powder, flour, magnesia, or chalk. 
The object for which these several articles are employed is the same in each in¬ 
stance, namely, to exclude the air from the injured part; for if the air can be effec¬ 
tually shut out from the raw surface, and care is taken not to expose the tender part 
till the new cuticle is formed, the cure may be safely left to nature. The moment a 
person is called to a case of scald or burn, he should cover the part with a sheet, or 
a portion of a sheet, of wadding, taking care not to break any blister that may have 
formed, or stay to remove any burnt clothes that may adhere to the surface, but as 
quickly as possible envelop every part of the injury from all access of the air, laying 
one or two more pieces of wadding on the first, so as effectually to guard the burn 
or scald from the irritation of the atmosphere; and if the article used is wool or cot¬ 
ton, the same precaution, of adding more material where the surface is thinly cov- 
ered, must be adopted; a light bandage finally securing all in their places. Any of 
the popular remedies recommended below may be employed when neither wool, 
cotton, nor wadding are to be procured, it being always remembered that that ar¬ 
ticle which will best exclude the air from a burn or scald is the best, quickest, and 
least painful mode of treatment. And in this respect nothing has surpassed cotton 
loose or attached to paper as in wadding. 

If the Skin is Much Injured in burns, spread some linen 

B thickly with chalk ointment, and lay over the part, and give the patient some 
y and water if much exhausted; then send for a medical man. If not much 
Injured, and very painful, use the same ointment, or apply carded cotton dipped in 
lime water and linseed oil. If you please, you may lay cloths dipped in ether over 
the parts, or cold lotions. Treat scalds in same manner, or cover with scraped raw 
potato; but the chalk ointment is the best In the absence of all these, cover the 
injured part with treacle, and dust over it plenty of flour. 

Body in Flames —Lay the person down on the floor of the 

room, and throw the table cloth, rug, or other large cloth over him, and roll him 
on the floor. 

Dirt in the Eye —Place your forefinger upon the cheek-bone, 

having the patient before you; then slightly bend the finger, this will drawdown 
the lower lid of the eye, and you will probably be able to remove the dirt; but if 
this will not enable you to get at it, repeat this operation while you have a netting- 
needle or bodkin placed over the eyelid; this will turn it inside out, and enable you 
to remove the sand, or eyelash, etc., with the corner of a fine silk handkerchief. As 
soon as the substance is removed, bathe the eye with cold water, and exclude the 
light for a clay. If the inflammation is severe, let the patient use a refrigerant lotion. 

Lime in the Eye —Syringe it well with warm vinegar and 
water in the oroprotion of one ounce of vinegar to eight ounces of water; exclude 


246 



ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 

Iron or Steel Spiculas in the Eye—-T hese occur while 

turning iron or steel in a lathe, and are best remedied by doubling back the upper 
or lower eyelid, according to the situation of the substance, and with the flat edge ot 
a silver probe, taking up the metallic particle, using a lotion made by dissolving six 
grains of sugar of lead and the same of w hite vitriol, in six ounces of water, and bath- 
ing the eye three times a day till the inflammation subsides. Another plan is Drop 
a solution of sulphate of copper (from one to three grains of the salt to one ounce of 
water) into the eye, or keep the eye open in a wineglassful of the solution. Bathe 

with cold lotion, and exclude light to keep down inflammation. 

Dislocated Thumb—T his is frequently produced by a fall. 
Make a clove hitch, by passing two loops of cord over the thumb, placing a piece of 
rag under the cord to prevent it cutting the thumb; then pull in the same line as the 
thumb. Afterwards apply a cold lotion. 

Cuts and Wounds— Clean cut wounds, whether deep or 

superficial, and likely to heal by the first intention, should always be washed or 
cleaned, and at once evenly and smoothly closed by bringing both 
edges close together, and securing them in that position by 
adhesive plaster. Cut thin strips of sticking plaster, and bring the 
parts together; or if large and deep, cut two broad pieces, so as to look like the teeth 
of a comb, and place one on each side of the wound, which must be cleaned pre¬ 
viously. These pieces must be arranged so that they shall interlace one another; 
then, by laying hold of the pieces on the right side with one hand and those on the 
other side with the other hand, and pulling them from one another, the edges 01 

the wound are brought together without any difficulty. . 

Ordinary Cuts are dressed by thin strips, applied by pressing 
down the plaster on one side of the wound, and keeping it there and pulling in the 
opposite direction; then suddenly depressing the hand when the edges of the wound 
are brought together. . r c u a «. 

Contusions are best healed by laying a piece ot toldea lint, 
well wetted with extract of lead, or boracic acid, on the part, and, if there is 
much pain, placing a hot bran poultice over the dressing, repeating both if neces¬ 
sary every two hours. When the injuries are very severe, lay a cloth over the part, 
Tnd sJsp^nd a basin over it filled with cold lotion Put a piece of cotton into the 
basin, so that it shall allow the lotion to drop on the cloth, and thus keep it always 

"^Hemorrhage, when caused by an artery being divided or 
torn, may be known by the blood issuing out of the wound in leaps or jerks, and 
being of a bright scarlet color. If a vein is injured, the blood is darker and flows 
continuously To arrest the latter, apply pressure by means of a compress and 
bandage. To arrest arterial bleeding, get a piece of wood (part of a broom handle 
will do), and tie a piece of tape to one end of it; then tie apiece of tape loosely over 
the arm, and pass the other end of the wood under it; twist the stick round and 
round until the tape compresses the arm sufficiently to arrest the bleeding, and then 
confine the other end by tying the string around the arm A compress made by 
enfolding a penny piece in several folds of lint or linen should, however, be first 
placed unde? the tape and over the artery. If the bleeding is very .obstinate, and it 
occurs in the arm, place a cork underneath the string, on the inside of the fleshy 
part where the artery may be felt beating by any one; if in the leg, place a cork in 
The direction of a line drawn from the inner part of the knee towards the outer part 
of the groin. It is an excellent thing to accustom yourself to find out the position of 
these arteries or, indeed, any that are superficial, and to explain to every person in 
you*house where they are. and how to stop bleeding If a stick cannot be got take 
a handkerchief, make a cord bandage of it, and tie a knot th ®. J™®* 

acts as a compress, and should be placed over the artery, while the two ends are to 
be tied around the thumb. Observe always to place the ligature between the 
wound and the heart. Putting your finger into a bleeding wound, and making 
pressure until a surgeon arrives, will generally stop violent bleeding. 

Bleeding from the Nose, from whatever cause, may gen¬ 
erally be stopped by putting a plug of lint into the nostrils; if this does not do, apply a 

247 


ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 

cold lotion to the forehead; raise the head, and place over it both arms, so that it. will 
rest on the hands; dip the lint plug, slightly moistened, into some powdered gum 
arabic, and plug the nostrils again; or dip the plug into equal parts of powdered 
gum arabic and alum.and plug the nose. Or the plug may be dipped in Friar s balsam, 
or tincture of kino. Heat should be applied to the feet; and, in obstinate cases, the 
sudden shock of a cold key, or cold water poured down the spine, will often instantly 
stop the bleeding. If the bowels are confined take a purgative. Injections of alum 
solution from a small syringe into the nose will often stop hemorrhage. 

Violent Shocks will sometimes stun a person, and he will re¬ 
main unconscious. Untie strings, collars, etc.; loosen anything that is tight, and in¬ 
terferes with the breathing; raise the head; see if there is bleeding from any 
part; apply smelling-salts to the nose, and hot bottles to the feet. 

In Concussion, the surface of the body is cold and pale, and 

the pulse weak and small, the breathing slow and gentle , and the pupil of the eye 
generally contracted or small. You can get an answer by speaking loud, so as to 
arouse the patient. Give a little brandy and water, keep the place quiet, apply 
warmth, and do not raise the head too high. If you tickle the feet the patient 
feels it. 

In Compression of the Brain from any cause, such as apo¬ 
plexy, or apiece of fractured bone pressing on it, there is loss of sensation. _ If you 
tickle the feetol the injured person he does not feel it. You cannot arouse him so as 
to get an answer. The pulse is slow and labored; the breathing deep, labored, 
and snorting; the pupil enlarged. Raise the head, loosen strings or tight things, 
and send for a surgeon. If one cannot be got at once, apply mustard poultices to 
the feet and thighs, leeches to the temples, and hot water to the feet. 

Choking— When a person has a fish bone in the throat, insert 

the forefinger, press upon the root of the tongue, so as to induce vomiting; it this 
does not do, let him swallow a large piece of potato or soft bread; and if these fail, 
give a mustard emetic. 

Fainting, Hysterics, etc.— Loosen the garments, bathe the 

temples with water or eau-de-Cologne; open the window, admit plenty of fresh air, 
dash cold water on the face, apply hot bricks to the feet, and avoid bustle and exces¬ 
sive sympathy. 

Drowning— Attend to the following essential rules: —i. Lose 
no time. 2. Handle the body gently. 3. Carry the body face downwards, with 
the head gently raised, and never hold it up by the feet. 4. Send for medical as¬ 
sistance immediately, and in the meantime act as follows: 5. Strip the body; rub 
it dry, then wrap it in hot blankets, and place it in a warm bed in a warm room. 6. 
Cleanse away the froth and mucus from the nose and mouth. 7. Apply warm 
bricks, bottles, bags of sand, etc., to the armpits, between the thighs, and to the soles 
of the feet. 8. Rub the surface of the body with the hands inclosed in warm, dry 
worsted socks. 9. If possible, put the body into a warm bath. 10. To restore 
breathing, put the pipe of a common bellows into one nostril, carefully closing the 
other, and the mouth; at the same time drawing downwards, and pushing gently 
backwards, the upper part of the windpipe, to allow a more free admission of air; 
blow the bellows gently, in order to inflate the lungs, till the breastbe raised a little; 
then set the mouth and noscrils free, and press gently on the chest; repeat this until 
signs of life appear. The body should be covered the moment it is placed on the 
table, except the face, and all the rubbing carried on under the sheet or blanket. 
When they can be obtained, a number of tiles or bricks should be made tolerably hot 
in the fire, laid in a row on the table, covered with a blanket, and the body placed 
in such a manner on them that their heat may enter the spine. When the patient 
revives, apply smelling-salts to the nose, give warm wine or brandy and water. 
Cautions. —1. Never rub the body with salt or spirits. 2. Never roll the body on 
casks. 3. Continue the remedies for twelve hours without ceasing. 

Hanging—L oosen the cord, or whatever it may be by which 

the person has been suspended. Open the temporal artery or jugular vein, or bleed 
from the arm; employ electricity, if at hand, and proceed as for drowning, taking th« 
additional precaution to apply eight or ten leeches to the temples. 

24b 


POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. 


Apparent Death from Drunkenness— Raise the head; 

loosen the clothes, maintain warmth of surface, and give a mustard emetic as soon 
as the person can swallow. 

Apoplexy and Fits Generally— Raise the head; loosen all 

tight clothes, strings, etc.; apply cold loticns to the head, which should be shaved; 
apply leeches to the temples, bleed, and send fora surgeon. 

Suffocation from Noxious Gases, etc.— Remove to the 

fresh air; dash cold vinegar and water in the face, neck, and breast; keep up the 
warmth of the body; if necessary, apply mustard poultices to the soles of the feet and 
to the spine, and try artificial respirations as in drowning, with electricity. 

Lightning and Sunstroke— Treat the same as apoplexy. 



POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. 

Always send immediately for a medical man. Save all fluids 
vomited, and articles of food, cups, glasses, etc., used by the 
patient before taken ill, and lock them up. 

Asa rule give emetics after poisons that cause sleepiness and 
raving; —chalk, milk, eggs, butter, and warm water, or oil, after 
poisons that cause vomiting and pain in the stomach and bowels, 
with purging; and when there is no inflammation about the 
throat, tickle it with a feather to excite vomiting. 

Vomiting may be caused by giving warm water, 
with a teaspoonful of mustard to the tumblerful, well 
stirred up. Sulphate of zinc (white vitriol) may be 
used in place of the mustard, or powdered alum. 
Powder of ipecacuanha, a teaspoonful rubbed up with 
molasses, may be employed for children. Tartar 

emetic should never he given, as it is excessively 
depressing, and uncontrolable in its effects. The stomach pump 
can only be used by skillful hands, and even then with caution. 

Opium and. other Narcotics —After vomiting has occurred, cold water should be 
dashed over the face and head. The patient must be kept awake, walked about be¬ 
tween two strong persons, made to grasp the handles of a galvanic battery, dosed 
with strong coffee, and vigorously slapped. Belladonna is an antidote for opium 
and for morphia, etc., its active principles; and, on the other hand, the latter 
counteract the effects of belladonna. But a knowledge of medicine is necessary for 
dealingwith these articles. , „ , ... 

Strychnia —After emetics have been freely and successfully given, the patien 
should be allowed to breathe the vapor of sulphuric ether, poured on a handker¬ 
chief and held to the face, in such quantities as to keep down the tendency to con¬ 
vulsions. Bromide of potassium, twenty grains at a dose, dissolved in syrup, may be 

^Alcoholic Poisoning should be combated by emetics, of which the sulphate of zinc, 
given as above directed, is the best. After that, strong coffee internally, and stim¬ 
ulation by heat externally, should be used. nr 

Acids are sometimes swallowed by mistake. Alkalies, lime water, g > 
common chalk mixed with water, may be freely given, and afterward mucilaginous 

drinks, such as thick gum water or flaxseed tea. 

Alkalies are less frequently taken in injurious strength or quantity, 
children swallow lye by mistake. Common vinegar may be given freely and then 
castor or sweet oil in full doses-a tablespoonful at a time, repeated every halt hour 

OI Nitrate of silver when swallowed is neutralized by common table salt freely given 
In solution in water. _ . 

249 



DOSES OF MEDICINE, 


The salts of mercury or arsenic (often kept as bedbug poison), which are power, 
ful irritants, are apt to be very quickly fatal. Milk or the whites of eggs may be 
freely given, and afterward a very thin paste of flour and water. In these cases an 
emetic is to be given after the poison is neutralized. 

Phosphorus paste, kept for roach poison or in parlor matches. Is sometimes eaten 
by children, and has been willfully taken for the purpose of suicide. It is a power¬ 
ful irritant. The first thing to be done is to give freely of magnesia and water; then 
to give mucilaginous drinks, as flaxseed tea, gum water or sassafras pith and water; 
and lastly to administer finely-powdered bone-charcoal, either in pill or in mixture 
with water. 

1 In no case of poisoning should there be any avoidable delay in obtaining the advice 
o! a physician, and, meanwhile, the friends or bystanders should endeavor to find 
out exactly what has been taken, so that the treatment adopted may be as prompt 
and effective as possible. * 


DOSES OF MEDICINE. 


NAME OF DRUG. 


Aloes... 

Anise Oil. 

Aqua Ammonia(dilute) 

Balsam Copaiba. 

Balsam of Fir. 

Bismuth. 

Bromide of Potassium 

Buchu Leaves. 

Calomel (as alterative) 

Castor Oil. 

Citrate of Iron. 

Citrate Iron A Quinine 

Cream of Tartar. 

Dover’s Powder.. 

Elecampane. 

Epsom Salts. 

Gallic Acid. 

Iodide of Potassium... 

Kino. 

Mandrake. 

Mercury with Chalk.. 

Morphine. 

Muriate of Ammonia.. 

Opium. 

Paregoric. 

Peppermint Essence.. 

Pepsin. 

Quinine. 

Rochelle Salts. 

Rhubarb. 

Saltpetre. 

Samonin. 

Syrup of Squills. 

“ Iodide of Iron 
M Senna. 


POSE. 


3 to is grams. 

5 to 15 drops. 

10 to 30 drops. 

10 to 40 drops. 

3 to 10 drops. 

5 to 40 grains. 

5 to 40 grains. 

20 to 40 grains. 
1-12 to 1 grain, 
x to 8 teasp’fuls. 

2 to s grains. 

3 to 8 grains. 

ft to 3 teasp’fuls. 
5 to 10 grains. 

20 to 60 grains. 

Y to 1 ounce. 

5 to 10 grains. 

2 to 10 grains. 

10 to 30 grains. 

5 to bo grains. 

2 to 8 grains. 

% to % grain. 

S to 20 grains. 

Yz to 2 grains. 

1 teaspoonful. 

S to 30 drops. 

1 to 5 grains, 
x to 10 grains. 

Y to 1 ounce. 

5 to 3° grains. 

5 to 20 grains. 

2 to s grains. 

Yz to x teasp'ful. 
15 to 30 drops. 

1 to 6 teasp’fnls. 


NAME OF DRUG. 

Syrup of Sarsaparilla.. 

4 « 

Seneka....... 

44 

Rhubarb ..... 

Tannic Acid. 

Tinct. of Aconite Root 

44 

Aloes. 

44 

Asafcetida... 

44 

Belladona.... 

44 

Bloodroot.... 

44 

Columbo.... 

44 

Camphor.... 

44 

Cayenne. 

44 

Castor. 

44 

Catechu. 

44 

Cinch. Comp. 

44 

Colchicum... 

44 

Digitalis. 

44 

Ginger. 

44 

Gentian Com 

44 

Guaiac. 

44 

Kino. 

44 

Lobelia. 

44 

Muriate Iron. 

44 

Myrrh. 

44 

JNux Vomica. 

44 

Opium 

U 

(Laudanum) 
Rhubarb. 

44 

** & Senna 

44 

Tolu. 

44 

Valerian. 

Turpentine. 

Wine Ipecac (Diaph.). 

44 

** (Emetic). 

44 

Colchicum Root 


DOSB. 


x to 4 teasp’fuls. 

1 to 2 teasp’fuls. 
1 to 2 teasp’fuls. 
1 to 5 grains. 

1 to 5 drops. 

1 to 8 teasp’fuls. 
Y to 1 teasp’fufc 
10 to 30 drops. 

Y\ to Y teasp’fu!. 
1 to 2 teasp’fuls. 
5 to 60 drops. 

10 to 60 drops. 

t/ a/n _ a. _ 



72 A 1L 

5 to 10 drops. 


to 1 teasp’ful. 
Yz to 2 teasp’fuls. 


■Age, years .. 

Doses. 

Age , months 
Doses. 


Table of Proportionate Doses* 

. 80 65 50 25-40 20 16 

. till If 


12 8 5 S, 

tiff 

.12 6 2 1 

1 T A 


250 




























































Largest Safe Doses of Poisonous Drugs* 

Every person should know the largest doses, which is safe to 
take, of active iriedicines. The following table shows the larg¬ 
est doses admissible, in grammes, and also the equivalent in 
grains for solids, and in minims for liquids. The doses are ex¬ 
pressed in fractions, thus: 1-13, 1-64, meaning one-thirteenth, 
one-sixty-fourth. In non-professional hands it is the safest plan 
to strictly observe the rule of never giving the maximum dose of 
any medicine: 


Grammes. 


Grains. 
1-13 

% 
1 

-16 
2 % 


Medicines. 

Arsenious Acid.. .005 

Acid, Carbolic. 05 

“ Hydrocyanic. 06 

Aconita./. 0041 

Aconite Root. 15 

Arsenic, Iodide. 025 % 

Atropia. 001 1-64 

Atropia Sulph.. 001 1~64 

Barium, Chlor. 12 1 % 

Belladonna, Herb. 2 3 

•* Root.. 1 IV2 

Codia. 05 % 

Conia.. -001 1-64 

Digitalis. 3 4/4 

Ext. Aconite Leaves. 1 1 A 

Root. 025 % 

Belladonna. 1 |/2 

Cannabis Indica. 1 

Conium.IS 2 % 

Digitalis.. 2 o 

Nux Vomica, Ale. 05 %, 


Medicines. 


Grammes. Grains. 


Ext. Opium. 1 VA 

“ Stramon, Seed. 05 % 

Fowler’s Solution.... 4 6min. 

Lead, Sugar of. 06 9-10 

Mercury, Corrosive Chlor.. .03 9-20 

“ Red Iodide. 03 9-20 

Morphia and its Salts. 03 9-20 

Nitrate Silver... 03 9-20 

Oil, Croton. 06 9-10 

Opium. 15 2/4 

Phosphorus. 015 2-9 

Potassa, Arsenite. 005 1-13 

“ Cyanide. 03 9-20 

Santonine. 1 1/4 

Soda, Arsenite... 005 1-13 

Strychnia and Salts. 01 1-6 

Tartar Emetic.... 2 

Veratria.. .005 1-13 

Veratrum Viride.. .3 4/4 

Zinc, Chloride.. .015 2-9 

“ Valeriante. .06 9-10 


Relative Value of Food (Beef pari 

Oysters, 22: milk, 24: lobsters, 50: cream, 56: codfish, 68; eggs, 72, turbot, 84, 
mutton, 87; venison, 89; veal, 92; fowl, 94; herring, 100; beef, 100; duck, 104; sal¬ 
mon, 108; pork, 116; butter, 124; cheese, 155. 

Percentage off Carbon in Food. 

Cabbage, 3; beer, 4; carrots, 5; milk, 7; parsnips, 8; fish, 9; potatoes, 12; eggs, 16; 
beef, 27; bread, 27; cheese, 36; peas, 36; rice, 38; corn, 38; biscuit, 42; oatmeal, 42; 
sugar, 42; flour, 46; bacon, 54; cocoa, 69; butter, 79. 

Foot-tons of Energy Per Ounce off Food. 

Cabbage, 16; carrots, 20; milk, 24; ale, 30; potatoes, 38; porter, 42; beef, 55 » e SS> 
57; ham, 65; bread, 83; egg (yolk), 127; sugar, 130; rice, 145; flour, 148; arrowroot, 
151; oatmeal, 152; cheese, 168; butter, 281. 

Eoss off Meat in Cooking. 

100 lbs. raw beef 


400 


100 lbs. raw fowl 
100 “ 

100 " raw fish 


80 roast 
87 boiled 
94 boiled 


= 67 lbs. roast 

*« = 74 ** boiled 

“ raw mutton =75 “ roast 

Tlie Percentage off Starch. 

In common grains is as follows, according to Prof. Yeomans: Rice flour, 84 to 85, 
Indian meal, 77 to8o; oatmeal, 70 to 80; wheat flour, 39 to 77; barley flour, 67 10 70; 
rye flour, 50 to 61; buckwheat, 52; peas and beans, 421043; potatoes (75 per cent. 

water), ,3 t° >5- Degrecs of Sugar. 

In various fruits are: Peach. 1.6; raspberry, 4.0: strawberry, 5.7; currant, 6.1; 
gooseberry. 7.2; apple, 7.9; mulberry, 9.2; pear, 9.4; cherry, 10.8; grape, 14.9. 

251 















































Digestion of Various Foods* 

Easy of Digestion—Arrowroot, asparagus, cauliflower, baked 

apples, oranges, grapes, strawberries, peaches. 

Moderately Digestible—Apples, raspberries, bread, puddings, 

rhubarb, chocolate, coffee, porter. 

Hard to Digest—Nuts, pears, plums, cherries, cucumbers. 

Onions, carrots, parsnips. 


TIME REQUIRED FOR DIGESTION. 


Hrs. Min. 


Apples, sweet. 1 30 

“ sour. 2 00 

Beans, pod, boiled.2 30 

Beef, Iresh, rare, roasted.3 00 

“ “ dried..3 30 

" “ fried.4 00 

Beets, boiled.3 45 

Bread, wheat, fresh.3 30 

“ corn.3 15 

Butter (melted).3 30 

Cabbage, with vinegar, raw.2 00 

“ boiled.4 30 

Cheese (old, strong).3 30 

Codfish.2 00 

Custard, baked.2 45 

Ducks, domestic, roasted.4 00 

“ wild, “ .4 30 

Eggs, fresh, hard, boiled.3 30 

“ *• soft “ 3 00 

“ “ fried.3 30 

Goose, roast.2 00 

Lamb, fresh, boiled.2 30 

Liver, beef, boiled.2 00 

Milk, boiled.2 00 

“ raw.. 2 15 

Parsnips, boiled.2 30 


Hrs. Min. 


Mutton, roast. .3 15 

“ broiled. 3 00 

“ boiled. 3 00 

Oysters, raw.2 55 

“ roast. 3 15 

•* stewed. 3 30 

Pork, fat and lean, roast.5 15 

“ “ “ boiled. 3 15 

“ “ “ raw.3 00 

Potatoes, boiled.3 30 

“ baked. 2 30 

Rice boiled. 1 00 

Sago “ 1 45 

Salmon, salted, boiled.4 00 

Soup, beef, vegetable.4 00 

“ chicken boiled.3 00 

“ oyster “ .3 30 

Tapioca, boiled.2 00 

Tripe, soused, boiled.1 00 

Trout, fresh, boiled or fried.1 30 

Turkey, domestic, roast.2 00 

“ wild, roast. 2 18 

Turnips, boiled.3 30 

Veal, fresh, broiled.4 00 

“ fresh, fried.4 30 

Venison steak, broiled.1 35 


Fat, Water and Muscle Properties of Food* 


IOO PARTS. 

Water. Muscle 

. Fat. 

Cucumbers. 

-97.0 

1.5 

1.0 

Turnips.. 

....94.4 

1.1 

4.0 

Cabbage. 


4.0 

5.0 

Milk, cows’. 

.86.0 

5.0 

8.0 

Apples. 


5.0 

10.0 

Eggs, yolk of. 

.79.0, 

15.0 

27.0 

Potatoes...... 


1.4 

22.5 

Veal. 


10.1 

1.65 

Eggs, white of_ 

.53.0 

17.0 

.0 

Lamb. 


11.0 

35.0 

Beef... 


15.0 

30.0 

Chicken. 


18.0 

32.0 


IOO PARTS. 

Mutton. 

Pork.. 

Beans. 

Buckwheat. 

Barley. 

Corn. 

Peas. 

Wheat. 

Oats. 

Rice.. 

Cheese. 

Butter. 


Water. Muscle. Fat 

•••44.0 12.5 40.0 

• ••38.5 10.00 50.0 

...14.8 24.0 57.7 

....14.2 8.6 75.4 

... 14.0 15.0 68.8 

...14.0 12.0 73.0 

....14.0 23.4 60.0 

....14.0 14.6 69.4 

....13.6 17.0 66.4 

....13.5 6.5 79.5 

....10.0 65.0 19.0 

100.0 


Percentage of Nutrition in Various Articles of Food. 

Raw cucumbers, 2 ; raw mellons, 3 ; boiled turnips, 4 ^; milk, 7 ; cabbage, 7^5 
currants, 10 ; whipped eggs, 13 ; beets, 14 ; apples, 16 ; peaches, 20 ; boiled codfish, 
21 ; broiled venison, 22 ; potatoes, 22 %'. fried veal, 24 ; roast pork, 24 ; roast poul¬ 
try, 26 ; raw beef 26 ; raw grapes, 27 ; raw plums, 29 ; broiled mutton, 30 : oatmeal 
porridge, 75 ; ryebread. 79 ; boiled beans, 87 ; boiled rice, 88 ; barley bread, 88 : 
wheat bread, 90 ; baked corn bread, 91 ; boiled barley, 92 : butter, 93 ; boiled peas! 
93 ; raw oils, 94 . v 


252 
















































































CANARY BIRDS. 

HOW TO KEEP THEM HEALTHY AND IN GOOD SONG. 

Place the cage so that no draught of air can strike the bird. 
Give nothing to healthy birds but rape, hemp, canary seed, 
water, cuttle-fish bone, and gravel paper or sand on floor of cage, 

A bath three times a week. 

The room should not be overheated. 

When moulting keep warm and avoid all draughts of air. 

Give plenty of German summer rape seed. A little hard 

boiled egg mixed with cracker, grated fine, once or twice a week, is excellent. 

Feed at a certain hour in the morning. 

DISEASES AND CURES. 

Husk or Asthma. The curatives are aperients, such as en¬ 

dive, water cresses, bread and milk and red pepper. 

Pip. Mix red pepper, butter and garlic and swab out the 

throat. 

Sweating. Wash the hen in salt and water, and dry rapidly. 
Costiveness. Plenty of green food and fruit. 

Obstruction of the Rump Gland. Pierce with a needle. 

Press the inflamed matter out, and drop fine sugar over the wound. 

Lice. Keep a saucer of fresh water in the cage and the bird 

will free itself. 

Overgrown Claws or Beak. Pare carefully with a sharp 

knife. 

Moulting. Give plenty of good food and keep warm. Saf¬ 

fron and a rusty nail put in their'drinking water is excellent. 

Loss of Voice. Feed with paste of bread, lettuce and rape 

seed with yoke of egg. Whisky and sugar Is an excellent remedy. 

What a Horse Can Draw. 

On metal rails a horse can draw: 

One and two-thirds times as much as on asphalt pavement. 

Three and one-third times as much as on good Belgian blocks. 

Five times as much as on ordinary Belgian blocks. 

Seven times as much as on good cobble-stone. 

Thirteen times as much as on ordinary cobble-stone. 

Twenty times as much as on an earth road. 

Forty times as much as on sand. 

A modern compilation of engineering maxims states that a horse can drag, as 
compared with what he can carry on his back, in the following proportions: On 
the worst earthen road, three times more; on a good macadamized road, nine: on 
plank, twenty-five; on a stone trackway, thirty-three; and on a good railway, fifty- 
four times as much. 


Test for Glue. 

The following simple and easy test for glue is given : A weighed 
piece of glue (say one-third of an ounce) is suspended in water for 
twenty-four hours, the temperature of which is not above fifty 
degrees Fahrenheit. The coloring material sinks, and the glue swells 
from the absorption of the water. The glue is then taken out and 
weighed ; the greater the increase in weight the better the glue, it 
it then be dried perfectly and weighed again, the weight of the color¬ 
ing matter can be learned from the difference between this and tliC 
Original weight, 253 




USEFUL RECIPES, TRADE SECRETS, ETC. 


Tootnache Cure. Compound tinct. benzoin is said to be one 

of the most certain and speedy cures for toothache; pour a few drops on cotton, and 
press at once into the diseased cavity, when the pain will almost instantly cease. 

Toothache Tincture. Mix tannin, i scruple; mastic, 3 grains; 

ether, 2 drams. Apply on cotton wool, to the tooth, previously dried. 

Charcoal Tooth Paste. Chlorate of potash, dram; mint 

water, i ounce. Dissolve and add powdered charcoal, 2 ounces;Toney, 1 ounce. 

Excellent Mouth Wash. Powdered white Castile soap, 2 

drams; alcohol, 3 ounces; honey, 1 ounce; essence or extract jasmine, 2 drams. 
Dissolve the soap in alcohol and add honey and extract. 

Removing Tartar from the Teeth. This preparation is used by 

dentists. Pure muriatic acid, one ounce; water, one ounce; honey, two ounces; mix 
thoroughly. Take a toothbrush, and wet it freely with this preparation, and briskly 
rub the black teeth, and in a moment’s time they will be perfectly white; then im¬ 
mediately wash out the mouth well with water, that the acid may not act on the 
enamel of the teeth. This should be done only occasionally. 

Bad Breath. Bad breath from catarrh, foul stomach, or bad 

teeth, may be temporarily relieved by diluting a little bromo chloralum with eight 
or ten parts of water, and using it as a gargle, and swallowing a few drops before 
going out. A pint of bromo chloralum costs fifty cents, but a small vial will last a 
long time. 

Good Tooth Powder. Procure, at a druggist’s, half an ounce of 

powdered orris root, half an ounce of prepared chalk finely pulverized, and two or 
three small lumps of Dutch pink. Let them all be mixed in a mortar, and pounded 
together. The Dutch pinkis to impartapale reddish color. Keepitin a close box. 

Another Tooth Powder. Mix together, in a mortar, half an 
ounce of red Peruvian bark, finely powdered; a quarter of an ounce of powdered 
myrrh; and a quarter of an ounce of prepared chalk. 

A Safe Depilatory. Take a strong solution of sulphuret of 

barium, and add enough finely powdered starch to make a paste. Apply to the 
roots of the hair and allow it to remain on a few minutes, then scrape off with the 
back edge of a knife blade, and rub with sweet oil. 

Quick Depilatory for Removing Hair. Best slacked lime, 6 

ounces; orpiment, fine powder, 1 ounce. Mix with a covered sieve and preserve in 
a dry place in closely stoppered bottles. In using mix the powder with enough 
water to form a paste, and apply to the hair to be removed. In about five minutes, 
or as soon as its caustic action is felt on the skin, remove, as in shaving, with an 
ivory or bone paper knife, wash with cold water freely, and apply cold cream 

Tricopherous for the Hair. Castor oil, alcohol, each 1 pint; 

tinct. cantharides, one ounce; oil bergamot, J 4 ounce; alkanet coloring, to color as 
wished. Mix and let it stand forty-eight hours, with occasional shaking, and then 
filter. 

Liquid Shampoo. Take bay rum, 2 % pints; water, pint; 

glycerine, 1 ounce; tinct. cantharides, 2 drams; carbonate of ammonia, 2 drams 
borax, jounce; or take of New England rum, pints; bay rum, 1 pint; water ^ 
pint: glycerine, 1 ounce; tinct. cantharides, 2 drams; ammon. carbonate, 2 
drams; borax, ounce; the salts to be dissolved in water and the other ingredi¬ 
ents to be added gradually. 

Cleaning Hair Brushes^ Put a teaspoonful or dessertspoonful 
or aqua ammonia into a basin half full of water, comb the loose hairs out of the 
brush, then agitate the water briskly with the brush, and rinse it well with clear 
water. 

Hair Invigorator. Bay rum, two pints; alcohol, one pint; cas¬ 
tor oil, one ounce; carb. ammonia, half an ounce; tincture of cantharides, one 
ounce. Mix them well. This compound will promote the growth of the hair and 
prevent it from falling out. 


254 



USEFUL RECIPES , ETC, 


For Dandruff. Take glycerine, four ounces; tincture of can- 

tharides, five ounces; bay rum, four ounces; water, two ounces. Mix, and apply once 
a day, and rub well down the scalp. 

Mustache Grower. ' Simple cerate, i ounce; oil bergamot, io 

minims; saturated tinct. of cantharides, 15 minims. Rub them together thoroughly, 
or melt the cerate and stir in the tincture while hot, and the oil as soon as it is 
nearly cold, then run into molds or rolls. To be applied as a pomade, rubbing in 
at the roots of the hair. Care must be used not to inflame the skin by too frequent 
application. 

Razor-strop Paste. Wet the strop with a little sweet oil, and 

apply a little flour of emery evenly over the surface. 

Shaving Compound. Half a pound of plain white soap, dis¬ 
solved in a small quantity of alcohol, as little as can be used; add a tablespoonful 
of pulverized borax. Shave the soap and put it in a small tin basin or cup; place it 
on the fire in a dish of boiling water; when melted, add the alcohol, and remove 
from the fire; stir in oil of bergamot sufficient to perfume it. 

Cure for Prickly Heat. Mix a large portion of wheat bran 

with either cold or lukewarm water, and use it as a bath twice or thrice a day. 
Children who are covered with prickly heat in warm weather will be thus effectu- 
allyrelieved from that tormenting eruption. As soon as it begins to appear on the 
neck, face, or arms, commence using the bran water on these parts repeatedly 
through the day, and it may probably spread no farther. If it does, the bran water 
bath will certainly cure it, if persisted in. * 

To Remove Corns from Between the Toes. These corns are gen¬ 
erally more painful than any others, and are frequently situated as to be almost in¬ 
accessible to the usual remedies. Wetting them several times a day with hartshorn 
will in most cases cure them. Try it. 

Superior Cologne Water. Oil of lavender, two drams; oil of 

rosemary, one dram and a half; orange, lemon and bergamot, one dram each 
of the oil; also two drams of the essence of musk, attar of rose ten drops, and a 
pint of proof spirit. Shake all together thoroughly three times a day for a week. 

Inexhaustible Smelling Salts. Sal tartar, three drams; mur¬ 
iate ammonia, granulated, 6 drams; oil neroli, 5 minims; oil lavender flowers, 5 mm- 
ims; oil rose, 3 minims; spirits ammonia, 15 minims. Put into the pungent a small 
piece of sponge filling about one-fourth the space, and pour on it a due proportion 
of the oils, then put in the mixed salts until the bottle is three-fourths full, and pour 
on the spirits of ammonia in proper proportion and close the bottle. 

Volatile Salts for Pungents. Liquor ammon., fort, 1 pint, oil 

lavender flowers, 1 dram, oil rosemary, fine, x dram, oil bergamot, dram, 
oil peppermint, 10 minims. Mix thoroughly and fill pungents or keep in well 
stoppered bottle. Another formula is, sesqui-carbonate of ammonia, small pieces, 10 
ounces, concentrated liq. ammonia, 5 ounces. Put the sesqui-carb. in a wide mouth 
jar with air-tight stopper, perfume the liquor ammonia to suit and pour over the car¬ 
bonate, close tightly the lid and place in a cool place, stir with a stiff spatula every 
other day fora week, and then keep it closed for two weeks, or until it becomes 
hard, when it is ready for use. 

Paste for Papering Boxes. Boil water and stir in batter of 

wheat or rye flour. Let it boil one minute, take off and strain through a colander. 
Add, while boiling, a little glue or powdered alum. Do plenty of stirring while the 
paste is cooking, and make of consistency that will spread nicely. 

Aromatic Spirit of Vinegar. Acetic acid, No. 8, pure, 8 

ounces; camphor, ounce. Dissolve and add oil lemon, oil lavender flowers, each 
two drams; oil cassia, oil cloves, % dram each. Thoroughly mix and keep in 
well stoppered bottle. 

Rose-Water. Preferable to the distilled for a perfume, or for 
culinary purposes: Attar of rose, twelve drops; rub it up with half an ounce of 
white sugar and two drams carbonate magnesia, then add gradually one quart of 
water and two ounces of proof spirit, and filter through paper, 

255 


USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

Bay Rum. French proof spirit, one gallon; extract bay, six 

ounces. Mix and color with caramel; needs no filtering. 

Fine Lavender Water. Mix together, in a clean bottle, a pint 
of inodorous spirit of wine, an ounce of oil of lavender, a teaspoonful of oil of berga¬ 
mot, and a tablespoonful of oil of ambergris. 

The Virtues of Turpentine. After a housekeeper fully realizes 

the worth of turpentine in the household, she is never willing to be without a sup¬ 
ply of it. It gives quick relief to burns, it is an excellent application for corns, it is 
good for rheumatism and sore throats, and it is the quickest remedy for convulsions 
or fits. Then it is a sure preventive against moths by just dropping a trifle in the 
bottom of drawers, chests and cupboards, it will render the garments secure from 
injury during the summer. It will keep ants and bugs from closets and store-rooms 
by putting a few drops in the corners and upon the shelves it is sure destruction to 
bedbugs, and will effectually drive them away from their haunts if thoroughly ap¬ 
plied to all the joints of the bedstead in the spring cleaning time, and injures neither 
furniture nor clothing. A spoonful of it added to a pail of warm water is excellent 
for cleaning paint. A little in suds washing days lightens laundry labor. 

A Perpetual Paste is a paste that may be made by dissolving 
an ounce of alum in a quart of warm water. When cold, add as much flour as will 
make it the consistency of cream, then stir into it half a teaspoonful of powdered re¬ 
sin, and two or three cloves. Boil it to a consistency of mush,stirring all the time. It 
will keep for twelve months, and when dry may be softened with warm water. 

Paste for Scrap Books. Take half a teaspoonful of starch, 

same of flour, pour on a little boiling water, let it stand a minute, add more water, 
stir and cook it until it is thick enough to starch a shirt bosom. It spreads smooth, 
sticks well and will not mold or discolor paper. Starch alone will make a very good 
paste. 

A Strong Paste. A paste that will neither decay nor become 
moldy. Mix good clean flour with cold water into a thick paste well blended to¬ 
gether, then add boiling water, stirring well up until it is of a consistency that can 
be easily and smoothly spread with a brush; add to this a spoonful or two of brown 
sugar, a little corrosive sublimate and about half a dozen drops of oil of lavender, 
and you will have a paste that will hold with wonderful tenacity. 

A Brilliant Paste. A brilliant and adhesive paste, adapted to 

fancy articles, may be made by dissolving caseine precipitated from milk by acetic 
acid and washed with pure water in a saturated solution of borax. 

A Sugar Paste. In order to prevent the gum from cracking, to 
ten parts by weight of gum arabicand three parts of sugar, add water until the de¬ 
sired consistency is obtained. If a very strong paste is required, add a quantity of 
flour equal in weight to the gum, without boiling the mixture. The paste improves 
in strength when it begins to ferment. 

Tin Box Cement. To fix labels to tin boxes either of the follow¬ 
ing will answer: i. Soften good glue in water, then boil it in strong vinegar, and 
thicken the liquid while boiling with fine wheat flour, so that a paste results. 2 . 
Starch paste, with which a little Venice turpentine has been incorporated while 
warm. 

Paper and Leather Paste. Cover four parts, by weight, of 

glue, with fifteen parts of cold water, and allow it to soak for several hours, then 
warm moderately till the solution is perfectly clear, and dilute with sixty parts of 
boiling water, intimately stirred in. Next prepare a solution of thirty parts of starch 
in two hundred parts of cold water, so as to form a thin homogeneous liquid, free 
from lumps, and pour the boiling glue solution into it with thorough stirring, and a 
the same time keep the mass boiling. 

Commercial Mucilage. The best quality of mucilage in the 

market is made by dissolving clear glue in equal volumes of water and strong vine¬ 
gar, and adding one-fourth of an equal volume of alcohol, and a small quantity of a 
solution of alum in water. Some of the cheaper preparations offered for sale are 
merely boiled starch or flour, mixed with nitric acid to prevent their gelatinizing, 

256 


USE PUL RECIPES , ETC. 

Acid-Proof Paste. A paste formed by mixing powdered glass 
with a concentrated solution of silicate of soda makes an excellent acid-proof 
cement. 

Paste to Fasten Cloth to Wood. Take a plump pound of wheat 

flour, one tablespoonful of powdered resin, one tablespoonful of finely powdered 
alum, and rub the mixture in a suitable vessel, with water, to a uniform, smooth 
paste; transfer this to a small kettle over a fire, and stir until the paste is perfectly 
homogeneous without lumps. As soon as the mass has become so stiff that the 
stirrer remains upright in it, transfer it to another vessel and cover it up so that no 
skin may form on its surface. 

This paste is applied in a very thin layer to the surface of the table; the cloth, or 
leather, is then laid and pressed upon it, and smoothed with a roller. The ends are 
cut off after drying. If leather is to be fastened on, this must first be moistened 
with water. The paste is then applied, and the leather rubbed smooth with a 
cloth. 

Paste for Printing Office. Take two gallons of cold water 

and one quart wheat flour, rub out all the lumps, then add one-fourth pound of 
finely pulverized alum and boil the mixture for ten minutes, or until a thick con¬ 
sistency is reached. Now add one quart of hot waterand boil again, until the paste 
becomes a pale brown color, and thick. The paste should be well stirred during 
both processes of cooking. Paste thus made will keep sweet for two weeks and 
prove very adhesive. 

To Take Smoke Stains from Walls. An easy and sure way to 

remove smoke stains from common plain ceilings is to mix wood ashes with the 
whitewash just before applying. A pint of ashes to a small pail of whitewash is suf¬ 
ficient, but a little more or less will do no harm. 

To Remove Stains from Broadcloth. Take an ounce of pipe 

clay, which has been ground fine, mix it with twelve drops of alcohol and the same 
quantity of spirits of turpentine. Whenever you wish to remove any stains from 
cloth, moisten a little of this mixture with alcohol and rub it on the spots. Let it re* 
main till dry, then rub it off with a woolen cloth, and the spots will disappear. 

To Remove Red Stains of Fruit from Linen. Moisten the 
cloth and hold it over a piece of burning sulphur, then wash thoroughly, or else the 
spots may reappear. 

To Remove Oil Stains. Take three ounces of spirits of turpen¬ 
tine. and one ounce of essence of lemon, mix well, and apply it as you would any 
other scouring drops. It will take out all the grease. 

Iron Stains may be removed by the salt of lemons. Many 
stains may be removed by dipping the linen in sour buttermilk, and then drying it 
in a hot sun; wash it in cold water, repeat this three or four times. 

To Remove Oil Stains from Wood. Mix together fuller’s earth 
and soap lees, and rub it into the boards. Let it dry and then scour it off with some 
strong soft soap and sand, or use lees to scour it with. It should be put on hot, 
which may easily be done by heating the lees. 

To Remove Tea Stains. Mix thoroughly soft soap and salt—say 

a tablespoonful of salt to a teacupful of soap, rub on the spots, and spread the cloth 
on the grass where the sun will shine on it. Let it lie two or three days, then wash. 
If the spots are wet occasionally while lying on the grass, it will hasten the bleach¬ 
ing. 

To Remove Stains from Muslin. If you have stained your 

muslin or gingham dress, or your white pants with berries, before wetting with any¬ 
thing else, pour boiling water through the stains and they will disappear. Before 
fruit juice dries it can often be removed by cold water, using a sponge and towel if 
necessary. 

To Remove Acid Stains. Stains caused by acids may be re¬ 
moved by tying some pearlash up in the stained part; scrape some soap iu cold, soft 
water, and boil the linen until the stain is gone. 

257 


USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

To Disinfect Sinks and Drains. Copperas dissolved in water, 

one-fourth of a pound to a gallon, and poured into a sink and water drain occasion¬ 
ally, will keep such places sweet and wholesome. A little chloride of lime, say half 
a pound to a gallon of water, will have the same effect, and either of these costs but 
a trifle. 

A preparation may be made at home which will answer about as well as the chlo¬ 
ride of iime. Dissolve a bushel of salt in a barrel of water, and with the salt water 
slack a barrel of lime, which should be made wet enough to form a thin paste or 
wash. 

To Disinfect a Cellar. A damp, musty cellar may be sweetened 

by sprinkling upon the floor pulverized copperas, chloride of lime, or even common 
lime. The most effective means I have ever used to disinfect decaying vegetable 
matter is chloride of lime in solution. One pound may be dissolved in two gallons of 
water. Plaster of Paris has also been found an excellent absorbent of noxious odors. 
If used one part with three parts of charcoal, it will be found still better. 

How to Thaw Out a Water Pipe. Water pipes usually freeze up 

when exposed, for inside the walls, where they cannot be reached, they are or 
should be packed to prevent freezing. To thaw out a frozen pipe, bundle a news¬ 
paper into a torch, light it, and pass it along the pipe slowly. The ice will yield to 
this much quicker than to hot water or wrappings of hot cloths, as is the common 
practice. 

To Prevent Mold. A small quantity of carbolic acid added to 

paste, mucilage, and ink, will prevent mold. An ounce of the acid to a gallon of 
whitewash will keep cellars and dairies from the disagreeable odor which often 
taints milk and meat kept in such places. 

Economical FireKindler. One may be made by dipping corn 

cobs in a mixture of melted resin and tar, and drying. 

Thawing Frozen Gas Pipe. Mr. F. H. Shelton says: “I took 

off from over the pipe some four or five inches, just a crust of earth, and then put a 
couple of bushels of lime in the space, poured water over it, and slacked it, and 
then put canvas over that, and rocks on the canvas, so as to keep the wind from get¬ 
ting underneath. Next morning, on returning there, I found that the frost had been 
drawn out from the ground for nearly three feet. You can appreciate what an ad¬ 
vantage that was, for picking through frozen ground, with the thermometer below 
zero, is no joke. Since then we have tried it several times. It is an excellent plan 
if you have time enough to let the lime work. In the daytime you cannot afford to 
waste the time, but if you have a spare night in which to work, it is worth while to 
try it.” 

How to Test a Thermometer. The common thermometer in a 
Jppanned iron case is usually inaccurate. To test the thermometer, bring water 
into the condition of active boiling, warm the thermometer gradually in the steam 
and then plunge it into the water. If it indicate a fixed temperature of two hundred 
and twelve degrees, the instrument is a good one. 

How to Keep Eggs Fresh. The great secret in keeping eggs 

consists in entirely excluding the air from the interior. The lining next to the shell 
is, when in its natural stage, impervious to air, and the albumen is calculated to sus¬ 
tain it, but dampness and heat will cause decay, and, if the egg is allowed to lie in 
one position, especially upon one side, the yolk sinks through the albumen and set¬ 
tles upon the lining, and, not possessing proper qualities for preserving the skin in 
a healthy condition, it dries, and air penetrates and begins the work of destruction. 
Where eggs are set upon their small ends, the yolk is much less liable to reach 
the lining of the shell. Where eggs are packed in a barrel, keg or bucket, it is a 
good plan to turn the whole quantity onto a different side once in a while. 

Indelible Ink. An indelible ink that cannot be erased, even 

with acids, can be obtained from the following recipe; To good gall ink add a 
strong solution of Prussian blue dissolved in distilled water. This will form a writ¬ 
ing fluid which cannot be erased without destruction of the paper. The ink will 
write greenish blue, but afterward will turn black. 

258 


USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

To Get; a Broken Cork Out of a Bottle. If in drawing a cork it 

breaks, and the lower part falls down into the liquid, tie a long loop in a bit of 
twine, or small cord, and put it in, holding the bottle so as to bring the piece of cork 
near to the lower part of the neck. Catch it in the loop, so as to hold it stationary 
\ou can then easily extract it with a corkscrew. ' 

A Wash for Cleaning Silver. Mix together half an ounce of 

fine salt, half an ounce of powdered alum, and half an ounce of cream of tartar. Put 
them into a large white-ware pitcher, and pour on two quarts of water, and stir them 
frequently, till entirely dissolved. Then transfer the mixture to clean bottles, and 
cork them closely. Before using it, shake the bottles well. Pour some of the liquid 
into a bowl, and wash the silver all over with it, using an old, soft, fine linen cloth 
Cet it stand about ten minutes, and then rub it dry, with a buckskin. It will make the 
silver look like new. 

To Remove the Odor from a Vial. The odor of its last contents 

may be removed from a vial by filling it with cold water, and letting it stand in any 
airy place uncorked for three days, changing the water every day. 

To Loosen a Glass Stopper. The manner in which apotheca- 

nesloosen glass stoppers when there is difficulty in getting them out, is to press the 
thumb of the right hand very hard against the lower part of the stopper, and then 
give the stopper a twist the other way, with the thumb and forefinger of the left 
hand, keeping the bottle stiff in a steady position. 

To Make Shoes or Boots Water-Proof. Melt together, in a 

pipkin, equal quantities of beeswax and mutton suet. While liquid rub it over the 
leather, including the soles. 

To Soften Boots and Shoes. Kerosene will soften boots and 

shoes which have been hardened by water, and render them as pliable as new. 

To Remove Stains, Spots, and Mildew from Furniture. Take 

half a pint of ninety-eight per cent, alcohol, a quarter of an ounce each of pulver¬ 
ized resin and gum shellac, add half a pint of linseed oil, shake well and apply with 
a brush or sponge. Sweet oil will remove finger marks from varnished furniture, 
and kerosene from oiled furniture. 

To Freshen Gilt Frames. Gilt frames may be revived by care¬ 
fully dusting them, and then washing with one ounce of soda beaten up with the 
whites of three eggs. Scraped patches should be touched up with gold paint. Cas¬ 
tile soap and water, with proper care, may be used to clean oil paintings. Other 
methods should not be employed without some skill. 

To Fill Cracks in Plaster. Use vinegar instead of water to 
mix your plaster of Paris. The resultant mass will be like putty, and will not "set” 
for twenty or thirty minutes, whereas if you use water the plaster will become hard 
almost immediately, before you have time to use it. Push it into the cracks and 
smooth it off nicely with a tableknife. 

To Toughen Lamp Chimneys and Glassware. Immerse the ar¬ 
ticle in a pot filled with cold water, to which some common salt has been added. 
Boil the water well, then cool slowly. Glass treated in this way will resist any sud< 
den change of temperature. 

To Remove Paint from Window-Glass. Rub it well with hot, 

sharp vinegar. 

To Clean Stovepipe. A piece of zinc put on the live coals in 

the stove will clean out the stovepipe. 

To Brighten Carpets. Carpets after the dust has been beaten 

out may be brightened by scattering upon them cornmeal mixed with salt and then 
sweeping it off. Mix salt and meal in equal proportions. Carpets should be thor¬ 
oughly beaten on the wrong side first and then on the right side, after which spots 
may be removed by the use of ox-gall or ammonia and water. 

Kerosene Stains in Carpets may be removed by sprinkling 

buckwheat flour over the spot. If one sprinkling is not enough, repeat. 

259 


USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

To Keep Flowers Fresh exclude them from the air. To do this 

wet them thoroughly, put in a damp box, and cover with wet raw cotton or wet 
newspaper, then place in a cool spot. To preserve bouquets, put a little saltpetre 
in the water you use for your bouquets, and the flowers will live for a fortnight. 

To Preserve Brooms. Dip them for a minute or two in a 

kettle of boiling suds once a week and they will last much longer, making them 
tough and pliable. A carpet wears much longer swept with a broom cared for in 
this manner. 

To Clean Brassware. Mix one ounce of oxalic acid, six 

ounces of rotten stone, all in powder, one ounce of sweet oil, and sufficient water 
to make a paste. Apply a small proportion, and rub dry with a flannel or leather. 
The liquid dip most generally used consists of nitric and sulphuric acids, but this is 
more corrosive. 

Polish or Enamel for Shirt Bosoms is made by melting to¬ 
gether one ounce of white wax and two ounces of spermaceti; heat gently and turn 
into a very shallow pan; when cold cut or break in pieces. When making boiled 
starch the usual way, enough for a dozen bosoms, add to it a piece of the polish the 
size of a hazel nut. 

To Keep Out Mosquitoes. If a bottle of the oil of pennyroyal is 

left uncorked in a room at night, not a mosquito, nor any other blood-sucker, will 
be found there in the morning. 

Destruction of Rats. The following recipe for the destruction 

originated with Dr. Ure, and is highly recommended as the best known means of 
getting rid of these most obnoxious and destructive vermin. Melt hog’s lard in a 
bottle plunged in water, heated to about 150 degrees of Fahrenheit, introduce into 
it half an ounce of phosphorus for every pound of lard, then add a pint of proof 
spirit, or whisky, cork the bottle firmly after its contents have been heated to 150 de¬ 
grees, taking it at the same time out of the water, and agitate smartly until the phos¬ 
phorus becomes uniformly diffused, forming a milky-looking liquid. This liquid, 
being cooled, will afford a white compound of phosphorus and lard, from which the 
spirit spontaneously separates, and may be poured off to be used again for the same 
purpose, but not for drinking, for none of it enters into the combination, but it 
merely serves to comminute the phosphorus, and diffuse it in very small particles 
through the lard. This compound, on being warmed very gently, may be poured 
out into a mixture of wheat flour and sugar, incorporated therewith, and then 
flavored with oil of rhodium, or not, at pleasure. The flavor may be varied with oil 
of aniseed, etc. This dough, being made into pellets, is to be laid into rat holes. 
By its luminousness in the dark, it attracts their notice, and, being agreeable to their 
palates and noses, it is readily eaten, and proves certainly fatal. 

To Kill Cockroaches. A teacupful of well bruised plaster of 

Paris, mixed with double the quantity of oatmeal, to which a little sugar may be 
added, although this last named ingredient is not essential. Strew it on the floor 
or into the chinks where they frequent. 

Earwigs are very destructive insects, their favorite food being 

the petals of roses, pinks, dahlias, and other flowers. They may be caught by driv¬ 
ing stakes into the ground, and placing on each an inverted flower pot, for the ear- 
wigs will climb up and take refuge under the pot, when the£ may be taken out and 
killed. Clean bowls of tobacco pipes, placed in like manner on the tops of smaller 
sticks, are very good traps, or very deep holes may be made in the ground with a 
crowbar, into which they will fall, and may be destroyed by boiling water. 

To Destroy Ants. Drop some quicklime on the mouth of their 

nest, and wash it in with boiling water, or dissolve some camphor in spirits of wine, 
then mix with water, and pour into their haunts, or tobacco water, which has been 
found effectual. They are averse to strong scents. Camphor, or a sponge saturated 
with creosote, will prevent their infesting a cupboard. To prevent their climbing 
up trees place a ring of tar about the trunk, or a circle of rag moistened occasion¬ 
ally with creosote. 


260 


USEFUL RECIPES , ETC. 

To Prevent Moths. In the month of April or May, beat your 
fur garments well with a small cane or elastic stick, then wrap them up in linen 
without pressing them too hard, and put betwixt the folds some camphor in smali 
lumps; then put your furs in this state in boxes well closed. When the furs are 
wanted for use, beat them well as before, and expose them for twenty-four hours to 
the air, which will take away the smell of the camphor. If the fur has long hair, as 
bear or lox, add to the camphor an equal quantity of black pepper in powder. 

To Get Rid of Moths. 1. Procure shavings of cedar wood, and 

inclose in muslin bags, which can be distributed freely among the clothes. 

2* Procure shavings of camphor wood, and inclose in bags. 

3. Sprinkle pimento (allspice) berries among the clothes. 

4. Sprinkle the clothes with the seeds of the musk plant. 

6 . To destroy Ihe eggs, when deposited in woolen cloths, etc.. 

Use a solution of acetate of potash in spirits of rosemary, fifteen grains to the pint. 

Bed Bugs. Spirits of naphtha rubbed with a small painter’s 
brush into every part of the bedstead is a certain way of getting rid of bugs. The 
mattress and binding of the bed should be examined, and the same process attended 
to, as they generally harbor more in these parts than in the bedstead. Ten 
cents worth of naphtha is sufficient for one bed. 

Bug Poison. Proof spirit, one pint; camphor, two ounces; oil 
of turpentine, four ounces; corrosive sublimate, one ounce. Mix. A correspondent 
says, “I have been fora long time troubled with bugs, and never could get rid of 
them by any clean and expeditious method, until a friend told me to suspend a 
small bag of camphor to the bed, just in the center, overhead. I did so, and the 
enemy was most effectually repulsed, and has not made his appearance since—not 
even for a reconnoissance!” This is a simple method of getting rid of these pests, 
and is worth a trial to see if it be effectual in other cases. 

Mixture for Destroying Flies. Infusion of quassia, one pint; 

brown sugar, four ounces; ground pepper, two ounces. To be well mixed together, 
and put in small, shallow dishes when required. 

To Destroy Flies in a room, take half a teaspoonful of black 

pepper in powder, one teaspoonful of brown sugar, and one tablespoonful of cream, 
mix them well together, and place them in the room on a plate, where the flies are 
troublesome, and they will soon disappear. 

How to Destroy Insects. The Bureau of Entomology, Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture, Washington, sends out the following, for use as insecticides on 
Or about plants, etc.; London purple—To twenty pounds flour from one-quarter to 
One-half pound is added and well mixed. This is applied with a sifter or blower. 
With forty gallons of water one-quarter to one-half pound is mixed for spraying. 
Paris Green—With twenty pounds of flour’from three-quarters to one pound is mixed 
and applied by sifting or by a blower. The same amount of the insecticide to forty 
gallons of water is used as a spray. Bisulphate of Carbon—For use in the ground 
a quantity is poured or injected among the roots that are being infected. Against 
insects damaging stored grain of museum material a small quantity is used in an 
air-tight vessel. Carbolic Acid—A solution of one part in ioo of water is used against 
parasites on domestic animals and their barns and sheds; also on the surface of 
plants and among the roots in the ground. Helebore—The powder is sifted on alone 
or mixed one part to twenty of flour. With one gallon of water one-quarter pound 
is mixed for spraying. Kerosene-Milk Emulsion—To one part milk add two parts 
kerosene, and churn by force pump or other agitator. The butter-like emulsion is 
diluted ad libitum with water. An easier method is to simply mix one part kerosene 
with eight of milk. Soap Emulsion—In one gallon hot water one-half pound whale 
oil soap is dissolved. This, instead of milk, is mixed to an emulsion with kerosene 
in the same manner and proportion as above. Pyrethrum, Persian Insect Powder 
—Is blown or sifted on dry, also applied in water one gallon to a tablespoonful 
of the powder, well stirred and then sprayed. Tobacco Decoction—This is made as 
Strong as possible as a wash or spray to kill insect pests on animals and plants, 

261 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


Troy Weight— 24 grains make 1 pennyweight, 20 penny* 

weights make x ounce. By this weight, gold, silver and jewels only are weighed. 
The ounce and pound in this are same as in Apothecaries’ weight. 

Apothecaries’ Weight— 20 grains make one scruple, 3 

Scrupies make i dram, 8 drams make i ounce, 12 ounces make 1 pound. 

Avoirdupois Weight— 6 drams make i ounce, 16 ounces 
make one pound, 25 pounds make 1 quarter, 4 quarters make 1 hundredweight, 
s,ooo pounds make x ton. 

Dry Measure—2 pints make 1 quart, 8 quarts make 1 peck, 

4 pecks make 1 bushel, 36 bushels make i chaldron. 

Liquid or Wine Measure— 4 gills make 1 pint, 2 pints 

make 1 quart, 4 quarts make 1 gallon, 31J4 gallons make 1 barrel, 2 barrelsmake 1 
hogshead. 

Time Measure— 60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 

I hour, 24 hours make i day, 7 days make 1 week, 4 weeks make 1 lunar month, 28, 
29, 30 or 31 days make 1 calendar month (30 days make 1 month in computing 
interest), 52 weeks and 1 day, or 12 calendar months, make 1 year; 365 days, 5 hours, 
48 minutes and 49 seconds make 1 solar year. 

Circular Measure— 60 seconds make i minute, 60 minutes 

make 1 degree, 30 degrees make 1 sign, 90 degrees make 1 quadrant, 4 quadrants or 
360 degrees make 1 circle. 

Long Measure—Distance— 3 barleycorns 1 inch, 12 inches 

1 foot, 3 feet i yard, 5^ yards 1 rod, 40 rods 1 furlong, 8 furlongs 1 mile. 

Cloth Measure —234 inches 1 nail, 4 nails 1 quarter, 4 

quarters i yard. 

Miscellaneous — 3 inches one palm, 4 inches 1 hand, 6 

inches i span, 18 inches i cubit, 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit, 2^ feet 1 military pace. 

Square Measure —144 square inches 1 square foot, 9 square 
feet i square yard, 30^ square yards 1 square rod, 40 square rods 1 rood, 4 roods x 
acre. 

Surveyors’ Measure— 7.92 inches 1 link, 25 links 1 rod, 4 
rods 1 chain, xo square chains or 160 square rods i acre, 640 acres 1 square mile. 
Cubic Measure— 1,728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot, 27 cubic feet 

1 cubic yard, 128 cubic feet 1 cord (wood), 40 cubic feet 1 ton (shipping), 2,150.42 
ciiDic inches 1 standard bushel, 268.8 cubic inches 1 standard gallon, 1 cubic foot 
four-fifthsof a bushel. 

Metric Weights— io milligrams 1 centigram, 10 centigrams 

1 decigram, 10 decigrams 1 gram, 10 grams 1 dekagram, 10 dekagrams 1 hekto- 
gram, 10 hektograms 1 kilogram. 

Metric Measures — (One milliliter — Cubic centimeter.)— 

10 milliliters 1 centiliter, 10 centiliters 1 deciliter, 10 deciliters 1 liter, 10 liters 1 
dekaliter, 10 dekaliters 1 hektoliter, xo hektoliters 1 kiloliter. 

Metric Lengths— 10 millimeters 1 centimeter, 10 centi¬ 
meters 1 decimeter, 10 decimeters 1 meter, 10 meters 1 dekameter, 10 dekameters 1 
hektometer, 10 hektometers 1 kilometer. 

Relative Value of Apothecaries* and Imperial 

measure. 

Apothecaries. Imperial. 

1 gallon equals.6 pints, 13 ounces, 2 drams, 23 minims. 

1 pint “ . 16 “ 5 " 18 “ 

X fluid ounce equals. 1 ** o ** 20 “ 

X fluid dram “ ... X ** a% ** 


262 






Handy Metric ‘Tables* 

The following tables give the equivalents of both the metric 

,nd common systems, and will be found convenient for reference; 

Approximate Accurate 

, . , ,, , Equivalent. Equivalent. 

' ,nc ..[length].... 2% cubic centimeters. 9 rqq 

1 centimeter.0.4 inch.noqo 

1 meter (39.37 inches). 1 yar d.£093 

J I 0 .*? 1 . 30 centimeters. 30 479 

1 kilometer (1,000 meters). % mile. 0 R 91 

f mde . V/2 kilometers.1 600 

] gramme.[weight].... 15 %grains...25432 

J Sf a,n .;. 0.064 gramme. 0 064 

1 kilogramme (1,000 grammes).2.2 pounds avoirdupois. 2*204 

] pound avoirdupois. % kilogramme. 0 453 

] ounce avoirdupois (437% grains)....... 28 % grammes.. 28^349 

1 ounce troy, or apothecary (480 grains). .31 grammes.34 [93 

1 cubic centimeter . [bulk].... 1.06 cubic inch.oi )60 

] cubic inch..... 16 % cubic centimeters. 16.386 

1 hter (1,000 cubic centimeters). 1 United States standard quart... 0 946 

1 United States quart. \ liter. 1*057 

] fluid ounce. 29 % cubic centimeters. 29 57(1 

1 hectare (10,000 square meters) [surface]. 2% acres. 2.471 

1 acre . 0.4 hectare. 6 . 40 ' 

It may not be generally known that we have in the nickel five-cent piece of our 
coinage a key to the tables of linear measures and weights. The diameter of this 
coin is two centimeters, and its weight is five grammes. Five of them placed in a 
row will, of course, give the length of the decimeter; and two of them will weigh a 
decagram. As the kiloliter is a cubic meter, the key to the measure of length 
is also the key to the measures of capacity. Any person, therefore, who is fortunate 
enough to own a five-cent nickle, may carry in his pocket the entire metric system 
of weights and measures. 


Handy Weights and Measures. 

One quart of wheat flour is one pound. One quart of corn 

meal weighs eighteen ounces. One quart of butter, soft, weighs fourteen to sixteen 
ounces. One quart of brown sugar weighs from a pound to a pound and a quarter, 
according to dampness. One quart of white sugar weighs 2 pounds. Ten medium¬ 
sized eggs weigh one pound. A tablespoonful of salt is one ounce. Eight table¬ 
spoonfuls make a gill. Two gills or sixteen tablespoonfuls, are half a pint. Sixty 
drops are one teaspoonful. Four tablespoonfuls are one wineglassful. Twelve 
tablespoonfuls are one teacupful. Sixteen tablespoonfuls, or half a pint, are one 
tumblerful. 

The Meaning of Measures— A square mile is equal to 640 

acres. A square acre is 208.71 feet on one side. An acre is 43,560 square feet. A 
league, 3 miles. A span, 10% inches. A hand, 4 inches. A palm, 3 inches. A 
great cubit, 11 inches. A fathom, 6 feet. A mile, 5,280 feet. 

Domestic and Drop Measures Approximated— A tea¬ 
spoonful, one fluid dram 4 grams; a dessertspoonful, two fluid drams 3 grams; 
a tablespoonful, half fluid ounce 16 grams; a wineglassful, two fluid ounces 64 
grams; a tumblerful, half pint 256 grams. 


The original Mrs. Partington was a respectable old lady wno 
lived a^Sidmouth, in Devonshire, England. Her cottage was on the beach, an d 
during a terrific storm (November, 1824) the sea rose to such a height as ever; 
and then to invade the old lady’s residence. The old lady persistently mopped out 
the water with such help as she could conuaao^, firstly she was compelled to 
retreat to an upper story. 


263 







































PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS 


Short Cuts in Arithmetic—Handy Tables for Ready Reckoning. 

To Ascertain the Weight of Cattle— Measure the girt 

close behind the shoulder, and the length from the fore part of the shoulder-blade 
along the back to the bone at the tail, which is in a vertical line with the buttock, 
both in feet. Multiply the square of the girt, expressed in feet, by ten times the 
length, and divide the product by three; the quotient is the weight, nearly, of the 
fore quarters, in pounds avoirdupois. It is to be observed, however, that in very fat 
cattle the fore quarters will be about one-twentieth more, while in those in a very 
lean state they will be one-twentieth less than the weight obtained by the rule. 

Rules for Measuring Corn in Crib, Vegetables, etc., 

and Hay in Mow—This rule will apply to a crib of any size or kind. Two cubic 
feet of good, sound, dry corn in the ear will make a bushel of shelled corn. To get, 
then, the quantity of shelled corn in a crib of corn in the ear, measure the length, 
breadth and height of the crib, inside the rail; multiply the length by the breadth 
and the product by the height, then divide the product by two, and you have the 
number of bushels of shelled corn in the crib. 

To find the number of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc., in a bin, multiply the 
length, breadth and thickness together, and this product by eight, and point off one 
figure in the product for decimals. 

To find the amount of hay in a mow, allow 512 cubic feet for a ton, and it will 
come out very generally correct. 

To Measure Bulk Wood— To measure a pile of wood, 

multiply the length by the width, and that product by the height, which will give 
the number of cubic feet. Divide that product by 128, and the quotient will be the 
number of cords. A standard cord of wood, it must be remembered, is four feet 
thick; that is, the wood must be four feet long. Farmers usually go by surface 
measure, calling a pile of stove wood eight feet long and four feet high a cord. Un¬ 
der such circumstances thirty-two feet would be the divisor. 

How to Measure a Tree—V ery many persons, when 

looking for a stick of timber, are at a loss to estimate either the height of the tree or 
the length of timber it will cut. The following rule w ill enable any one to approxi¬ 
mate nearly to the length from the ground to any position desired on the tree: Take 
a stake, say six feet in length, and place it against the tree you wish to measure. 
Then step back some rods, twenty or e if you can, from which to do the meas¬ 
uring. At this point a light pole an<- measuring rule are required. The pole is 
raised between the eyes and the tree, and the rule is brought into position against 
the pole. Then by sighting and observing what length of the rule is required to 
cover the stake at the tree, and what the entire tree, dividing the latter length by 
the former and multiplying by the number of feet the stake is long, you reach the 
approximate height of the tree. For example, if the stake at the tree be six feet 
above ground and one inch on your rule corresponds exactly with this, and if then 
the entire height of the tree corresponds exactly with say nine inches on the rule, 
this would show the tree to possess a full height of fifty-four feet. In practice it 
will thus be found an easy matter to learn the approximate height of any tree, 
building, or other such object. 

To Measure Casks or Barrels— Find mean diameter by 

adding to head diameter two-thirds (if staves are but slightly curved, three-fifths) of 
difference between head and bung diameters, and dividing by two. Multiply square 
of mean diameter in inches by .7854, and the product by the height of the cask in 
inches. The result will be the number of cubic inches. Divldeby 231 for standard 
or wine gallons, and by 282 for beer gallons. 

Grain Measure— To find the capacity of a bin or wagon- 

bed, multiply the cubic feet by .8 (tenths). For great accuracy, add ^ of a Dushel 
for every 100 cubic feet. To find the cubic feet, multiply the length, width and 
depth together. 

Cistern Measure — To find the capacity of a round cistern 
or tank, multiply the square of the average diameter by the depth, and take 3-16 cL 

264 



PR A C TIC A L CALC UL A TIONS. 

the product. For great accuracy, multiply by . 1865 . For square cisterns 
or tanks, multiply the cubic feet by . 2 %. The result is the contents in barrels. 
Land Measure—T o find the number of acres in a body of 

land, multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160 . 
When the opposite sides are unequal, add them, and take half the sum for the mean 
length or width. 

Measures of Capacity—T he following table, showing con¬ 

tents of boxes, will often De found convenient, taking inside dimensions ; 

24 in. x 24 in. x 14.7 will contain e barrel of 31 ^ gallons. 

15 in. x 14 in. x 11 in. will contain 10 gallons. 

8% in. x 7 in. x 4 in. will contain a gallon. 

4 in. x 4 in. x 3.6 in. will contain a quart. 

24 in. x 28 in. x 16 in. will contain 5 bushels. 

16 in. x 12 in. x 11.2 in. will contain a bushel. 

12 in. x 11.2 in. x 8 in. will contain a half bushel. 

7 in. x 6.4 in. x 12 in. will contain a peck. 

8.4 in. x 8 in. X 4 in. will contain a half peck, or 4 dry quarts. 

6 in. x 5 3-5 in., and 4 in. deep, will contain a half gallon. 

4 in, x 4 in., and 2 1-10 in. deep, will contain a pint. 

Food for Stock. 

One hundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to: Beets, 

white silesia, 669 ; turnips, 469 ; rye straw, 429 ; clover, red, green, 373 ; carrots, 371 ; 
mangolds, 368 ^; potatoes, kept in pit, 350 ; oat straw, 317 , potatoes, 360 ; carrot 
leaves (tops), 135 ; hay, English, 100 ; Lucerne, 89 ; clover, red, dry, 88 ; buckwheat, 
78 %: corn, 62 %; oats, 59 ; barley, 58 ; rye, 53 ^; wheat, 44 oil-cake, linseed, 43 ; 
peas, dry, 37 ^; beans, 28 . 

Number of Shrubs, Plants or Trees in an Acre. 


Distances 

apart. 

No. of 
Plants. 

Distances 

apart. 

No. of 
Plants. 

Distances 

apart. 

No. of 
Plants. 

1 

by 1 

43,560 

5 

by 2 

4,356 

15 

by 

15 

193 

VA 

“ VA 

19,360 

5 

“ 3 

2,904 

16 

*4 

16 

170 

2 

“ 1 

21,780 

5 

“ 4 

2,178 

17 

4* 

17 

150 

2 

“ 2 

10,890 

5 

“ 5 

1,742 

18 

44 

18 

134 

2 ^ 

“ V/2. 

6,969 

514“ 514 

1,417 

19 

44 

19 

120 

3 

“ 1 

14,520 

6 

“ 6 

1,210 

20 

44 

20 

108 

3 

“ 2 

7,260 

•614“ bJ4 

1,031 

24 

44 

24 

75 

3 

“ 3 

4,840 

7 

“ 7 

888 

25 

44 

25 

69 

33^ 

“ SA 

3,555 

8 

“ 8 

680 

27 

44 

27 

59 

4 

“ 1 

10,890 

9 

“ 9 

537 

30 

44 

30 

48 

4 

“ 2 

5,445 

10 

“ 10 

435 

40 

44 

40 

27 

4 

“ 3 

3,630 

11 

“ 11 

360 

50 

44 

50 

17 

4 

“ 4 

2,722 

12 

“ 12 

302 

60 

44 

60 

12 

PA 

“ PA 

2,151 

13 

“ 13 

257 

68 

44 

66 

10 

5 

“ 1 

8,712 

14 

“ 14 

222 






The city of Ghent, Belgium, stands on twenty-six islands, con¬ 
nected with each other by eighty bridges. Thecity of Venice is built on eighty 
islands, connected by nearly 400 bridges. In Venice canals serve for streets and 
gondolas for carriages. 

Bricks and common pottery ware owe their red color to the 

iron naturally contained in the clay of which they are formed, the iron, by the ac¬ 
tion of the heat, being converted into red oxide of iron. Some varieties of clay, like 
that found near Milwaukee, contain little or no iron, and bricks made from such clay 
are consequently of a light yellow color. 

265 

















LANGUAGE OF PRECIOUS STONES. 


The ancients attributed marvelous properties to many of the 
precious stones. We give in tabular form the different months 
and the stones sacred to them, with their respective meanings, 
it has been customary among lovers and friends to notice the 
significance attached to the various stones in making birthday, 
engagement and wedding presents. 

JANUARY, GARNET.—Constancy and fidelity in every 
engagement. 

FEBRUARY, AMETHYST.—Preventive against violent 
passions. 

MARCH, BLOODSTONE.—Courage, wisdom and firm¬ 
ness in affection. 

APRIL, SAPPHIRE.—Free from enchantment; denotes 
repentance. 

MAY, EMERALD.—Discovers false friends, and insures 
true love. 

JUNE, AGATE.—Insures long life, health, and prosperity. 

JULY, RUBY.—Discovers poison; corrects evils resulting 
from mistaken friendship. 

AUGUST, SARDONYX.—Insures conjugal felicity. 

SEPTEMBER, CHRYSOLYTE.—Free from all evil pas¬ 
sions and sadness of the mind. 

OCTOBER, OPAL.—Denotes hope, and sharpens the sight 
and faith of the possessor. 

NOVEMBER, TOPAZ.—Fidelity and friendship. Prevents 
bad dreams. 

DECEMBER, TURQUOISE.—Prosperity in love. 


COLLEGE COLORS 


Amherst—Purple and white. 
Beloit—Old gold. 

Bowdoin—White. 

Brown—Brown and white. 
Columbia — Light blue and 
white. 

Cornell—Carnelian and white. 
Dartmouth—Green. 

Harvard—Crimson. 

Indiana—Crimson and cream. 
Iowa—Scarlet and black. 
Iowa State — Cardinal and 
gold. 

Johns Hopkins — Black and 
old gold. 

Lake Forest—Red and black. 
Leland Standford—Cardinal. 
Oberlin—Crimson and gold. 
Northwestern—Royal purple. 
Princeton—Orange and black. 


Purdue—Old gold and black. 

University of Chicago—Ma¬ 
roon. 

University of Illinois—Orange 
and navy blue. 

University of Michigan— 
Maize and blue. 

University of Minnesota—Old 
gold and maroon. 

University of Notre Dame- 
Gold and blue. 

University of Pennsylvania- 
Red and blue. 

University of Rochester— 
Dandelion yellow. 

University of Wisconsin- 
Cardinal. 

Vassar—Rose and gray. 

Williams—Royal purple. 

Yale—Blue. 


266 


THE PHILOSOPHY OF DREAMS. 

“ Lulled in the countless chambers of the brain, 

Our thoughts are linked by many a hidden chain; 
Awake but one, and lo! what myriads rise; 

Each stamps his image as the other flies.” 

The Bible speaks of dreams as being sometimes prophetic, 
or suggestive of future events. 

This belief has prevailed in all ages and countries, and there 
are numerous modern examples, apparently authenticated, 
which would appear to favor this hypothesis. 

The interpretation of dreams was a part of the business of 
the soothsayers at the royal courts of Egypt, Babylon and 
other ancient nations. 

Dreams and visions have attracted the attention of man¬ 
kind of every age and nation. It has been claimed by all na¬ 
tions, both enlightened and heathen, that dreams are spiritual 
revelations to man; so much so, that their modes of worship 
have been founded upon the interpretation of dreams and vis¬ 
ions. Why should we discard the interpretation of dreams, 
while our mode of worship, faith and knowledge of Deity, is 
founded upon the interpretation of the dreams and visions of 
the prophets and seers of old? 

Dreams vividly impressed upon the mind are SURE to be 
followed by some event. 

We read in the Holy Scripture the revelation of the Deity 
to His chosen people, through the prophet Joel: “And it shall 
come to pass, afterward, that I will pour out My Spirit on 
all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, 
your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see 
visions, and also upon the servants and the handmaids in 
those days will I pour out My Spirit.” (Joel ii, 28 .) 

Both sacred and profane history contain so many examples 
of the fulfillment of dreams, that he who has no faith in them 
must be very skeptical indeed. 

Hippocrates says that when the body is asleep the soul is 
awake, and transports itself everywhere the body would be 
able to go; knows and sees all that the body could see or know 
were it awake; that it touches all that the body could touch. 
In a word, it performs all the actions that the body of a sleep¬ 
ing man could do were he awake. 

A dream, to have a significance, must occur to the sleeper 
while in healthy and tranquil sleep. Those dreams of which 
we have not a vivid conception, or clear remembrance, have no 
significance. Those of which we have a clear remembrance 
must have formed in the mind in the latter part of the night, 

267 


THE PHILOSOPHY OF DREAMS. 


for up to that time the faculties of the body have been em¬ 
ployed in ,digesting the events of the day. 

DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 

NOTE.—If you do not find the word you want, look for a 
word of identical or closely similar meaning. Place the 
words “to dream of” before each term, and the word “de¬ 
notes” after, and a complete sentence will be formed. Thus: 
To dream of ABUNDANCE, denotes deceitful security. 


A 

ABUNDANCE. — Deceitful 
security. 

ACCIDENT. — Unexpected 
meeting. 

ACORN.—Irreparable fault. 

ACCOUNT.—(Of possessions) 
bankruptcy. 

ADULTERY. — (That you 
commit) scandal, misfor¬ 
tune and disgrace. 

AIR.—(Clear and serene) rec¬ 
onciliation; (dark and 
gloomy) sadness and 

sickriPQc 

ALMONDS.—Peace, happi¬ 
ness; (tree) success in 
business. 

ALTAR.—Prosperity, speedy 
marriage. 

ALMS.—(Giving) mediocrity; 
(receiving) privations. 

ANCHOR.—Safe enterprise. 

ANGRY.— (That you are) 
many powerful enemies. 

APE.—Enemies, deceit. 

APPLES.—Gain, profit; (to 
be eating) disappoint¬ 
ment. 

APRICOTS. — Health, con¬ 
tentment. 

APPLE-TREE.—Good news; 
(if dead) ill news. 

ARTICHOKES.—Embarrass¬ 
ment, pain. 

ASHES.—Misfortune. 

ASPARAGUS. - Success, 
profit. 

ASS.—Q u a r r e 1 between 
friends; (one sleeping) 
security; (one braying) 
dishonor; (ears of one) 
scandal; (one laden) 
profit. 

ARGUMENT.—Justice done. 


ARM.—(Right arm cut off) 
death of a female rela¬ 
tive; (both arms cut off) 
captivity and sickness; 
(broken or withered) sor¬ 
rows, losses and widow¬ 
hood; (swollen) sudden 
fortune coming to a dear 
friend. 

AUNT.—Wealth and friends. 

ANGEL.—Good news. 

ANTS.—Time spent to no 
purpose. 

AUTHORITY. — (To have) 
easy times. 


B 

BABE.—Happy marriage. 

BAKER.—Gain. 

BALLOON.—Literary note. 

BARLEY.—Good fortune. 

BASKET.—Increase. 

BABOON.—Affronts. 

BALL.—(For dancing) jeal¬ 
ousy, rage, then harmony. 

BANK.—Never to be rich, 
except by saving. 

BARBER.—A long story, 
discontent. 


BARN.—(Full) wealthy mar¬ 
riage. 

BATH.—Marriage; (too cold) 
grief; (too hot) separa¬ 
tion; (in running water) 
disappointment; (in stag¬ 
nant water) misfortune. 

BEGGAR.—Help when not 
expected. 

BELLS.—Alarm, misfortune. 

BEAR.—Danger, misfortune. 
BEANS.—Quarrels. 

BED.—Botheration, unrest. 

BEER.—Fatigue to no pur¬ 


pose, 

BEES.—Profit; (to catch) 

success; (stung by) to be 
overworked. 


268 


DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 


BLIND PERSON.—False 
friends. 

BLOWS.—(To give) forgive¬ 
ness; (to receive) advan¬ 
tage. 

BOOTS.—(New) success in 
love and business; (old) 
quarreling and failure. 

BONNET.—(New) flirtation; 
(old or torn) rivalry. 

BOAT.—(In clear water) 
happiness; (in muddy wa¬ 
ter) disgrace. 

BONES.—Large acquisition 

by small degrees. 

BOOK.—Information. 

BOW AND ARROWS.—Love 
affairs. 

BOTTLES.—A feast; (brok¬ 
en) sickness; (empty) 
melancholy. 

BOUQUET.—(To carry) mar¬ 
riage; (to destroy) sepa¬ 
ration; (to throw away) 
displeasure. 

BRANDY.—Depravity. 

BROOK. — (Clear) lasting 
friendship; (troubled) do¬ 
mestic quarrel. 

BRIARS.—Disputes. 

BETROTHAL.—Brief pleas¬ 
ures. 

BIRDS. — New pleasures; 
(singing) love, good for¬ 
tune. 

BITE.—Mistrust, ingratitude. 

BILLIARDS.—Hazards, dis¬ 
sipation. 

BISCUIT.—Rejoicings, jolly 
feasting. 

BLESSING OR BENEDIC¬ 
TION.—A forced mar¬ 
riage. 

BLACKBIRD.—Scandal, de¬ 
ceit. 

BRIDGE. — (To pass one) 
success through industry; 
(to fall from) loss of busi¬ 
ness and disappointment 
in love. 

BREAD.—Profit; (white)last¬ 
ing affection; (black) in¬ 
constancy. 

BUGS.—Enemies seeking to 
do injury. 

BULL. — (Peaceful) gain; 
(onset of) apprehension. 

BUTCHER. — Death of a 
friend. 


BUTTERFLY.—Inconstancy. 

BUTTER. — Surprises; (to 
make) a legacy. 

C 

CABBAGE.—Health and long 
life. 

CAGE.—(With bird) liberty; 
(without bird) imprison¬ 
ment. 

CAKES. — Meeting with 
friends; (to make or eat) 
prosperity. 

CALF.—Assured success. 

CAMEL.—Riches. 

CANDLE.—Favors, praise. 

CANDIES.—Ardent love. 

CANE.—Correction. 

CARDS.—Married life. 

CARPENTER. — Arrange¬ 
ment of affairs. 

CART.—Sickness and dis¬ 
grace. 

CAVE.—Quarrel, loss. 

CARVING.—Business pros¬ 
perity. 

CAT.—(To see) treason; (to 
kill) family quarrels. 

CELLAR.—(Full) passing re¬ 
nown; (empty) health. 

CEMETERY.—(To see) fu¬ 
ture prosperity; (to be 
in) news of a death. 

CHAIN. — Union; (broken) 
rupture. 

CHALLENGE.—Rupture, il¬ 
lusion. 

CHERRIES. — Health (to 
gather) deception by a 
woman; (to eat) love. 

CHICKEN.—(Cooking) good 
news. 

CHEESE, — Vexation and 
after success. 

CHESTNUTS.—Home trou¬ 
bles. 

CHILD.—(Pretty) pleasure; 
(ugly) danger; (running) 
business difficulty. 

CHURCH.— Heritage; (to 
pray in) deceit; to speak 
aloud in) domestic quar¬ 
rels. 

CHESS. — Affairs embar- 
rassed 

CIDER.—Distant heritage, 

dispute. 

CLAMS.—Small possessions, 
stingily kept. 


269 


DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 


CLOCK.—Marriage; (strik¬ 

ing) a competency. 

COAL.—Persecution. 

COCK.—Pride, power, suc¬ 
cess; (one crowing) sud¬ 
den trouble; (two fight¬ 
ing) expensive follies. 

COLIC. — Bickerings, es¬ 
trangement. 

CORKSCREW. — Vexatious 
inquiries. 

CORPSE.—Long life; news 
of the living; (one disin¬ 
terred) infidelity. 

COW. — Prosperity, abund¬ 
ance. 

COBBLER.—Long toil, ill 
paid. 

COFFEE.—Misfortune. 

COFFIN.—Speedy marriage. 

COOKING.—A wedding. 

CORN.—Riches; (to grind) 
abundance. 

CRABS.—Ill results of en¬ 
deavor. 

CRADLE, OR CRIB.—In¬ 
crease in the family. 

CRICKET. — Hospitality, 
home comfort. 

CROCODILE.—A catastro¬ 
phe. 

CROSS.—(To see) disquiet; 
(to bear) tranquillity. 

CROW. — Disappointed ex¬ 
pectations, humiliation; 
(to hear) disgrace. 

CROWD. — Many matters, 
much to hear. 

CRUTCHES.—(To use) gam¬ 
bling losses; (to break or 
leave) recovery. 

CUCUMBER. — Serious ill- 

T1GSS. 

CURRANTS.—(Red) friend¬ 
ship; (white) satisfac¬ 
tion; (black) infidelity. 

CYPRESS.—Despair, death 
of one cherished. 

D 

DANCING.—(To engage in) 
successful endeavor; (to 
see) weariness. 

DEBTS.—(Denied) business 
safety; (admitted) dis- 

t FGSS 

DOCTOR.—Robustness; (to 
be one) enjoyment. 


DOG.—Friendly services; (to 
play with) suffering 
through extravagance. 

DESERTION. — Good news, 
permanence. 

DEVIL.—Temptations. 

DIAMONDS.—Brief, illusive 
happiness; (to And) loss; 
(to sell) peril. 

DICE.—Doubt, risks. 

DIRT.—Sickness, detraction. 

DISPUTE. — (Friendly) see 
Argument; (not friendly) 
see Quarrel. 

D I S H E S.— Possessions; 
(breaking) family quar¬ 
rels. 

DITCH.—Bankruptcy. 

DOOR.—(Open) opportuni¬ 

ties; (closed) unfruitful 
adventure; (to force) re¬ 
proof. 

DOVE.—Home happiness, a 
lover. 

DRAUGHTS.—(To play at) 
disappointment. 

DRAWING.—A proposal for 
rejection. 

DROWNING.—Happiness. 

DRUM.—Small difficulties, 
trifling loss. 

DUCK.—Profit and pleasure; 
(to kill one) misfortune. 

DUEL.—Rivalries; dissen¬ 

sion. 

DUMB.—(One’s self) quar¬ 
rels; (another) peace. 

DWARF.—Feeble foes. 

DYER. — Embarrassed af¬ 
fairs. 

E 

EAGLE.—Worthy ambition; 
(kill one) gratified wishes. 

EATING.—Botheration. 

ECLIPSE.—(The sun) loss; 
(the moon) profit. 

EELS. — (Alive) vexation; 
(dead) vengeance satis¬ 
fied. 

EGGS. — (A few) riches; 
(many) misadventure. 

ELEPHANT.—Power; (feed 
one) gain of a service. 

EMBROIDERY.—Love, am¬ 
bition. 

EPITAPH.—Indiscretion. 

EYES.—Bad luck. 


270 


DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 


F 

FACE.—(Smiling) joy; (pale) 
trouble. 

FAIRS.—Sudden loss. 

FALLING.—Dangerous ele¬ 
vation; (in a hole) calum¬ 
ny, disappointment. 

FAN.—Pride, rivalry. 

FARMER.—Fun, good liv¬ 
ing. 

FATIGUE.—Successful en¬ 

terprise. 

FATHER-IN-LAW. — Un¬ 
lucky. 

FEAST.—Trouble ahead. 

FEATHERS.—(White) great 
joy, friendship; (black) 
hindrances, loss. 

FIELDS.—Joy, good health, 
domestic happiness. 

FINGERS.—(Scalded) envy; 
(cut) grief; (to see more 
than five on one hand) 
new relatives. 

FIGS. — (Dried) festivity; 
(green) hope; (to eat) 
transient pleasures. 

FLOWERS.—Happiness; (to 
gather) benefit; (to cast 
away) quarrels. 

FLUTE.—News of a birth. 

FIRE.—Anger, danger. 

FIRE ARMS.—(To see) an¬ 
ger; (blaze of) spite; (to 
hear) havoc. 

FISH.—Success, joy; (to 
catch) deceit of friends. 

FT-AG. — Contention; (to 
bear) fame, honor. 

FLAME.—(Luminous) good 
news. 

FLEAS.-Unhappiness; (to 
kill) triumph over ene¬ 
mies. 

FLIES.—That some one is 
jealous of us. 

FLOOD.—Misfortunes, cal¬ 
umny. 

FOG.—Deception. 

FOREST.—Loss, shame. 

FOUNTAIN. — Abundance, 
health. 

FOX.—To be duped; (to kill) 
to triumph over enemies. 

FROGS. — Distrust; (hop¬ 
ping) vexation, annoy¬ 
ance. 


FRUITS.—Joy, prosperity, 

gain; (to eat) be deceived 
by a woman; (throw 
away) trouble through 
others’ envy. 

FUNERAL, — Inheritance, 
news of a birth or mar¬ 
riage. 

FUR.—(On the body) health 
and long life. 

Q 

GALLOWS.—Dignities and 

honors (proportionate to 
height). 

GAMBLING.—Deception. 

GAME.—(Live) adventure. 

GARDEN. — Bright future 
days; (well kept) in¬ 
crease of fortune; (disor¬ 
derly) business losses and 
failure. 

GARLIC.—Deceived by a 
woman. 

GARMENTS. — Annoyance; 
(white) innocence, com¬ 
fort; (black) death of a 
friend; (torn or soiled) 
sadness, misfortune. 

GARTER.—Happy marriage. 

GAUZE.—Affected modesty. 

GHOST.—(AVhite) consola¬ 
tion; (black) temptation. 

GIFT.—(From a man) dan¬ 
ger; (from a woman) 
spite. 

GLOVES. — Friendly ad¬ 
vances. 

GOAT.—(White) prosperity; 
(black) sickness. 

GOLD.—Profit, fortune. 

GOOSE.—Same as Duck; 
(catch one) ensnarement. 

GRANDPARENTS. — Occa¬ 
sion for repentance. 

GRAPES.—Enjoyment, re¬ 
joicing, (scant or poor) 
deprivations. 

GRASS.—(Green) long life. 

GRASSHOPPER.—Lost har¬ 
vest or savings. 

GRAVE.—(Open) loss of a 
friend; (filled up) good 
fortune. 

GUITAR. — Deception, ill- 
conduct. 

GYPSY.—Small troubles. 


271 


DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 


H 

HAIL.—Trouble, sadness. 

HAIR.—(Orderly) comfort, 

complacency; (tangled) 
perplexities; (falling out) 
anxieties. 

HAM.—Happiness. 

HARP.—A handsome part¬ 
ner. 

HARVEST.—Wealth in the 
country. 

HAY.—Abundance. 

HEART.—(Pain or troubles) 
sickness, danger. 

HEAVEN. — Some joyful 
event will happen. 

HELL.—You lead a bad life 
and should reform before 
it is too late. 

HEN.—Profit; (hear one) 
consolation; (one laying) 
joy. 

HERBS. — Prosperity; (to 
eat) grief. 

HERMIT. — Treacherous 
friend. 

HILL.—(Up one) success; 
(down) misadventure. 

HOLE.—Obstacles. See Fall¬ 
ing. 

HOLLY.—Annoyance. 

HONEY.—Success in busi- 
ne ss. 

HORSE.—(See white one) 
unexpected good fortune; 
(see black one) partial 
success; (mount or ride) 
success in enterprise; 
(curry one) a speedy 
journey. 

HOTEL.—(See one) wander¬ 
ing; (be in) discomfort. 

HOUSE.—(New or strange) 
consolation; (many) be¬ 
wilderment. 

HUNGER.—Profitable em¬ 
ployment. 

HUNT.—Snares, accusations. 

HUSBAND. — If a wife 
dreams that her husband 
is married to another it 
betokens separation. 

I 

ICE.—Treachery, misadven¬ 
ture. 

IMPS.—Occasion for cau¬ 
tion. 


INFANT.—Connubial felici¬ 
ty. 

INK.—Reconciliation; (up¬ 

set) separation. 

INSANITY.—Bright ideas, 
wise thought. 

IRON.—Cruel experience. 

ISLAND.—Solitude, loneli- 
ness. 

ITCH.—Small foes. 

IVORY.— Profitable enter¬ 
prise. 

INTOXICATION. — One’s 
self) pleasures; (another) 
scandal. 

IVY.—Children many and 
handsome. 

J 

JAIL.—(To enter) safety; 
(leaving one) single bless¬ 
edness. 

JAW.—Riches in the family. 

JEW.—Trickery. 

JOY.—Bad news. 

JUDGE.—Punishment. 

JUG.—Loss through awk¬ 
wardness or neglect. 

K 

KEYS.—Explanations, prog¬ 
ress in knowledge; (to 
lose) perplexity. 

KILLING.—(To see) secur¬ 
ity; (one’s self) love 
quarrels; (another) jeal¬ 
ousy. 

KIDS.—Consolation. 

KING.—Satisfaction, prog¬ 
ress in affairs. 

KISS.—(In the light) true 
love; (in the dark) risks; 
(a stranger) a new lover; 
(a rival) treason; (mar¬ 
ried woman kissed by a 
stranger) a new baby 
and a jealous husband. 

KITCHEN.—Arrivals. 

KITE.—Vain glory. 

KNIFE.—Inconstancy, dis¬ 
sension. 

KNITTING. — Mischievous 
talk, malice. 

KNOTS. — Embarrassments, 
difficulties. 

L 

LABOR.—Conjugal happi¬ 
ness, increase of fortune. 


272 


DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 


LADDER.—(To go up) brief 
glory; (to go down) de¬ 
basement. 

LADY.— Humiliation; 
(many) gossip. 

LAMBS.—(To see) peace; (to 
have) profit; (to carry) 
success; (to buy) great 
surprise; (to kill) secret 
grief. 

LAME PERSON.—Business 
misfortune. 

LAMPS. — (Unlit) neglect; 
(lighted) love troubles. 

LANDSCAPE. — Unexpected 
gain. 

LANTERN.—(Lighted) safe 
adventure; (unlit) blun¬ 
der. 

LARKS.—Riches, elevation. 

LAUGHTER. — Troubled 
happiness, botheration. 

LEG.—(If sound and supple) 
successful enterprise, 

prosperous journey. 

LETTER.—(To see) discov¬ 
ery; (to receive) good 
news from afar. 

LICE.—Wealth. 

LIGHTNING.—A love quar¬ 
rel. 

LILY.—(Faded) vain hopes; 
(fine) innocence, happi- 
ness. 

LINEN*. — Fortune, abund¬ 
ance. 

LION.—Future dignity. 

LIVER. — Losses, discom¬ 
forts. 

LIZARD.—Snares of dubious 
origin. 

LAUREL.—Honor, gain. 

LAWYER.—Marriage of a 
friend. 

LEAD.—Accusations, ingrat¬ 
itude. 

LEAVES.—Transient indis¬ 
position. 

LEECH. — Aid in trouble; 
(many of them) extor¬ 
tion, usury. 

LEEKS.—Labor. 

LETTUCE.—Poverty. 

LOCKSMITH.—Robbery. 

LOTTERY TICKET.— 
(Numbers distinct) suc¬ 
cess in affairs; (numbers 
indistinct) foolish ex¬ 
penditure. 


LOVE.—An all ’round good 
indication. 

LOVERS. — Troubles and 
joys, mixed. 

M 

MACCARONI.—Distress. 

MAN. — (Handsome) love; 
(ugly) wrangles. 

MANTLE.—Victimizing. 

MANURE. — Depravity, 
shame. 

MAPS.—A journey. 

MARBLE. — Estrangements. 

MARKETS.—(A busy one) 
joyous events; (empty) 
deprivations. 

MARSH. — Unfruitful en¬ 
deavors. 

MASKS.—Hypocrisy. 

MEASLES. — Wealth cou¬ 
pled with disgrace. 

MEAT.—(Roast) kind recep¬ 
tion; (boiled) melancholy. 

MELON.—Hope, success. 

MICE.—Annoyances. 

MILESTONE.—Desires ac¬ 
complished. 

MILK.—Love affairs. 

MILLS.—Legacy from a rel¬ 
ative. 

MIRE.—Mistakes, privations. 

MIRROR.—(To look in) mis¬ 
understanding; (broken) 
misadventure. 

MONEY.—Losses in busi¬ 
ness; (to find) tardy dis¬ 
coveries. 

MONEY-LENDER. — Perse¬ 
cution. 

MONKEY.—Harmless mis¬ 
chief. 

MOON.—Love; (bright) con¬ 
tinual pleasure; (clouded) 
sickness, danger to one 
beloved; (full) wealth; 
(new) awakening affec¬ 
tion; (failing) deceit; 
(red) renown. 

MOURNING. — Impending 
happiness, invitation to a 
ball or wedding. 

MOUTH.—(Closed so that 
cannot eat) sudden 
death; (wider than usu¬ 
al) riches. 

MUD.—Riches. 

MULE.—Difficulty. 

MUSIC.—Ease, pleasure. 


273 


DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 


MUSTARD.—Troubles. 

MYRTLE. — Love declara¬ 
tion. 

N 

NAILS. — (Broken) misad¬ 
venture; (very long) 
emoluments. 

NAKEDNESS. — Threatened 
danger. 

NAVIGATING.. —< Approach¬ 
ing journey. 

NECKLACE.—Jealousy, an¬ 
noyance. 

NEEDLES.—Disappointment 
in love. 

NEGRO.—Vexation, annoy¬ 
ance. 

NEST.—Good luck, profit. 

NEWSPAPER. — Bothera¬ 
tion, gossip. 

NIGHT.—(Walking) uneasi¬ 
ness, melancholy. 

NIGHTINGALE. — Happy 
marriage. 

NOSE.— (That yours is 
large) prosperity and ac¬ 
quaintance with rich peo¬ 
ple. 

NURSE.—Long life. 

NUTS.—Peace and satisfac¬ 
tion after trouble and 
difficulty. 

O 

O A K.—(Green) health, 
strength; (dead or fallen) 
heavy losses. 

OARS.—Safe enterprise (to 
break or lose) depend- 

6T1CG. 

OFFER OF MARRIAGE.— 
New lovers. 

OFFICE. — (Turn out of) 
death or loss of property. 

OIL.—Good harvest. 

OLD PERSON.—(Man) pru¬ 
dence, wisdom; (woman) 
scandal. 

OLIVES.—Honors and digni¬ 
ties. 

ONIONS.—Aggravation, dis¬ 
pute with inferiors. 

OPERA.—Pleasure followed 
by pain. 

ORANGE BLOSSOM. — A 
marriage. 

ORANGES. — Amusement, 
pleasure; (sour) chagrin, 
injury. 


ORCHARD.—Much of noth¬ 
ing. 

OSTRICH. — Misadventure 
through vanity. 

OVEN.—Ease, riches; (hot) 
feasting. 

OWL.—Secrets revealed. 

OYSTERS.—Satiety. 

P 

PAIN.—Trouble and recov¬ 
ery. 

PAINTER.—That everything 
will be lovely. 

PALM-TREE.—Honor, pow¬ 
er, victory. 

PAPER.—Tidings; (colored) 
deceit; (painted) brief 
happiness. 

PARENT.—Good news. 

PARROT.—A bad neighbor, 
tale-bearing. 

PASTRY.—(To eat) annoy¬ 
ance; (to make) good 
times. 

PATHS.—(Straight) happi¬ 

ness; (crooked) ill to the 
willful. 

PAWNBROKER.—Little re¬ 
sult of big endeavor. 

PEACOCK.— Peril through 
pride, ambition or un¬ 
wariness. 

PEACHES. — Contentment, 
pleasure. 

PEARLS.—Tears, distress. 

PEARS. — Treachery; (to 
eat) tidings of death; (to 
gather) festivities. 

PEAS.—Good fortune. 

PENS.—Tidings. 

PEDLER. — You are mis¬ 
taken in your estimate of 
a friend. 

PEPPER.—Affliction, vexa¬ 
tion. 

PHEASANT.—Good fortune; 
(kill one) peril; (to carry 
one) honor. 

PIANO.—Disputes. 

PIG—PORK.—(Few) avar¬ 

ice; (many) profits. 

PIGEON.—Reconciliation. 

PILLOW.—Disturbance. 

PILLS.—Trouble. 

PINE-TREE.—Danger. 

PINS.—Contradiction. 

PIRATES.—Fortunate ad¬ 

venture. 

PITCH.—Evil companions. 


274 


DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 


PITCHFORK.—Punishment. 

PLAYING. — Entertainment. 

PLUMS.—Pleasure, happi- 

ness. 

POLICEMAN.—Trouble. 

POMEGRANATE.—Power. 

POSTMAN.—News from the 
absent. 

POVERTY.—Thrift, advan¬ 
tage. 

PRESERVES.—Loss of time 
and money. 

PRIEST.—Reconciliation. 

PROCESSION.—Plappy love. 

PUMP.—(If water) marriage 
and fortune; (if dry) 
flirtation. 

PURCHASE. — (On credit) 
deprivations; (for cash) 
possessions. 

PURS E,—(Empty) some¬ 

thing to get; (full) pride, 
disquiet. 

PUZZLE—Favors, pleasure, 

Q 

QUAIL.—Family responsibil¬ 
ities. 

QUARREL. — Constancy, 
friendship. 

QUEEN.—Prosperity. 

QUESTIONS.—Wisdom. 

QUILL.— Particular infor¬ 
mation. 

QUOITS.—Rivalries. 

R 

RABBIT. — (White) friend¬ 
ship; (black) trouble; 
(many) extensive pleas¬ 
ures. 

RACING.—Success in life. 

RADISHES.—That you will 
discover secrets. 

RAFT.—New views. 

RAIN.—Legacy, of gift. 

RAINBOW.—Separation. 

RAT.—Secret enemies; 

(white) triumph over en- 
emies. 

RAVEN.—Misfortune; (hear 
one) grief. 

READING. — Venturesome- 
n ess. 

REAPER.—A picnic party. 

REVENGE.—Repentance. 

RIBBONS.—Prodigality. 

RICE.—Talking. 


RIDE.—(With men) it is a 
good sign; (with women) 
a bad sign. 

RING.—Approaching mar¬ 

riage. 

RIO T.—Scarcity through 

mischief. 

RIVAL.—Quarrels. 

RIVER.—Success in enter¬ 
prise; (to fall in) at¬ 
tempts of enemies; (to 
throw one’s self in) con¬ 
fusion in affairs. 

ROBBER.—Fear. 

ROCK.—Annoyance; (to sur¬ 
mount) difficulties over¬ 
come. 

ROOF.—Adventure abroad. 

ROSES.—Always of happy 
omen; (full blown)health, 
joy, abundance; (faded) 
success, with some draw¬ 
backs; (white) innocence; 
(red) satisfaction; (yel¬ 
low) jealousy. 

RUFFLES.—Honors, profit¬ 
able occupation. 

RUINS.—Pleasant surprises. 

RUST.—Idle times, decay, 
failure. 

S 

S A I L O R.—Tidings from 
abroad. 

SALAD.—Embarrassments. 

SALT.—Wisdom. 

SATIN OR SILK.—Gain. 

SAUSAGE.—Affliction, sick¬ 
ness. 

SAW.—Satisfactory conclu¬ 
sions in affairs. 

SCISSORS. — Enemies, ha¬ 
tred. 

SCRATCHES. — Inconven- 
ences, annoyances. 

SCREECH-OWL.—Death of 
near relative. 

SCULPTOR.—Profit. 

SEA.—Long journey, large 
3. ff 3 i rs 

SEABEACH.—Tranquility. 

SECRETARY.—Fortune. 

SERENADE.—News of a 
marriage. 

SERMON. — Weariness, 
sleeplessness. 

SERVANT.—(Man) abuse of 
confidence; (maid) suspi¬ 
cion. 


275 


DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 


SEWING.—Plots. 

SHAWL.—(A fine one) hon¬ 
ors; (thin or old) shame; 
(torn) detraction. 

SHEEP.—Great gain. 

SHELL.—(Filled) success; 
(empty) ill-omen. 

SHEPHERD.—Malice. 

SHIP.—Wishes fulfilled; (in 
danger) unexpected good 
fortune. 

SHOES. — Advantageous 
speculation; (much worn) 
a speedy journey. 

SHOP.—(To be in) pleasure 
denied; (to conduct) dues 
withheld. 

SHROUD.—Death. 

SINGING.—Vexation. 

SKATING.—(To see) hin¬ 

drances, crosses; (to do) 
success. 

SKELETON.—Disgust. 

SKY. — (Clear) happiness, 
peace; (clouded) misfor¬ 
tune. 

SLEEP.—Illusive security. 

SLIPPERS.—Comfort, satis¬ 
faction. 

SMOKE.—Extravagant ex¬ 

pectations. 

SNAIL.—Infidelity, dishonor. 

SNAKES.—Treason, betray¬ 
al. 

SNEEZING.—Long life. 

SNOW.—(In season) good 
harvest; (unseasonable) 
discouragement. 

SOAP.—Revelations, assist¬ 
ance. 

SOLDIER.—Quarrels. 

SOUP.—Return of health or 
fortune. 

SPECTACLES.—Melancholy, 
obstacles. 

SPIDER. — (In the dark) 
gain; (in the light) con¬ 
tention; (kill one) pleas¬ 
ure. 

SPONGE.—Greed, avarice. 

SPORTS.—Pleasure and aft¬ 
er regrets. 

SPOT.—(On clothes) sad¬ 
ness; (on the sun) base¬ 
less fears. 

SPY.—(To be one) reprehen¬ 
sion; (to see) rumors. 

ST\BLE.—Hospitality, wel¬ 
come. 


STAG.—Gain; (chase one) 
business failure. 

STAMMER.—Decision, reso¬ 
lution. 

STARS.—Happiness; (pale) 

affliction; (shooting) 
death of relative. 

STOCKING.—(To pull off) 
comfort; (to pull on) dis¬ 
comfort; (new) a visit; 
(a hole in) deceitful for¬ 
tune. 

STONE S.—(Under foot) 
trouble, suffering; 
(thrown or falling) mal¬ 
ice. 

STORKS.—Loss, robbery. 

STORM.—Contest, vexation. 

STOVE.—Riches. 

STRANGER.—Return of a 
lost friend. 

STRANGE BED.— Content¬ 

ment. 

STRANGE ROOM.—A mys¬ 
tery solved. 

STRAWBERRIES. — Unex¬ 
pected good fortune. 

STRAWS.—Poverty. 

STREET.—(To walk in) a 
favorable reception. 

SUGAR. — Privation and 
want. 

SUN.—(Bright) discovery of 
secrets; (clouded) bad 
news; (rising) success; 
(setting) losses. 

SUPPER.—News of a birth. 

SWALLOW.—Successful en¬ 
terprise. 

SWANS.—Private riches. 

SWEARING. — Disagreea¬ 
bles. 

SWEEPING. — Confidence 
well placed. 

SWIMMING—Enjoyment. 

SWORDS.—Misfortune. 

T 

TABLE.—Joy; (to set) 
abundance. 

TAILOR.—Unfaithfulness. 

TEA.— Confusion, incum¬ 
brance. 

TEARS.—Joy, comfort. 

TEETH. — (Handsome) 
health, goodness; (mean 
or drawn) vexation, loss. 

TEN-PINS.—Undesirable ad¬ 
ventures. 


276 


DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 


TENT.—Quarrels. 

THEATRE.—Sadness, loss. 

THICKET. — Evasions, ap¬ 
prehensions. 

THIEF.—(To be one) loss; 
(to lose by one) good 
speculation. 

THIMBLE.—Work hard to 
find. 

THIRST.—Affliction. 

THISTLE.—Disputes, folly. 

THORNS. — Disappointment, 
pain; (to be pricked by) 
loss of money. 

THREAD.—Intrigue; (tan¬ 
gled) confusion of af¬ 
fairs; (to break) failure; 
(to split) a secret be¬ 
trayed. 

THUNDER.—Danger; (to see 
thunderbolt fall) death 
of a friend. 

TIGER.—Fierce enmity. 

TOADS.—Something to dis¬ 


gust. 

TOMB. — Family matters, 
nuptials, births. 

TORCHES.—Invitation to a 
wedding. 

TRAP-DOOR.—(Open) a se¬ 
cret divulged; (shut) 
mystery. 

TRAVEL.—(On foot) work; 
(on wheels) fortune. 

TREASURE.—(That you find 
one) disappointment. 

TREES.—In general; (green) 
hope; (withered) grief; 
(leaflless) deceit; (cut 
down) robbery; (to climb) 
change of employment. 

TROUSERS. — Honors and 
responsibilities. 

TURKEY.—If you dream of 
a turkey you will shortly 
see a fool. . , 

TURNIPS.— Disappointment, 
annoyance. 

TWINS.—Honors, riches. 


U 


UMBRELLA.—(To a lady) a 
new lover; (to a gentle¬ 
man) a breach of promise 


suit. 

UNCLE. — Advantageous 
marriage. 

UNDRESS.—(One’s self) re¬ 
buke; (another) scandal. 


UNIFORM.—(To see) hum¬ 
bling; (to wear) flattery. 

V 

VEGETABLES.—(In gener¬ 
al) weary toil; to gath¬ 
er) quarrels; (to eat) bus¬ 
iness losses. 

VEIL. — Marriage; (black) 
death or separation. 

VEINS.—Grief. 

VERMIN.—Enough and to 
spare. 

VILLAIN.—Danger of losing 
property. 

VINE.—Fruitfulness, abun- 
cl&ncQ 

VINEGA R.—(To drink) 

wrangles; (spoiled) sick¬ 
ness. 

VIOLETS.—Success of un¬ 
dertakings. 

VIOLIN.—(In concert) sym¬ 
pathy, consolation; 
(alone) bereavement. 

VISITORS.—Loneliness. 

VIRGIN.—Joy, without re¬ 
gret ; (pretended one) sor¬ 
row, evil. 

VULTURE.—Bitter enmity; 
(kill one) triumph over 
foes; (one feeding) re¬ 
turning fortune. 


W 


WAGON.—(Loaded) emolu¬ 

ment; (empty) ease, 
pleasure. 

WAKE.—Poverty and mis¬ 


ery. 

WALL*.—Obstacles; (to be 
on) prosperity. 

WAR. — Misunderstandings 
and contentions. 

WARDROBE.—Advantage 

WASH-DAY.—New friends, 

good resolutions. 

WASPS.—Annoyance; (to be 
stung) affronts. 

WATCH.—Time well em¬ 

ployed. 

WATCHMAN.—Trifling loss. 

WATER.—See Bath, Drink; 
(to drink) a marriage or 
birth; (to fall into) rec¬ 
onciliation. , 

WATER CARRIER.—Gain. 

WAX.—Desirable marriage. 

mmAfiTT.T, -To be outwitted. 


277 


DICTIONARY OF DREAMS. 


WEDDING. — Unexpected 
danger, troubled happi¬ 
ness. 

WELL.—(Draw water from) 
good fortune; (fall into) 
peril. 

WHEAT.—Money. 

WHEELBARROW, 
WHEEL.—Disability, in¬ 
firmity. 

WHIRLWIND. — Danger, 
sc&ndcLl 

WIDOWHOOD. — Satisfac¬ 
tion, new belongings. 

WIFE.—If a man dreams he 
sees his wife married to 
another, it betokens a 
separation. 

WOLF.—Enmity; (to kill 
one) gain, success. 

W O M A N.—Deceit; (fair) 
love; (ugly) scandal. 


WOOD-CUTTER. — Labor 
without profit. 

WOODS.—(To rich) loss; (to 
poor) profit. 

WORK. — (Of right hand) 
prosperity; (of left hand) 
impecuniosity. 

WORMS. — Secret enemies, 
ill-health. 

WRECK. — Catastrophes, 
peril. 

WAITING. — Pleasant and 
profitable discovery. 

Y 

YEAST.—Increase, abund¬ 

ance. 

YOKE. — Responsibilities, 
particularly of marriage. 

YOUTH.—Good time, light 
responsibilities. 


AGES ATTAINED BY BIRDS, 


Years. 


Blackbird lives .12 

Blackcap lives .15 

Canary lives .24 

Crane lives .24 

Crow lives .100 

Eagle lives .'.100 

Fowl, common, lives.10 

Goldfinch lives .15 

Goose lives .60 

Heron lives .60 

Lark lives .18 

Linnet lives . 23 

Nightingale lives . 18 


Years. 


Parrot lives . 60 

Partridge lives . 15 

Peacock lives . 23 

Pelican lives . 50 

Pheasant lives . 15 

Pigeon lives .20 

Raven lives .100 

Robin lives . 12 

Skylark lives .30 

Sparrow-hawk lives .40 

Swan lives .100 

Thrush lives . 10 

Wren lives .. 3 


WHERE PLANTS 0RIGINATED« 


Name. 


Coun. of Orig. 


Apple .Europe. 

Cherry .N. Europe. 

Chestnut .Italy. 

Citron .Greece. 

Cucumber .East Indies. 

Garden Cress...Egypt. 

Horse ChestnutThibet. 

Horseradish _South’n Europe 

Madder .The East. 

Mulberry Tree..Persia. 

Nettle .Europe. 

Oats .North Africa. 

Onion .Egypt. 

Parsley .Sardinia. 


Name. • Coun. of Orig. 

Peach .Persia. 

Pear .Europe. 

Peas .Egypt. 

Pine .America. 

Poppy .The East. 

Potato .America. 

Quince .Isl. of Crete. 

.Radish .China & Japan 

Rye .Siberia. 

Spinach .Arabia. 

Sunflower .Peru. 

Tobacco .America. 

Walnut .Persia. 

Zealand Wax...Zealand. 


278 



















































MEMORY RHYMES 


THE MONTHS. 

Thirty days hath September, 
April, June and November; 
Ail the rest have thirty-one, 
But February, which has 
twenty-eight alone. 

Except in leap-year; then's 
the time 

When February’s days are 
twenty-nin.e. 

BIRTHDAYS. 

Monday for health, 
Tuesday for wealth, 
Wednesday best of all, 
Thursday for crosses, 
Friday for losses, 
Saturday no luck at all. 

The lines refer to the days 
of the week as birthdays. 
They are, in idea, the same 
as the more familiar lines: 

Monday’s child is fair of 
face, 

Tuesday’s child is full of 
grace \ 

Wednesday’s child is merry 
and glad, 

Thursday’s child is sorry and 
sad; 

Friday’s child is loving and 
giving; 

Saturday’s child must work 
for its living; 

While the child that is born 
on the Sabbath day 
Is blithe and bonny, and 
good and gay. 

SHORT GRAMMAR. 

Three little words you often 
see 

Are Articles, a, an and the. 
A Noun’s the name of any 
thing, 

As school or garden, hoop, or 
swing. 

Adjectives tell the kind of 
noun, 

As great, small, pretty, 
white, or brown. 

Instead of Nouns the Pro¬ 
nouns stand— 

His head, her face, your 
arm, my hand. 


Verbs tell something to be 
done— 

To read, count, laugh, sing, 
jump or run. 

How things are done the 
Adverbs tell— 

As slowly, quickly, ill or 
well. 

Conjunctions join the words 
together— 

As men and women, wind or 
weather. 

The Preposition stands be¬ 
fore 

The noun, as in or through 
the door. 

The interjection shows sur¬ 
prise— 

As Oh! how pretty, Ah! how 
w y ise. 

The Whole are called nine 
parts of speech. 

V 7 hich reading, writing, 
speaking teach. 

TO TELL THE AGE OF 
HORSES. 

To tell the age of any horse. 

Inspect the lower jaw, of 
course; 

The six front teeth the tale 
will tell, 

And every doubt and fear 
dispel. 

Two middle “nippers” you 
behold 

Before the colt is two weeks 
old, 

Before eight weeks will two 
more come; 

Eight months the “corners” 
cut the gum. 

The outside grooves will dis¬ 
appear 

From middle two in just one 
year. 

In two years, from the sec¬ 
ond pair; 

In three, the corners, too, 
are bare. 

At two the middle “nippers” 
drop; 

At three, the second pair 
can’t stop. 


279 


MEMORY RHYMES. 


When four years old the 
third pair goes 

At five a full new set he 
shows. 

The deep black spots will 
pass from view 

At six years from the mid¬ 
dle two. 

The second pair at seven 
years; 

At eight the spot each “cor¬ 
ner” clears. 

From middle “nippers” up¬ 
per jaw, 

At nine the black spots will 
withdraw. 

The second pair at ten are 
white; 

Eleven finds the “corners 
light. 

As time goes on, the horse¬ 
men know, 

The oval teeth three-sided 
grow; . ^ . 

They longer get, project be¬ 
fore, 

Till twenty, when we know 
no more. 


BEES. 

A swarm of bees in May 
Is worth a load of hay; 
A swarm of bees in June 
Is worth a silver spoon; 
A swarm of bees in July 
Is not worth a fly. 


THE CU.CKOO. 

May—sings all the day; 
June—changes his tune; 
July—prepares to fly; 
August—go he must. 


RULES FOR RIDING. 

Keep up your head and your 
heart, 

Your hands and your heels 
keep down, 

Press your knees close to 
your horse’s side, 

And your elbows close to 
your own. 


“HAPPINESS” DEFINED. 


Wanting nothing and knowing it. 

The mental sunshine of content. 

A “will-o’-the-wisp” which eludes us even when we grasp it. 
Excelsior! The ever-retreating summit on the hill of our 

ambition. , . , . . ,, 

The prize at the top of a greasy pole which is continually 

slipping from one’s grasp. 

The only thing a man continues to search for after he has 
found it. 

The bull’s-eye on the target at which all the human race 


are shooting. . r • 

The goal erected for the human race, which few reach, being 

too heavily handicapped. 

A wayside flower growing only by the path of duty. 

A bright and beautiful butterfly, which many chase but few 
can take. 

The interest we receive from capital invested in good works. 
The birthright of contentment. 

A treasure which we search for far and wide, though oft- 
times it is lying at our feet. 

The summer weather of the mind. 


2§Q 


LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 


Flowers may be combined and arranged so as to express 
even the nicest shades of sentiment. 

If a flower is offered reversed, its direct significance is like¬ 
wise reversed, so that the flower now means its opposite. 

A rosebud divested of its thorns, but retaining its leaves, 
conveys the sentiment, “I fear no longer; I hope.” Stripped 
of leaves and thorns, it signifies, “There is nothing to hope or 
fear.” 

A full blown rose placed over two buds, signifies “Secrecy.” 

“Yes,” is implied by touching the flower given to the lips. 
‘No,” by pinching off a petal and casting it away. 

“I am,” is expressed by a laurel leaf twined around the 
bouquet. “I have,” by an ivy leaf folded together. “I offer 
you,” by a leaf of Virginia creeper. 

Moss, Rosebud and Myrtle—“A confession of love.” 
Mignonette and Colored Daisy—“Your qualities surpass your 

. charms of beauty.” 

Lily of the Valley and Ferns—“Your unconscious sweetness 
has fascinated me.” 

Yellow Rose, Broken Straw and Ivy—“Your jealousy has 
broken our friendship.” 

Scarlet Geranium, Passion Flower, Purple Hyacinth, and 
Arbor Vitae—“I trust you will find consolation, through 
faith, in your sorrow; be assured of my unchanging 
friendship.” 

Columbine, Day Lily, Broken Straw, Witch Hazel and Colored 
Daisy—“Your folly and coquetry have broken the spell of 
your beauty.” 

White Pink, Canary Grass and Laurel—“Your talent and per¬ 
severance will win you glory.” 

Golden-Rod 'and Monkshead, Sweet Pea and Forget-me-not— 
“Be cautious; danger is near; I depart soon; forget me 
not.” 

ARBOR VITAE.—Unchang- CLOVER, FOUR - LEAF.— 


CAMELIA, WHITE.—Love¬ 
liness. 


ing friendship. 


Be mine. 

CLOVER, WHITE.—Think 


CARNATION, DEEP RED. 
—Alas! for my poor heart. 


CANDY-TUFT. — Indiffer¬ 
ence. 


of me. 

CLOVER, RED.—Industry. 
COLUMBINE.—Folly. 
COLUMBINE, PURPLE.— 


CARNATION, WHIT E — 
Disdain. 


Resolved to win. 

DAISY.—Innocence. 

DEAD LEAVES.—Sadness. 
DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.— 


CHINA-ASTER.—Variety. 


Falsehood. 


281 


LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 


FERN.—Fascination. 
FORGET-ME-NOT. — True 
love. Forget me not. 
FUCHSIA, SCARLE T.— 


Tq cjtp 

GERANIUM, 

Consolation. 

GERANIUM, 


SCARLET.— 
ROSE.—Pref- 


erence. 

GOLDEN-ROD. — Be cau¬ 
tious. 

HELIOTROPE.—Devotion. 

HONEY-FLOWER. — Love, 
sweet and secret. 

HYACINTH, WHITE.—Un¬ 
obtrusive loveliness. 

IVY.—Fidelity. 

LADY’S SLIPPER. — Win 
me and wear me. 

LILY, DAY.—Coquetry. 

LILY, WHITE.—Sweetness. 

LILY, YELLOW.—Gaiety. 

LILY OF THE VALLEY.— 
Return of happiness. 

MIGNONETTE.—Your qual¬ 
ities surpass your 
charms. 

MONKSHEAD.— Danger is 


near. 

MYRTLE.—Love. 


OATS.—The witching soul of 
music. 

ORANGE BLOSSOMS.- 
Chastity. 

PANSY.—Thoughts. 
PASSION FLOWER. — 
Faith. 

AC! OT BLOSSOM.—I am 


your captive. 

PEAR.—Affection. 
PRIMROSE.—Inconstancy. 
QUAKING GRASS.—Agita¬ 
tion. 

ROSE.—Love. 

ROSE, DEEP RED.—Bash¬ 


ful shame. 

ROSE, YELLOW.—Jealousy. 
ROSE, WHITE.—I am wor¬ 
thy of you. 

ROSEBUD, MOSS.—Confes¬ 
sion of love. 

SHAMROCK.—Lighthearted¬ 


ness. 

STRAW.—Agreement. 
STRAW, BROKEN.—Broken 
agreement. 

SWEET PEA—Depart. 
TUBEROSE. — Dangerous 
pleasures. 

VERBENA.—Pray for me. 
WITCH HAZEL.—A spell. 


PATENT MEDICINE TESTIMONIALS. 

We all know of cases where persistence in the taking of 
pills and other forms of medicine has been well rewarded. 
There is the man who testified: “I took ninety-three boxes 
of your liver pills before I began to see that they were doing 
me any good; but I had faith, and the ninety-fourth box 
brought me relief. That was four years ago. Since then I 
have taken from three to five boxes daily, and although I 
am not as well as I would like to be, yet I think I am gaining 
steadily. Send me four of your largest cases, C.’O. D.” 

Likewise the woman who wrote: “It was in 1876 that I 
began to take your Life Tonic. At first I was doubtful, and 
bought only pint bottles. Then, gaining confidence, I ordered 
quarts, half gallons, and gallons, until last year I had faith 
enough in your wonderful remedy to order it by the keg. 
I feel greatly toned now, but I know that, as I was very 
much run down, it will require a considerable time to build 
my system up. Inclosed please find check for eight barrels, 
which you may ship by fast freight. By the way, why don’t 
you put on a line of tank cars for the benefit of your regular 
customers?” 


282 


THE DERIVATIONS OF THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. 

JANUARY.—The Roman Janus presided over the begin¬ 
ning of everything; hence the first month of the year was 
called after him. 

FEBRUARY.—The Roman festival Februs was held on the 
15th day of this month, in honor of Lupercus, the god of 
fertility. 

MARCH.—Named from the Roman god of war, Mars. 

APRIL.—Latin, Aprilis, probably derived from aperire, to 
open; because spring generally begins, and the buds open in 
this month. 

MAY.—Lat. Maius, probably derived from Maia, a feminine 
divinity worshipped at Rome on the first day of this month. 

JUNE.—Juno, a Roman divinity worshipped as the Queen 
of Heaven. 

JULY (Julius).—Julius Caesar was born in this month. 

AUGUST.—Named by the Emperior Augustus Caesar, B. C. 
30, after himself, as he regarded it as a fortunate month, be¬ 
ing that in which he had gained several victories. 

SEPTEMBER (septem, or 7).—September was the seventh 
month in the old Roman calendar. 

OCTOBER (octo, or 8).—Eighth month of the old Roman 
year. 

NOVEMBER (novem, or 9).—November was the ninth 
month in the old Roman year. 

DECEMBER (decern, or 10).—December was the tenth 
month of the early Roman year. About the 21st of this month 
the sun enters the Tropic of Capricorn, and forms the winter 
solstice. 

DAYS OF THE WEEK. 

SUNDAY, (Saxon) Sunnandaed, day of the sun. 

MONDAY, (German) Montag, day of the moon. 

TUESDAY, (Anglo-Saxon) Tiwesdseg, from Tiw, the god 
of war. 

WEDNESDAY, (Anglo-Saxon) Wodnesdseg, from Odm, 
the god of storms. 

THURSDAY, (Danish) Thor, the god of thunder. 

FRIDAY, (Saxon) Frigedaeg, day of Freya, goddess of 
marriage. 

SATURDAY, the day of Saturn, the god of time. 

The names of the seven days of the week originated with the 
Egyptian astronomers. They gave them the names of the sun, 
moon, and five planets, viz.: Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus 
and Saturn. 


283 


WOULD YOU BE BEAUTIFUL 1 

In womanly beauty the excellences expected and looked for 
are faultless symmetry of form, feature and complexion, vary¬ 
ing in hue as the mind is affected by internal emotion, but with 
an expression of purity, gentleness, sensibility, refinement and 
intelligence. 

Moore, the poet, has given expression to his ideal of beauty 
in the following lines: 

“ This was not the beauty— Oh, nothing like this, 

That to young Nourmahal gave such magic bliss; 

But that loveliness, ever in motion, which plays 
Like the light upon autumn’s shadowy days. 

« Now here and now there, giving warmth as it flies 
From the lips to the cheek, from the cheek to the eyes; 

Now melting in mist, and now breaking in gleams „ 

Like the glimpses a saint has of heavenly dreams.” 

Wordsworth also expressed himself in the following lines: 

“ He was among the prime in worth, 

An object beauteous to behold: 

Well born, well bred; I sent him forth 
Ingenuous, innocent, and bold.” 

Perhaps you ask how you can attain beauty if you do not 
possess it? or, if you have some of its qualities, how you may 
get those you are lacking. If you will practice, the following 
rules you will grow more and more beautiful in the eyes of 
others, even if age does bring gray hair and a wrinkled skin. 

First.—Cleanliness is next to godliness. Practice it in every 
feature of your daily life. 

Second.—Have some purpose to achieve and steadfastly work 
to attain it. 

Third.—Cultivate self-discipline; be master of your passions, 
under all circumstances. 

Fourth.—Study to know the laws of life that yield harmony 
and good health and obey them. Look on the bright side of 
life always. 

Fifth.—Avoid intemperance in all things. 

Sixth.—Cultivate every mental and bodily quality that will 
make you firm in goodness, strong and physically able to. be 
useful to your kind, generous and broad-minded, self-sacrific¬ 
ing, and you will daily and hourly be lovely and grow into the 
beautiful. 


284 


WOULD YOU BE BEAUTIFUL? 

CARE OF THE SCALP AND HAIR. 

Beautiful hair, beautiful skin and a beautiful form, the three 
graces which are the birthright of every woman, but which, 
through lack of good judgment and common sense, or through 
thoughtlessness on the part of mothers of growing children, 
comparatively few possess. 

Beautiful hair is one of nature’s greatest gifts, and yet we 
never seem to appreciate it until there is danger of losing it, 
or until it becames faded and lusterless because we have not 
used the right means for preserving it. 

The beauty and continuance of the hair depend upon its 
proper nourishment, gained by the circulation of blood through 
the scalp, and this must be maintained to keep the hair in 
good condition. 

The structure of the hair is very beautiful, and each hair 
is contained in a delicate sheath which fits into a slight depres¬ 
sion in the skin called the follicle, and around the base of the 
hair nature has provided glands to secrete oily matter, the 
purpose of which is to keep the hair glossy. 

In early maturity the hair reaches the state of greatest 
beauty, and at this time the greatest care should be given it, 
feeding and nourishing it as we would a plant—giving it 
plenty of air and sunlight, carefully shampooing at least once 
in ten days. Massage the scalp to keep it loose and flexible. 
Use electricity, a good tonic, and occasionally singe the split 
ends. 

If this process is commenced at the right time, the result 
will .be fewer cases of baldness in men and thin, poor hair in 
women. 

The hair should also be worn loosely, forming a soft frame 
for the face, which is always more becoming than tightly 
drawn hair. Many people drag the hair out by the roots by 
tying back too firmly. 

CARE OF THE SKIN. 

A beautiful skin is smooth, soft and clear ; the color varies 
in different individuals. In perfect health it is moist and with 
the delicate shading of a floweri-climate, hair and eyes, of 
course, determining the color, and the continued beauty of it 
depending on pure blood, fresh air and sunlight, also perfect 
cleanliness and care. 

The pores should always be kept free from obstruction and 
extremes of heat and cold avoided as much as possible. In 
health, the care of the skin is a simple matter, massage being 

285 


WOULD YOU BE BEAUTIFUL? 


a great factor, assisted always by the use of pure= creams. 
A good cleansing cream is a great necessity, as it enters the 
pores and frees them from dirt, leaving the skin soft and 
pliable, in which condition it is ready to absorb the skin fo ?? 
when the finger massage is given, making it possible for the 
gentle electric current to force the ointment into the deeper 
layers of the skin, thus effecting the removal of moth patches, 
tan freckles and other discolorations and imperfections. # 1 he 
vibratory massage should follow, the purpose of which is to 
stimulate the tissues, throwing off worn-out particles and in¬ 
creasing the circulation of the blood by giving proper exercise 
to the facial muscles, thereby restoring and preserving the 
color and contour, making the skin beautiful, clear, eradicating 

and preventing wrinkles. . , « , 

The use of a pure face powder is absolutely necessary, best 
results are obtained by using a blended powder, as the skin 
tint is thus assured. 

TO DEVELOP THE BUST. 

A beautiful bust is the desire and admiration of every 
woman. If nature has not been kind in this respect, any 
woman can develop a beautiful bust by exercise, bathing and 
gentle massage with a good bust ointment or skin food. 

Electric massage is very beneficial, and if properly given, 
brings quick and sure results. 

Swimming and deep breathing are great aids. 


CARE OF THE HANDS. 

\ study of the hand is very interesting, and if mothers 
understood more of its beautiful construction many of the 
little accidents which result in deformed finger nails could 
be avoided. Mothers should attend most carefully to the 
early cultivation of their children’s finger nails, as the habit 
of biting them is so easily formed and is sure to permanently 
destroy their beauty. 

A perfect hand is rounded and plump, soft, white and dim¬ 
pled, with tapering finger tips and filbert-shaped nails, showing 
the little half-moon. 

It is possible for any woman to have such a hand it sne is 
willing to take time once a week to have the nails treated 
and to give them a little personal attention each day. 

Great care should be taken in washing the hands. A nuld 
soap should be used, and particular attention paid to the 
thorough drying of them, after which a good cuticle cream 

286 


WOULD YOU BE BEAUTIFUL? 


should be applied and well rubbed in. The same cream may 
be used to loosen the cuticle at the base of the nail, when it 
can be gently pushed back, thus keeping the half-moon ex¬ 
posed. An orange wood stick should always be used to clean 
the nails. 

Massaging the hands at least once a month aids wonderfully 
in making them symmetrical and keeping the joints flexible 
and the skin free from dark spots and wrinkles. 

MAXIMUM AGE OF DIFFERENT TREES. 


Years. 


Palm .250 

Elm .355 

Cypress .388 

Ivy .448 

Maple .516 

Larch .576 

Lemon .649 

Plane .720 

Cedar .800 


Eucalyptus, or Australian \ 
ty-four feet in three months; 
hours. 


Years. 


Chestnut . 860 

Walnut . 900 

Lime .1,076 

Spruce .1,200 

Oak .1,600 

Olive .2,000 

Yew .2,880 

Baobab .5,100 

Dragon .5,900 


-tree, sometimes grows twen- 
mboo, two feet in twenty-four 


PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

Declaration of Independence .July 4th, 1776 

General Washington, first President .1789 and 1793 

John Adams . 1797 

Thomas Jefferson .1801 and 1805 

James Madison .1809 and 1813 

James Monroe .1817 and 1821 

John Quincy Adams . 1825 

General Andrew Jackson .1829 and 1833 

Martin Van Buren . 1837 

General William Henry Harrison (died 4th April)... 1841 

John Tyler (elected as Vice-President). 1841 

James Knox Polk . 1845 

General Zachary Taylor (died 9th July, 1850). 1849 

Millard Fillmore (elected as Vice-President). 1850 

General Franklin Pierce . 1853 

James Buchanan . 1857 

Abraham Lincoln (assassinated 14th April, 1865)....1861 and 1865 

Andrew Johnson (elected as Vice-President). 1865 

General Ulysses S. Grant .1869 and 1873 

Rutherford B. Hayes . 1877 

General J. Abram Garfield (died 19th September, 1881) 1881 

General Chester A. Arthur (elected as V-Pres. 1881 

Grover Cleveland . 1885 

Benjamin H. Harrison . 1889 

Grover Cleveland . 1893 

William McKinley (elected) . 1897 

(Re-elected) . 1901 

(Assassinated September 14, 1901). 

Theodore Roosevelt (elected Vice-President). 1901 

(Became President September 11). 1901 

Theodore Roosevelt (elected/ . 1905 


287 
















































FACTS ABOUT THE LIBERTY BELL. 

Cast by Thomas Lester, Whitechapel, London. 

Arrived in Philadelphia in August, 1752. 

First used in statehouse, Philadelphia, Aug. 27, I 75 2 - 

Twice recast by Pass & Snow, Philadelphia, to repair 
crack, September, 1752. . 

Muffled and tolled Oct. 5, 1765, on arrival of ship Royal 
Charlotte with stamps. 

Muffled and tolled Oct. 31, 1765, when stamp act was put 
in operation. 

Summoned meeting to prevent landing of cargo of tea from 
the ship Polly Dec. 27, 1774. 

Summoned meeting of patriots April 25, I 775 > after battle 
of Lexington. 

Proclaimed declaration of independence and the birth of 
a new nation at great ratification meeting July 8 , 1776. 

First journey from Philadelphia made in September, 1777, 
to Allentown, Pa., to escape capture by the British; returned 
June 27, 1778. 

, Proclaimed treaty of peace April 16, 1783. 

Tolled for the death of Washington Dec. 26, 1799. 

Rung on the fiftieth anniversary of the declaration of inde¬ 
pendence July 4, 1826. 

Last used in tolling for the death of John Marshall Jply 8, 
1835. 

Principal tours: To New Orleans in 1885; Chicago, 1893; 
Atlanta, 1895; Boston, 1902; St. Louis, 1904. 

MODERN FABLES. 

LUXURY. 

Of two cats, one thinking to be very fine, hunted only hum¬ 
ming birds, and the other hunted only mice. The first had to 
hunt much longer than the other, because humming-birds were 
scarce, so that it spent nearly all its life in getting food, while 
the other had little trouble to get all it wanted. “How un¬ 
fortunate it is,” said the first cat, “that I have formed my lik¬ 
ing for what is so hard to get, and is so little when I have it.” 

FASTIDIOUSNESS. 

A fastidious ox would not drink water standing in the water 
with his head turned down stream lest he should soil the 
water with his feet. But once when drinking with his head 
turned up stream he saw a whole drove of hogs washing in 
the water above him. 


288 


MODERN FABLES. 

ATTRACTING ATTENTION. 

A flea, which saw many people trying to get the attention 
of a king and waiting long for that purpose, said: “Though 
I am but a little thing, I will get his attention.” So he jumped 
up the throne until he got on the king’s head. Here he re¬ 
ceived recognition from the king by a slap, and when he 
boasted to a dog of his success, the latter said: “Some get 
attention by their merit, others by their demerit. In making 
yourself a nuisance you got recognition before the lords of 
the realm, but only as a flea.” 

GAMBLING. 

A monkey playing with a steel trap got his tail cut off. He 
went back the next day to get his tail, when he got his foot 
cut off. “Now,” he said, “I will go back and get both my 
foot and my tail.” lie went back, and the third time he got 
his head cut off, which ended his monkeying with the trap. 

MUGWUMPERY. 

A mule on one side of a fence was discontented because he 
was not on the other side. He finally jumped over, when he 
was equally discontented because he was not back again. 
“Which side of the fence do you want to be on?” asked a 
horse. “It does not matter,” replied the mule, “provided I am 
on the other side.” 

THE NON-PARTISAN. 

A dog, running about in an irregular way, was asked where 
he was going. “I am not going anywhere,” replied the dog, 
“but only running about to learn where to go.” 

PARTISANSHIP. 

The swans, wishing to drive the peacocks from a park, pro¬ 
cured a law against big feet. The peacocks retaliated by get¬ 
ting a counter law against big necks. Soon one side could see 
nothing but ugly feet, and the other nothing but long necks. 
At last they came to think peacocks were all feet and swans 
all neck. 

WHAT HOUSEKEEPERS SHOULD REMEMBER. 

That cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease 
from washable fabrics. 

That fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them 
into boiling water for a minute. 

That fresh meat beginning to sour will sweeten if placed 
outdoors in the cool air over night. . 

289 


WHAT HOUSEKEEPERS SHOULD REMEMBER. 

That milk which has changed may be sweetened or rendered 
fit for use again by stirring in a little soda. 

That a tablespoonful of turpentine boiled with your white 
clothes will greatly aid the whitening process. 

That kerosene will soften boots and shoes that have been 
hardened by water and will render them as pliable as new. 

That thoroughly wetting the hair once or twice with a solu¬ 
tion of salt and water will keep it from falling out. 

That salt fish are quickest and best freshened by soaking 
in sour milk. 

That salt will curdle new milk; hence, in preparing por¬ 
ridge, gravies, etc., salt should not be added until the dish is 
prepared. 

That one teaspoonful of ammonia to a teacup of water, ap¬ 
plied with a rag, will clean silver or gold jewelry perfectly. 

That paint stains that are dry and old may be removed from 
cotton and woolen goods with chloroform. It is a good plan 
to first cover the spot with olive oil or butter. 

That clear boiling water will remove tea stains; pour the 
water through the stain and thus prevent it spreading over 
the fabric. 

That charcoal is recommended as an absorbent of gases in 
the milk-room where foul gases are present. It should be 
freshly powdered and kept there continually, especially in hot 
weather, when unwholesome odors are most liable to infect 
the milk. 

That applying kerosene with a rag, when you are about to 
put your stoves away for the summer, will prevent them from 
rusting. Treat your farming implements in the same way 
before you lay them aside for the fall. 

That a teaspoonful of borax, put in the last water in which 
clothes are rinsed, will whiten them surprisingly. Pound the 
borax so it will dissolve easily. This is especially good to 
remove the yellow that time gives to white garments that 
have been laid aside for two or three years. 

That a good agency for keeping the air of the cellar sweet 
and wholesome is whitewash made of good white lime and 
water only. The addition of glue or size, or anything of that 
kind, only furnishes organic matter to speedily putrefy. The 
use of lime in whitewash is not only to give a white color, but 
it greatly promotes the complete oxidation of effluvia in the 
cellar air. Any vapors that contain combined nitrogen in the 
unoxidized form contribute powerfully to the development of 
disease germs. 


290 


OCCUPATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 

(CENSUS OF 1900.) 


Actors 
Actresses 
Agents 

Agents (station) 

Agricultural laborers 

Architects . 

Artists and art teachers.. 
Authors .... 

Baggagemen 
Bakers . 

Bankers and brokers.... 

Barbers . 

Bartenders . 

Blacksmiths . 

Boarding-house keepers.. 

Boilermakers . 

Bookbinders . 

Bookkeepers . 

Boot and shoe dealers.... 

Boot and shoe makers.... 

Bottlers . 

Boxmakers (paper). 

Brakemen . 

Brass workers . 

Brewers and maltsters... 

Brick and tile makers.... 

Broom and brush makers 
Builders and contractors. 

Butchers . 

Butter and cheese mak’rs 

Cabinetmakers . 

Carpenters and joiners.. 

Carpet factory empl’yes.. 
Carriage and hack driv’rs 
Charcoal and coke burn’s 

Chemical workers . 

Chemists . 

Cigar dealers . 

Clergymen . 

Clerks and copyists. 

Clock and watch makers 

Clothing dealers . 

Coal and wood dealers.... 
Commercial travelers .... 

Compositors . 

Conductors (steam road) 

Confectioners . 

Coopers . 

Copper workers . 

Cotton mill operatives.... 246,004 


Dairymen . 10,931 

Dentists . 29,683 

Designers and draftsmen 18,956 

Distillers and rectifiers... 3,145 

Dressmakers . 347,076 

Dry-goods dealers . 45,840 

Druggists . 57,346 


Dyers . 17,904 

Electricians . 50,782 

Electro-platers . 6,387 

Elevator tenders . 12,691 

Engineers (civil) . 43,535 

Engineers and firemen 

(not railway) . 224,546 

Engineers and firemen 

(railway) . 107,150 

Engravers . 11,156 

Farmers . 5,681,257 

Firemen (fire depart¬ 
ments) . 14,576 

Fishermen . 73,810 

Foremen and overseers.. 55,503 
Furniture fact’y empl’yes 23,078 

Gardeners . 62,418 

Glassworkers . 49,999 

Glovemakers . 12,276 

Gold and silver workers.. 26,146 

Harnessmakers . 40,193 

Hat and cap makers. 22,733 

Hostlers . 65,381 

Hotelkeepers .. 54,931 

Housek’p’s and stewards 155,524 
Iron and steel workers... 203,295 

Janitors . 51,226 

Journalists . 30,098 

Knitting-mill oper’tives.. 47,120 

Laborers (general) .2,588,283 

Laborers (railroad) . 249,576 

Laundry employes . 387,013 

Lawyers . 114,703 

Lead and zinc workers.. 5,335 
Leather curriers and tan¬ 
ners .' 42,684 

Librarians . 4,184 

Liquor merchants . 13,119 

Lithographers . 7,956 

Liverymen . 33,680 

Locksmiths, gunmakers, 

etc . 7,432 

Longshoremen . 20,934 

Lumber dealers . 16,774 

Lumbermen . 72,190 

Machinists . 283,432 

Marble & stone cutters.. 54,525 

Masons, stone & brick_ 161,048 

Merchants (wholesale) .. 42,310 

Messengers . 44,460 

Millers . 40,576 

Milliners . 87,881 

Miners (coal) . 344,292 

Miners (gold & silver)— 59,095 

Model & pattern makers 15,083 

Molders . 87,504 

Musicians and teachers 92,264 


.... 8,392 

6,418 
.... 241,333 
.... 45,992 

....4,459,346 
10,604 
24,902 
6,058 
19,085 
79,407 
73,384 
131,383 
88,937 
227,076 
71,371 
33,087 
30,286 
255,526 
15,239 
209,056 
10,546 
21,098 
67,492 
26,760 
20,984 

49.934 
10,222 

56.935 
114,212 

19,261 
35,641 
602,741 
19,388 
36,794 
14,476 
14,814 
8,887 
15,367 
111,942 
632,099 
24,188 
18,097 
20,866 

92.936 
36,849 
42,935 
31,242 
37,226 

8,188 












































































OCCUPATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


Nurses (total). 121,269 

Nurses (trained) . 11,892 

Office boys . 16,727 

Officials (bank). 74,246 

Officials (government).... 90,290 

Oil well and works . 24,626 

Painters and glaziers.... 277.990 
Packers and shippers.... 59,769 

Paperhangers . 22,004 

Paper-mill operatives .... 36,329 

Peddlers . 76,872 

Photographers . 27,029 

Physicians & surgeons.. 132,225 

Plasterers . 35,706 

Plumbers and fitters. 97,884 

Policemen . 116,615 

Porters . 54,274 

Potters . 16,140 

Printers and pressmen... 103,855 

Produce dealers. 34,194 

Professors in colleges.... 7,275 

Publishers . 10,970 

Quarrymen . 34,598 

Restaurant keepers. 34,023 

Roofers and slaters. 9,068 

Salesmen & salesladies.. 611,787 

Sailors . 61,873 

Saloonkeepers . 83,875 

Saw -mill employes .161,687 

Seamstresses . 151,379 

Servants .1,458,010 


Sextons . 5,394 

Shirt, collar and cuff 

makers . 39,432 

Showmen (professional).. 16,625 

Silk-mill operatives. 54,460 

Soldiers & sailors (U, S.) 126,744 

Stenographers . 98,827 

Stereotypers. 3,172 

Stock raisers . 85,469 

Storekeepers (general).... 33,031 
Storekeepeers (grocery).. 156,557 

Stovemakers . 12,473 

Street-railway employes. 68,936 
Switchmen, yardmen, etc. 50,241 

Tailors . 230,277 

Teachers . 439,522 

Teamsters . 504,321 

Telegraph operaters. 55,885 

Telephone operators. 19,195 

Theatrical managers. 3,488 

Tin workers .. 70,613 

Tobacco fact’y employes 131,464 
Tool and cutlery makers 28,122 

Trunkmakers . 3,657 

Typewriters . 13,637 

Undertakers . 16,200 

Upholsterers . 30,839 

Veterinary surgeons .... 8,190 

Waiters . 107,430 

Wheelwrights . 13,539 

Wireworkers . 18,487 

Woolen-mill operatives.. 73,196 


TABLE OF KINGS AND 

Norman Line. 

Began to Reign. 

William I.Oct. 14, 1066 

William II.Sept. 9, 1087 

Henry I.Aug. 2, 1100 

Stephen .Dec. 2, 1135 

Family of Plantagenet. 

Henry II.Oct. 25, 1154 

Richard I.July 6, 1189 

John .April 6, 1199 

Henry III.Oct. 19, 1216 

Edward I.Nov. 16, 1272 

Edward II.July 7, 1307 

Edward III.Jan. 24, 1327 

Richard II.June 21, 1377 

House of Lancaster. 

Henry IV.Sept. 29, 1399 

Henry V.March 23, 1413 

Henry VI.Aug. 31, 1422 

House of York. 

Edward IV. ....March 1, 1461 

Edward V.April 9, 1483 

Richard III.June 22, 1483 


QUEENS OF ENGLAND. 

York and Lancaster United 
in the House of Tudor. 

Began to Reign. 
Henry IV. of L..Aug. 22, 1485 

Henry VIII.April 22, 1509 

Edward VI.Jan. 28, 1547 

Mary I.July 6, 1553 

Elizabeth .Nov. 17, 155S 

House of Stuart. 

James I.March 24, 1603 

Charles I.March 27, 1625 

The commonwealth from 1649 
to 1660, Cromwell, Protec¬ 
tor. 

Charles II.Jan. 30, 1660 

James II.Feb. 6, 1685 

William & Mary.Feb. 13, 1689 
William, alone ..Dec. 28, 1694 

Anne .March 8, 1702 

Brunswick Family. 

George I.Aug. 1, 1714 

George II.June 11, 1727 

George III.Oct. 25, 1760 

George IV.Jarx. 29, 1820 

William IV.June 26, 1830 

Victoria .June 20, 1837 

Edward VII.Aug. 9, 1902 


292 











































































FRENCH DYNASTIES AND SOVEREIGNS. 

THE MEROVINGIANS. 

Clovis, “The Hairy,” King- cf the Salic Franks. 481 

Childeric III, last of the race. 742 

THE CARLOVINGIANS. 

Pepin, “The Short,” son of Charles Martel. 752 

Charlamange the Great, Emperor of the West. 768 

Louis V, “The Indolent,” last of the race. 986 

THE CAPETS. 

Hugh Capet, “The Great” . 987 

Louis IX, “St. Louis” . 1226 

Charles IV, “The Handsome”. 1322 

THE HOUSE OF VALOIS. 

Philip VI, de Valois, “The Fortunate”. 1328 

Henry III, last of the race. 1574 

THE HOUSE OF BOURBON. 

Henry IV, “The Great,” King- of Navarre. 1589 

Louis XIII, “The Just”. 1610 

Louis XVI, “The Great” Dieudonne. 1643 

Louis XV, “The Well-beloved”. 1715 

Louis XVI, (guillotined 21st January, 1793). 1774 

Louis XVII, (never reigned). yt. . 1793 

THE FIRST REPUBLIQ. 

The National Convention first sat 21st September. 1792 

The Directory Nominated 1st November. 1795 

THE CONSULATE. 

Bonaparte, Cambaceres, and Lebrun, 24th December. 1799 

Bonaparte Consul for ten years, 6th May. 1802 

Bonaparte Consul for life, 2d August. 1802 

THE EMPIRE. 

Napoleon I, decreed Emperor, 18th May. 1804 

Napoleon. II (never reigned) died 22d July. 1832 

THE RESTORATION. 

Louis XVIII re-entered Paris, 3d May, 1814. 1814 

Charles X (deposed 30th July, 1830, died 6th November, 1836. 1824 
THE HOUSE OF ORLEANS. 

Louis Philippe, King of the French (Abdicated 24th Febru¬ 
ary, 1848, died 26th August, 1850. 1830 

Heir-expectant, Comte de Paris, born 24th August, (also 

heir to the House of Bourbon). 1838 

THE SECOND REPUBLIC. 

Provisional Government formed 22d February. 1848 

Louis Napoleon elected President, 19th December. 1848 

THE SECOND EMPIRE. 

Napoleon III elected Emperor 22d November, (Deposed 4th 

September, 1870, died 9th January, 1873). 1862 

THIRD REPUBLIC. 

Committee of Public Defense, 4th September. 1870 

L. A. Thiers elected President, 31st August. 1871 

Marshal McMahon elected President, 24th May. 1875 

Jules Grevy (first) elected President, 30th January. 1879 

Sadi-Carnot elected President, 4th December. 1887 

Jean Casimir elected President, June 27. 1894 

Felix Francois Faure elected President, Jan. 17. 1895 

Emile Loubet elected President, Feb. 18. ,,,,,,,, . 1899 

293 







































EMPERORS OF RUSSIA, 


1689 Peter I.died 28th January, 1725 

1725 Catherine I, Mistress of Peter I.died 17th May, 1727 

1727 Peter II.died 29th January, 1730 

1730 Ann .died 29th October, 1740 

1740 Ivan IV.imprisoned 1741, assassinated 1764 

1741 Elizabeth.died 5th January, 1762 

1762 Peter III.assassinated 14th July, 1762 

Catherine II, wife of Peter III...died 17th of November, 1796 

1796 Paul.assassinated 24th March, 1801 

1801 Alexander I.died 1st December, 1825 

1825 Nicholas.died 2d March, 1855 

1855 Alexander II.assassinated 13th March, 1881 

1881 Alexander III.died Nov. 1st, 1894 

1894 Nicholas II.still reigns, 1905 


POPES OF ROME. 


Peter-Clement—Linus 

Benedict XIII . 

Clement XII . 

Benedict XIV . 

Clement XIII . 

Clement XIV . 

Pius VI . 

Pius VII . 

Leo XII . 

Pius VIII .. 

Gregory XVI . 

Pius IX . 

Leo XIII . 

Pius X . 


,1st Pope . 

Orsini . 

.Corsini . 

.Lambertini _ 

Rezzonico . 

.Ganganelli . 

.Braschi . 

,Chiaramonti .. 

.Genga . 

.Castiglioni . 

Capellari . 

Mastai-Ferretti 

.Pecci . 

.Sarto . 


42-66 

1724 

1730 

1740 

1758 

1769 

1775 

1800 

1823 

1829 

1831 

1846 

1878 

1903 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


Jose I, Son of Emperor Leopold. 1705 

Charles VI, Brother of preceding. 1711 

Maria-Theresa of Hungary and Bohemia. . 1740 

Charles VII, Elector of Bavaria. 1742 

Francis I, Husband of Maria Theresa.1745 

Joseph II, Son of Preceding. 1765 

Leopold II, Brother of preceding. 1790 

Francis II Last Emperor of Germany. 1792 

Francis I First Emperor of Austria. 1804 

Ferdinand (Abdicated) . 1835 

Francis Joseph (Nephew). 1848 


GERMANY—PRUSSIA, 


Albert I, First Elector of 


Brandenburg .1134 

John-Sigismund, Elector, 

Duke of Prussia.1616 

George-William .1619 

Frederick - William, “The 

Great Elector” .1640 

Frederick, 1688, Crowned 
King of Prussia .1701 


Frederick-William 1.1713 

Frederick II, The Great..1740 

Frederick-William II.1786 

Frederick-William III ...1797 

Frederick-William IV.1840 

William, First German 

Emperor .i860 

Frederick III .1888 

William II .1883 


294 

































































HOW THE PRESIDENTS DIED. 


George Washington.—His death was the result of a severe 
cold contracted while riding around his farm in a rain and 
sleet storm on Dec. io, 1799. The cold increased and was 
followed by a chill, which brought on acute laryngitis. His 
death occurred on Dec. 14, 1799. He was sixty-eight years 
of age. 

John Adams.—He died from old age, having reached his 
ninety-first milestone. Though active mentally, he was nearly 
blind and unable to hold a pen steadily enough to write. 
He passed away without pain on July 4, 1826. 

Thomas Jefferson.—He died at the age of eighty-three, a 
few hours before Adams, on July 4, 1826. His disease was 
chronic diarrhoea, superinduced by old age, and his physician 
said the too free use of the waters of the white sulphur 
springs. 

James Madison.—He too died of old age, and peacefully, on 
June 28, 1836. His faculties were undimmed to the last. He 
was eighty-five. 

James Monroe.—At the time of his death, which occurred in 
the seventy-third year of his age, on July 4, 1831, it was 
assigned to no other cause than enfeebled health. 

John Quincy Adams.—He was stricken with paralysis on 
Feb. 21, 1848, while addressing the speaker of the House of 
Representatives, being at the time a member of Congress. 
He died in the rotunda of the Capitol. He was eighty-one 
years of age. 

Andrew Jackson.—He died on June 8, 1845, seventy-eight 
years old. He suffered from consumption and finally dropsy, 
which made its appearance about six months before his 
death. 

Martin Van Buren.—He died on July 24, 1862, from a vio¬ 
lent attack of asthma, followed by catarrhal affections of the 
throat and lungs. He was eighty years of age. 

William Henry Harrison.—The cause of his death was 
pleurisy, the result of a cold, which he caught on the day of 
his inauguration. This was accompanied with severe diar¬ 
rhoea, which would not yield to medical treatment. His death 
occurred on April 4, 1841, a month after his inauguration. 
He was sixty-eight years of age. 

John Tyler.—He died on Jan. 17, 1862, at the age of seventy* 
two. Cause of death, bilious colic. 

James K. Polk.—In the spring of 1849 he was stricken 
with a slight attack of cholera while on a boat going up the 
Mississippi river. Though temporarily relieved, he had a 

295 


HOW THE PRESIDENTS DIED. 


relapse on his return home and died on June 15, 1849, aged 
fifty-four years. 

Zachary Taylor.—He was the second President to die in 
office. He is said to have partaken immoderately of ice water 
and iced milk, and then later of a large quantity of cherries. 
The result was an attack of cholera morbus. He was sixty- 
six years old. 

Millard Fillmore.—He died from a stroke of paralysis on 
March 8, 1874, in his seventy-fourth year. 

Franklin Pierce.—His death was due to abdominal dropsy, 
and occurred on Oct. 8, 1869, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. 

James Buchanan.—His death occurred on June 1, 1868, and 
was caused by rheumatic gout. He was seventy-seven years 
of age. 

Abraham Lincoln.—He was shot by J. Wilkes Booth at 
Ford’s Theatre, Washington, D. C., on April 14, 1865, and died 
the following day, aged fifty-six. 

Andrew Johnson.—He died from a stroke of paralysis July 
31, 1875, aged sixty-seven. 

U. S. Grant.—He died of cancer of the tongue, at Mt. 
McGregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885. 

James A. Garfield.—Was shot by Charles J. Guiteau on 
July 2, 1881. Died Sept. 19, 1881. 

Chester A. Arthur.—Who succeeded Garfield. Died sud¬ 
denly of appoplexy in New York City, Nov. 18, 1886. 

Rutherford B. Hayes.—Died Jan. 17, 1893, the result of a 
severe cold contracted in Cleveland, Ohio. 

Benjamin Harrison.—Died March 13, 1901. Cause of death, 
pneumonia. 

William McKinley.—Was assassinated Sept. 14, 1901. 

INFANT FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT. 

It is of prime importance in feeding an infant to do this 
at regular intervals, since during the first three months of its 
life the feeding habits of the child should be established, and 
if care be used in this regard the child will wake himself at 
the proper time. The last meal at night should be 11 P. M., 
and if the child is healthy and will sleep it need not be fed 
until 3 or 5 A. M. the following morning. In both breast and 
artificial feeding the above applies, and the same method 
should be. employed; namely, the child should be held in the 
arms during the meal, which should' last from ten to fifteen 
minutes. 

Both in breast and artificial feeding it is possible to over-feed 
296 


INFANT FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT. 


the child. Many infants are systematically over-fed. The 
young mother should understand how small an infant’s stom¬ 
ach is. At birth it will hold a little more than an ounce of 
fluid, or two tablespoonfuls, and at the end of two months 
only three ounces. If, therefore, the mother persists in trying 
to give the child four ounces of food, the child will suffer 
from an excess. Many children during the first few months of 
life bring up their food, and the mother fears that there is 
some inherited tendency to weak digestion. It is wrong to 
feed a child simply because it cries, as very frequently it is 
not a cry of hunger, but one caused by indigestion from over¬ 
feeding. 

If the child is being fed with the bottle it is important that 
the food be given at a temperature of ioo F., or as nearly that 
as possible; never over, and if the child be fed out of doors in 
its carriage it is well to have a flannel bag of some kind to 
slip over the bottle to keep it at the same temperature until 
the meal is finished. Many cases of colic are caused by inat¬ 
tention to this point. 

It is a common mistake that when a child cries it needs 
additional food. There are many cases where a little drink 
of water is the prime need of the child, and great care should 
be taken that this be heated to the proper temperature, and 
especially that no water be givn to the child except that which 
has been boiled. A few teaspoonfuls should be given to the 
child, therefore, several times a day, but aside from that he 
should have nothing but his regular food until he is at least a 
year old. For the same reason, therefore, if a child be fed 
by the bottle, the water used in preparing the food should 
have been previously boiled, and care should be exercised not 
to expose the food to the air during or after its preparation. 
It should be remembered that the food of a child must be 
nutritious, and that in this food, especially when at the proper 
temperature for the infant, bacteria from the air will flourish 
wonderfully fast, and therefore the food should not be ex¬ 
posed to possible contamination. 

It is of very great importance that the feeding bottles be 
always clean and sweet. It is an advantage to have several 
bottles on hand, and also two or three brushes for cleaning. 
Keep a special vessel with water in which there is a little 
Bicarbonate of Soda, so that the moment the bottle is used 
it may be thoroughly washed and kept in the water. Do not 
use a nipple v/ith a rubber tube, but use the short, black rub¬ 
ber nipples, which fit over the mouth of the bottle. Do not 

297 


INFANT FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT. 

enlarge the hole in the nipple, so as to make it too easy for 
the baby to draw its food, otherwise the food being taken so 
rapidly into the stomach will often cause pain or vomiting. 
In washing the nipples turn them inside out and see that they 
are as thoroughly cleaned as possible, and keep them for use 
in a bottle filled with boiled water with a pinch of boric acid 
added. 

THE FIRST NURSING. It is very important that the 
child should be put to the breast immediately after it is 
washed. This is very necessary, both for the mother and the 
child, and prevents subsequent troubles. The fluid contained 
in the breast is at this stage called colostrum, and is intended 
by Nature to act upon the child as a laxative. This first nurs¬ 
ing stimulates the secretion of the milk and causes uterine 
contraction, which is very much needed at this time. It is 
well to wash the infant’s mouth out with sterilized water 
every time it feeds. For this purpose use clean water which 
has been boiled and allowed to cool, or a solution of boric acid 
in boiled water—5 grains to the ounce of water. 

Infants, as a rule, should be bathed once a day, but never 
immediately after being nursed or fed. In very warm weather 
a child may be sponged in the evening as well as in the morn¬ 
ing. The water for the bath of a young baby should be warm, 
and the temperature can be judged by testing it with the 
elbow, which is more sensitive than the hand. Lay a small 
blanket on the lap, cover the child with a flannel and sponge 
it under the clothes. This prevents it from taking cold from 
exposure. The room should not be cooler than 68 F., and the 
door must be kept closed to avoid drafts. Use only pure white 
soap, and a soft cloth is better than a sponge. The body 
should be carefully dried and lightly powdered to absorb any 
moisture that may remain. 

THE PANAMA CANAL. 

CHRONOLOGY. 

First exploration of route, 1527. 

Advocated by Humboldt, 1803. 

Panama railroad built, 1850-55. 

Panama Canal company formed by De Lesseps, 1879. 

Work on canal begun Feb. 24, 1881. 

Canal company failed Dec. 11, 1888. 

De Lesseps and other sentenced to prison for fraud Feb. 9, 
1893. 

New French canal company formed October, 1894. 

298 


THE PANAMA CANAL. 


De Lesseps died Dec. 7, 1894. 

Hay-Pauncefote treaty superseding the Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty signed Nov. 15, 1901; ratified by senate Dec. 16; ratified 
by Great Britain Jan. 20, 1902. 

Canal property offered to the United States for $40,000,000 
Jan. 9, 1902; accepted Feb. 16, 1903. 

Bill authorizing construction of canal passed by house of 
representatives Jan. 9, 1902; passed by senate June 19, 1902; 
approved June 28, 1902. 

Canal treaty with Colombia signed Jan. 22, 1903; ratified 
by senate March 17, 1903; rejected by Colombia Aug. 12, 1903. 

Revolution in Panama Nov. 3, 1903. 

Canal treaty with Panama negotiated Nov. 18, 1903; ratified 
by republic of Panama Dec. 2, 1903; ratified by United States 
senate Feb. 23, 1904. 

Canal commissioners appointed Feb. 29, 1904. 

Papers transferring canal to the United States signed in 
Paris April 22, 1904. 

Bill for government of canal zone passed by the senate 
April 15, 1904; passed by the house April 21; approved 
April 26. 

Canal property at Panama formally turned over to the 
United States commissioners May 4, 1904. 

President outlines rules for the government of the canal 
zone and war department takes charge of the work May 9, 
I9°4- 

Gen. George W. Davis appointed governor of canal zone 
May 9, 1904. 

John F. Wallace appointed chief engineer May 10, 1904. 

Republic of Panama paid May 21, 1904. 

First payment of $40,000,000 to French canal company made 
May 24, 1904. 

PANAMA CANAL TREATY. 

Signed at Washington, D. C, Nov. 18, 1903. 

Ratification advised by the senate Feb. 23, 1904. 

Ratified by the president Feb. 25, 1904. 

Ratified by Panama Dec. 2, 1903. 

Ratifications exchanged at Washington, D. C., Feb. 26, 1904. 

Proclaimed Feb. 26, 1904. 

PLAN AND COST OF CANAL. 

The canal is to extend from Colon on the Atlantic side to 
the city of Panama on the Pacific side, a distance of forty-six 
miles. It is to be deep and wide enough to accommodate the 
largest ocean vessels. It was the original idea to have a 

299 


THE PANAMA CANAL . 

sea-level canal, but this was abandoned in favor of a lock 
canal. The plans of the French company purchased by the 
United States are subject to change by the commissioners, 
but it is thought that they will be followed in the main. Ac¬ 
cording to these the bottom of the summit level of the canal 
will have an altitude of 68.08 feet above mean sea level. This 
level, which is in the Culebra mountain, is to be 318.35 feet 
long and 118.11 feet wide at the bottom. The next level, 
from Obispo to Bohio, with a bottom width of 164 feet, is 
13.37 miles long. At Bohio a group of double locks empties 
into the Atlantic level, which has a width of 98.4 to 111.5 
feet on the bottom and a length of 14.84 miles. 

On the Pacific side the summit level terminates at Paraiso 
with one double lock. The adjacent level from Paraiso to 
Pedro Miguel is 7,963 feet long and terminates with one. 
double lock. The Pacific level extends 4.69 miles to La Boca, 
beyond which a channel 3.36 miles long is excavated to deep 
water. All the locks are to be double, the working length 
for both being 738.22 feet. The width of one of the twin 
locks is to be 82.02 feet, and the width of the other is 59.05 
feet, with an intermediate gate. 

The slopes of the canal, especially in the deep central trench, 
are to be protected by stone revetments. Of the forty-six 
miles of the canal 26.75 are straight and fifteen have radii 
equal to or not exceeding 9,850 feet. The curvatures are 
gentle, the smallest radius being 8,200 feet. 

The Chagres river is to be controlled by two great dams 
which will capture and control the floods, supplying the sum¬ 
mit level with water during the dry season, feeding the canal 
and furnishing hydraulic power for operating the locks and 
lighting the entire length of the waterway by night. One of 
the dams will be at Bohio on the canal and the other at 
Alhajuela, on the upper Chagres, nine and one-third miles 
from the canal. The Bohio dam will form a lake covering 
an area of 21.5 square miles with a normal level of 55.75 
feet above mean tide. The other dam will form a reservoir 
covering ten square miles. It will be about 164 feet bave 
the canal. 

It will take a vessel about twelve hours to traverse the 
canal from end to end. 

The total cost of constructing the Panama canal, not in¬ 
cluding the payments for work done and for the concession, 
has been estimated at about $145,000,000. The annual cost 
of maintenance will be $2,000,000. 

300 


THE CARE OF THE TEETH. 

HOW AND WHY THE TEETH DECAY. 

Caries, or decay, commences externally, appearing upon the 
enamel or bony structure of the teeth. Usually it is the result 
of chemical action produced by decomposition of food. Acids 
found in some fruits will cause decay if allowed to remain in 
contact with the teeth. Then there are the natural mouth 
acids, which, although not strong, are none the less effective 
if allowed to remain long enough around the teeth. Micro¬ 
scopical examinations have shown that the secretions of almost 
every person’s mouth contain more or less vegetable and 
animal life that will withstand the application of acids and 
astringents and will only succumb to alkalies. A dentifrice 
or mouth wash should be alkaline. 

TOOTHACHE. 

Its origin is not always due to an exposed nerve, for in the 
majority of teeth extracted because they are painful the nerve 
is dead. Inflammation is the cause of trouble. 

A toothache due to inflammation is a steady, aggravating 
pain, overspreading the affected side of the face, sometimes 
even the neck and shoulder. As there is no nerve to kill in 
a case of this kind, the tooth should be treated until cured, 
or removed upon the first symptom of trouble. Its extraction 
would be unattended by any danger and would afford wel¬ 
come relief. 

Tartar, a creamy, calcareous deposit, supposed to be from 
the saliva, will sometimes cause toothache. It accumulates 
around the necks of the teeth and eventually becomes hard 
and dark colored. It also causes foul breath and loosens the 
gums from the teeth, causing them to present an unsightly 
appearance. 

THE TEETH OF CHILDREN. 

Children have twenty temporary teeth, which begin making 
iheir appearance about the sixth or seventh month. The time 
varies in different children. This is the most dangerous and 
troublesome period of the child’s existence, and every parent 
will do well to consult a reputable dentist. About the second 
or third year the temporary teeth are fully developed. They 
require the same care to preserve them as is exercised toward 
the permanent set. 

About the sixth year, or soon after, four permanent molars, 
or double teeth, make their appearance. Some parents mis- 

301 


THE CARE OF THE TEETH. 


takenly suppose these belong to the first set. It is a serious 
error. They are permanent teeth, and if lost will be lost for¬ 
ever. No teeth that come after the sixth year are ever shed. 
Let every parent remember this. 

At twelve years the second set is usually complete, with the 
exception of the wisdom teeth, which appear anywhere from 
the eighteenth to the twenty-fourth year. When the second 
set is coming in the beauty and character of the child’s counte¬ 
nance is completed or forever spoiled. Everything depends 
upon proper care at this time to see that the teeth come with 
regularity and are not crowded together. The teeth cannot 
have too much room. When a little separated they are lest 
liable to decay. 


DENTIFRICES—USEFUL AND INJURIOUS. 

The habit of caring for the teeth daily, and if possible after 
each meal, should be established early in life. Those who 
have neglected to do so should lose no time in consulting a 
reputable dentist, and then persistently caring for their teeth 
day by day. Children especially should be taught to use the 
tooth-brush and some reliable dentifrice. The more pleasant 
the preparation the easier it will be to teach them its daily 
use. A fragrant, refreshing liquid is recommended, as it is 
a mouth wash as well as a tooth cleanser. The habit thus 
formed, neglected for even a single day, will make the mouth 
teel decidedly uncomfortable. 


CLEANSING THE TEETH. 

Preparations for cleansing the teeth and purifying the 
mouth should be free from all acids, and should be saponaceous 
or soapy, containing as one of the principal ingredients an 
alkali to neutralize the acids and destroy the animal and vege¬ 
table parasites, which, as the microscope would show us are 
in the secretions of almost every person’s mouth. 

A finely triturated powder having slight abrasive properties, 
but free from dangerous grit, should be used as the comple¬ 
ment of a liquid. One way to use both is to pour on the wet 
biush or into the palm of the hand a sufficient quantity of 
powder and moisten it with the liquid. Occasionally the 
powder or the liquid alone could be employed. Be careful to 
use a liquid and a powder of established reputation. 

Beware of thy teeth. 

Take good care of thy teeth, 

And they will take good care of thee. 

302 


A Remarkable Coincidence 



it?N THE Overland Limited one dry, hot 
dusty day in the latter part of August, 
1904, the attention of one of the gentlemen 
1 occupants of the Pullman was called to 
a lady whose appearance denoted a long 
residence under Asiatic skies. She ap¬ 
peared much perturbed and searched with 
much agitation for some missing article, the loss of which 
evidently caused her great distress. The gentleman, ten¬ 
dering his good offices, was astounded to be informed that 
no one could be of the least assistance nearer than Bombay 
or Calcutta, where, by the carelessness of her maid, had 
been left behind her charm “odor case” containing her 
collection of sacred perfumed woods, powders and balms, 
which used upon the person and clothing were known to 
be an infallible safeguard against contracting contagious 
or infectious diseases. Fortunately the gentleman, who 
was a confirmed globe-trotter, had in his gladstone the 
identical articles, the loss of which was causing his fair 
companion so much trepidation, and it was a pleasure 
for him to at once relieve her anxiety by insisting that 
she accept a share of his abundant supply of Violetia , 
the most lasting and natural odor of Violets ever pro¬ 
duced in perfumery, together with a portion of his 
Violette de Parme Toilet Water, the most exquisite 
toilet requisite diffusing a delightful odor of Violets. 
Not forgetting a complement of Poudre de Riz , the most 
perfect face adornment which leaves a velvety finish and 
delicate perfume to the skin, absolutely harmless and in¬ 
visible, and used in connection with Perpetua Sachet 
Powder , a most beautiful reproduction of the sacred 
scented woods of the Orient in dry powder form specially 


adapted for lingerie repositories, thereby surrounding 
his fair companion with an absolute protection against 
contamination and relieving her anxiety, as it is a well- 
known fact that the free use of these articles among the 
Elite of the Orient has for years been regarded as a 
sacred duty and is rapidly being adopted by the leading 
society ladies of this country. 

These exquisite productions are the exclusive product 
of the celebrated Parfumeur, Lazell, sold and recom¬ 
mended by this and all exclusive pharmacies of the coun¬ 
try. See that the genuine bears the name “LAZELL.” 





CHICAGO SAVINGS BANK 

CHICAGO SAVINGS BANK BUILDING 

STATE AND MADISON STREETS 

Capital, $500,000.00 


DIRECTORS 

GEORGE H. WEBSTER, - President of the Bank 

DANIEL B. SCULLY, - - Of D. B. Scully Syrup Co. 

CHAS. H, ReQUA, - Of ReQua Bros., Grain 

WALTER H, WILSON, .Real Estate 

WM. E. O’NEILL..Attorney 

JOSEPH E. OTIS, Pres’t Western Trust and Savings Bank 
HENRY J. EVANS, - Director National Biscuit Company 
RUDOLPH MATZ, - Matz, Fisher &r> Boyden, Attorneys 
WM. G. HIBBARD, Jr., Of Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett £?* Co. 
JOHN E. JENKINS, - - Of Jenkins, Kreer £** Co., 

Dry Goods Commission Merchants 
RALPH C. OTIS, - Vice-President of the Bank 

LUCIUS TETER, ------ Cashier of the Bank 


OFFICERS 

GEORGE H. WEBSTER, President 

JOSEPH E. OTIS, Vice-President 

RALPH C. OTIS, Vice-President 
LUCIUS TETER, Cashier 

WM. M. RICHARDS, Asst. Cashier 


DEPARTMENTS 

CHECKING SAVINGS INVESTMENT BONDS TRUST 
REAL ESTATE LOANS 
DRAFTS AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE 










ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


Accidents . 

Administrators . 

Age, How to Tell. 

Age of Trees. 

Agency and Attorney.. 

Agreements and Contracts. 

American Liberty, Growth of... 

Anglo-Boer War . 

Anniversaries, Wedding . 

Antidotes for Poison. 

Antonyms . 

Appalling Depths of Space. 

Arbitration . 

Area of Great Countries. 

Assignments . 

Asthma . 

Australia . 

Austria . 

Austria-Hungary. 

Austrian Servitude . 

Advertisers, Hints to. 

Baltimore Fire . 

Bankers’ Time Table. 

Bankruptcy Law . 

Bartholdi’s Statue of “Liberty”. 

Bathing . 

Battles of History. 

Beauty Culture . 

Birds, Ages Attained by. 

Birds, Canary . 

Bills of Sale. 

Boarding Houses, Regulation of 

Boiling Points . 

Bonds . 

Bridge, Highest in the World... 

Bright’s Disease . 

British Empire . 

Brokerage . 

Business Forms .. 

Business Law in Brief. 

Bust Development . 

Canada . 

Canal, Panama . 


246-248 
... 211 
... 116 
... 287 
198-199 
191-196 
168-174 
... 96 
... 117 
... 249 
. .44-62 

... 144 

... 216 
,..77-80 
,206-207 
...109 
... 68 
..71-72 
.71, 294 
... 101 
... 238 
... 164 
... 241 
... 224 

... 15 

... 112 
,.99-100 
... 284 
... 278 
... 253 
... 208 
... 207 
... 242 
... 208 

.123-235 

... 108 
... 66 
... 236 
.229-233 
... 190 
... 286 
... 67 
.298-300 


305 













































We are the LARGEST MANUFACTURERS of SURGICAL ELASTIC 
GOODS in the United States 



Patent Seamless 
Heel Elastic 
Stockings 


For the Relief and Cure of 

Dropsy, Sprains, Varicose Veins, 
Weak or Swollen Limbs 


Abdominal and 
Obesity Belts 

FITTED SUCCESSFULLY 



PATENTEES and SOLE MANUFACTURERS of the 

SandS All Elastic Washable Doily Belt 


CATALOGUE MAILED UPON REQUEST 


CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED 


SHARP & SMITH 


Manufacturers and Importers of High-Grade Surgical 
and Veterinary Instruments and Hospital Supplies 

92 WABASH AVE. CHICAGO 

Established 1844—Incorporated 1904 
Our goods arc carried In slock at the store where you got this book 
















ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


Canary Birds .... > 

Candle-Power . 

Capitals of Great Countries. 

Capitals, The Use of. 

Capitol Building at Washington. 

Care of the Hair... 

Care of the Hands. 

Care of the Scalp. 

Care of the Skin..... 

Care of the Teeth.. 

Carnegie Institution at Washington. 

Census of 1900. 

Change, How to Make Quickly. 

Chicago, Growth of. 

Children, Teeth of. 

China . 

Cities, Ancient . 

Cities, Nicknames of.V-A- 

Cities of the United States, Population of 

Cities, The World’s Great. 

Civil Service . 

Civil War of 1861-1865. 

Christian Names of Women. 

Chronology of Recent Wars. 

Chronology of the Russo-Japanese War. 

Climates of the United States. 

Coal, By-Products From. 

Coffee and Tea. 

Coins, Value of Foreign. 

College Colors . 

Commission ... 

Constitution of the United States. 

Constitutional Law . 

Contracts . 

Copying Pad . 

Copyright, Law of... . 

Corporations . 

Cost and Price Marks...*. 

Coughs, What Causes Them. 

Counterfeit Money . 

Criminal Law . 

Cuba . 

Cuba, Population of. 

Days of the Week. 


... 253 

...• 93 
..77-80 
... 42 
... 16 
... 285 
... 286 
... 285 
... 285 
301-302 
... 141 
..81-82 

... 239 
... 87 
... 301 
... 76 
... 113 

... go 
...83-87 
... 225 
... 142 
••• 94-95 
.139-141 
.. .96-98 
... 97 
.... 104 
... 219 
... 112 
.107-108 
.... 266 
.... 236 
.175-189 
.218-219 
.191-196 
.... 19 
.... 220 
.... 209 
.... 239 
.... 115 

.... 240 
.... 228 
...91-92 
.... 82 
.... 283 


307 














































Blue Ribbon Chewing Gum 

THE GUM THAT’S SQUARE 

Made in Five Flavors 

Pepsin, Mint, Blood Orange, Licorice, 
Cinnamon —It’s all the rage. Nothing has 
ever been produced to equal or compare with 
it. It aids digestion, sweetens the breath, 
preserves the teeth, clears the voice and 
quiets the nerves. Recommended by all 
singers and public speakers to be the best 
and purest in the market. Try it and you 
will be pleased. Beware of imitations. 

Made only by D. W. NORRIS, Chicago & Milwaukee 
Chicago Telephone, Monroe 1221 

To be had where you got this boo1( 


WE USE EXCLUSIVELY AT ALL 
OUR SODA FOUNTAINS THE 

Best Ice Cream 

Made by 

The Thompson*Reid 
Ice Cream Company 







ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


Debts, How to Collect. 

Decisive Battles of History. 

Declaration of Independence. 

Deeds . 

Dependencies of the United States 

Doses of Medicine. 

Dower, The Right of. 

Diamonds, Weight of. 

Divorce . 

Dreams, Dictionary of. 

Dreams, The Philosophy of. 

Drowned Person, How to Raise.. 

Dwarfs and Giants. 

Electrical Progress . 

Embalming, The Process of. 

Emergencies .. 

Emperors of Prussia. 

Emperors of Russia. 

England, Kings and Queens of. .. 
English Language, Changes in... 

English Sparrow ..... 

Engravings, Transferring . 

Errors Corrected . 

Evictions in Ireland. 

Evolution Theory . 

Eyes, Care of. 

Eyes, What They Indicate. 

Executors . 

Fables, Modern .•••••• 

Facts from Science and Statistics. 

Facts Worth Knowing. 

Farms, Law Relating to. 

Feeding of Infants. 

Feet, Swollen . 

Feminine Height and Weight.... 

Finding, The Law of. 

Fineness of Gold. 

Fires and Conflagrations. 

Flannel, The Shrinkage of. 

Floods and Inundations. 

Flowers, Language of. 

Flowers, State . 

Food, Carbon in. 

Foods, Digestion of Various. 

309 


... 238 
.99-100 
... 174 
203-204 
. . 91-93 
... 250 
... 213 
... 106 
.213-214 
.268-278 
... 267 
... 30 
... 102 
. 153-154 

••• 113 

, 246-248 
,... 294 

,... 294 

.... 292 
.... no 
.... 90 
•••. 43 
••. 31-36 
.... 102 
. 118 

.... 114 

.... 129 
.... 211 
.288-289 
.146-154 
.108-115 
.201-202 
.296-298 
.... 109 

.... 117 

.... 216 
.... 106 
... 152 
.... H 3 
.... 153 
.... 281 
. 152 

.... 251 
.... 252 














































FREE SAMPLE 


Send two-cent stamp to pay for post¬ 
age and we will send you a Free 
Sample sufficient for a weeks use of 

Eisner’s Pearl Cream 

For bleaching the Skin, removing 
Freckles, Pimples, Sunburn, 
Tan or any discoloration in the Skin 
of the Face or Hands. It com¬ 
pletely removes all traces of Freck¬ 
les, Pimples or Tan, leaving the 
Skin a pure Transparent White¬ 
ness that cannot be obtained by any 
other means. The Cream is very 
simple to use and it never fails to do 
what we claim for it ; the effect is 
permanent. 

CHAS. F. ELSNER 

1061*1063 Milwaukee Ave. Chicago, III. 

To be had where you got this book. 

U ~- 








ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


Food, Foot-tons of Energy of. 

Food for Stock... 

Food, Nutrition in. 

Food, Properties of. 

Food, Relative Value of. 

Foreign Coins, Value of. 

France ...•..•.. 

Freezing, Fusing and Boiling Points. 

Freight, Cost of by Water and Rail. 

French Dynasties and Sovereigns. 

Galveston Sea Wall. 

Geographical Nicknames of States. 

German Empire . 

German Serfs . 

Giants and Dwarfs. 

Globe and Its Inhabitants. 

Gloves, How to Put On. 

Glue, Test for. X .. 

God, The Name of, in Forty-eight Languages. 

Gold, Fineness of. 

Grammar, Rules in. 

Great Battles of History.. 

Great Countries, Population, Area and Capitals of. 

Great Fires ... 

Growth of American Liberty. 

Guam .. 

Guaranty . 

Hair, Care of the. 

Hands, Care of the. 

Hand Grenades . 

Happiness Defined . 

Hawaii . 

Heirship to Property. 

High Water . 

Homestead Law ..... 

Horse, Duration of Life of. 

Horse, The Strength of a.. 

Hotels, Regulation of.... 

How Our Presidents Died. 

How to Collect a Debt. 

How to Make Change Quickly. 

How to Write a Letter... 

Housekeepers, Information for. 

Human Body, Wonders of. 


.... 251 
.... 265 
.... 252 
.... 252 
.... 251 
.107-108 
...69-70 
.... 242 

.... 19 
.... 293 

.... 189 
.... 89 
...68-69 
.... 102 
.... 102 
.... 65 
.... hi 
.... 253 
.... 19 

.... 106 
... 31-43 
...99-100 
....77-80 
.... 152 
..168-174 

. 93 

. 208 

.285 

. 286 

.227 

.280 

. 91 

.211 

.233 

. 143 

. 95 

.253 

.207 

..295-296 

.238 

.239 

. 42 

.289 

. no 


311 















































Facsimile of Carton of 

Hartwig’s 
Lung 
Balsam 


always 
printed in 
blue ink 
on white 
back¬ 
ground. 


If vnil hdfl rl or c °ld so severe that, under ordi- 
■ I /vMJ llvJU Q nary circumstances, it would take 

CoiIClfl from ten days to six weeks to cure, wouldn’t 
you feel grateful to know that you had a 
remedy in your home that would relieve a severe cough in 
one or two doses, and cure the most violent cough or cold? 
am wouldn’t you go to sleep with more comfort at night 
knowing you had a remedy at hand that would cure 
or relieve your child of croup or sore throat (those dreaded 
ailments which come without a moment’s notice), and which 
require immediate, prompt and vigorous attention? 

Your doctor may live miles away, and by the time he 
arrives the disease has attained such severity that it maybe 
too late for medical skill. 

i 11 give 
immediate 

relief, and if repeated every hour will cure the most violent 
and distressing cough severe cold, croup, asthma, bron 
chitis or sore throat, on short notice. 

Prices, 25 c, 50 c, 75 c and $ 1.00 per bottle. 


Hartwig’s Lung Balsam 


WE SELL AND RECOMMEND HARTW1G S LUNG BALSAM 
















ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


Hungary . 

Hypnotism . 

India . 

Infant Feeding and Management 
Information for Housekeepers., 

Inhabitants of Our Globe.. 

Inland Seas . 

Interest Laws . 

Interest Rules . 

Ireland, Evictions in. 

Iroquois Theater Fire. 

Italy . 

Japan ..•. 

Jefferson’s Political Policy. 

Jews, Distribution of. 

Kings and Queens of England.. 

Lake Superior . 

Landlord and Tenant. 

Land Measure . 

Language of Flowers. 

Language of Precious Stones... 
Last Words of Famous People. 

Law, Constitutional . 

Law, Criminal . 

Law, Parliamentary . 

Law Relating to Farms. 

Lead, Under Pressure. 

Legacies .. 

Legal Advice .. 

Legal Forms .... 

Letter Combinations . 

Letter, How to Write. 

Liberty Bell .J. 

Libraries . 

Lien Laws ... 

Limitations, Statutes of. 

Love, A Cure for...../. 

Luminous Paint . 

Magna Charta ... 

Marriage and Divorce. 

Married Women, Rights of... . 
Marrying, A Lady’s Chance of. 

Measures . 

Meat, Loss of, in Cooking. 


... 72 

121-123 
. .66-67 
,296-298 
... 289 
... 65 
... 217 
... 145 
... 240 
... 102 
... 129 
... 72-73 
... 75-76 

... 174 

... 128 
.... 292 
.... 17 
. 199-201 
.... 143 
.... 281 
.... 266 
.163-164 
.218-219 
.... 228 
.... 226 
.201-202 
.... 62 
.... 211 
.190-217 
.229-233 
.... 227 
.... 42 
.... 288 
.... 14 
.202-203 
.... 145 
.... 117 


213-214 

... 215 
... 117 

,262-263 
... 251 


313 














































DRINK 


Delicious Refreshing 



The Great National Drink 

SUMMER OR WINTER 


Absolutely Pure 

Possessing Valuable 

Tonic Properties 

Over 100,000,000 Glasses 
Sold in 1904 


SOLD WHEREVER. DRINKS ARE SOLD 







ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

Mecklenburg Declaration . 

Medicine, Doses of. 

Medicine, Proportionate Doses of._. 

Memory, Loisette’s System of. 

Memory Rhymes. 

Men, Names of. 

Metric Tables. 

Mind Cure ... 

Misnamed Things . 

Mispronounced Words .. 

Mississippi River . 

Modern Fables . 

Money, Counterfeit . 

Money, Time to Double. 

Monroe Doctrine . 

Months, Derivation of Names of. 

Mortgages . 

Mottoes of the States.. 

Mountain, The Highest. 

Names of Men, Meaning of. 

Names of the Months. 

Names of the States, Meaning of. 

Name, What’s in a...... 

Names of Women, Christian. 

Nations of the World, The Great. 

Natives of States, Nicknames of. 

Nature’s Wonders . 

Nebular Hypothesis, The... 

New York, Distances from, by Water. 

Nicknames of Cities.. 

Nicknames of Natives of States. 

Nicknames of States, Geographical. 

Norway . 

Nutshell Items . 

Occupations in the United States. 

Oceans, Dimensions of. 

Opportunity . 

Osteopathy .. 

Paint, Luminous . 

Palmistry ... 

Panama Canal . 

Parliamentary Law . 

Partnership ... 

Patent Medicine Testimonials. 

315 


... 169 
... 250 
... 250 
. .20-30 
279-280 
137-139 
262-263 
119-120 
... 166 

• .38-40 

... 18 
288-289 
... 240 
... 239 

... 98 
... 283 
.205-206 
...88-89 
... 18 
. 137-139 
... 283 
...87-88 

... 40 

.139-141 
...66-76 
.... 89 
.... 150 
.... 64 
.... 217 

... 90 
.... 89 
.... 89 
.... 74 

... 7-19 

.... 291 
.... 217 
.... 160 
.124-125 
.... 43 
.130-136 
.298-300 
.... 226 
.196-198 
.... 282 















































Allouez- Bi-Magnesia 


ABSOLUTELY PURE 

From the rock to your lips, untouched. A palat¬ 
able, soft, ligrht, alkaline DIURETICS WATER 
of remarkable solvent and eliminating: power 

PHYSICIAN’S EVIDENCE 
Prof. C. Mitchell, M. D., Chicago, 

“As many cured by Allouez had resisted lithia, 
jumbal, arsenic, codeine, I ask—Is it not a discovery in 
the cure of diabetes? ” 

C. B. De Bey, M. D., Chicago. 

“The abnormal diabetic thirst has ceased and de¬ 
crease of sugar is 70 per cent, viz.: From 1054 to 
1022: case was difficult, owing to youth of patient and 
severity. In fevers Allouez is splendid.” 


Book of Cures Free. 

ALLOUEZ MINERAL SPRING CO. 

1129 Masonic Temple 

For sale where you got this book 


*N. 

Every family should have 

CASLER’S 

Oriental Paste 

1 ip fi 

I ^HTALPAS^mJ 
1 1 

Ir^ CURE FOR CHAPPEDHANj^ l l 

II I^AUDISEASES OF THE S KlN jJJ 
IK L GENTLEMEN SHOULtMgfJJII 

X^^AFTTRSHAVINC^^^ 

The Only Pure 

Antiseptic Preparation 

Will cure all Diseases of the 
Skin, such as Eczema, Scaley 
Heads, Salt Rheum, Burns, Piles, 
Chafing and all Irritation and 
Burning Sensations. 

It has no equal and will do all 
we claim. 

1 W. CASLER, Manufacturer, 

78 State Street, R. 33, CHICAGO 

To be had where you got this book 




















ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


Patents . 

Phrenology . 

Philippine Islands . 

Philippine War . 

Physical Exercise . 

Piano, How to Care for. 

Planetary System, Elements of... 

Plants in An Acre. 

Plants, Where Originated. 

Poisonous Drugs, Doses of. 

Poisons . 

Popes of Rome. 

Popular Vote . 

Population of Cities. 

Population of Cuba.. 

Population of Great Countries.... 

Population of Porto Rico. 

Population of the United States.. 

Porto Rico ... 

Porto Rico, Population of. 

Postal Information . 

Practical Calculations . 

Precious Stones, Language of... . 

Presidential Vote ... 

Presidents—How They Died. 
Presidents of the United States... 

Price Marks . 

Pronunciation . 

Property, Heirship to. 

Property, Transfer of. 

Public Lands . 

Prussia, Emperors of. 

Rats, To Get Rid of. 

Recipes . 

Religion in the United States- 

Re-Marriage . 

Rhymes, Memory . 

Riddles . 

Riding, Rules for. 

Right of Dower. 

River, The Mississippi. 

Road, The Rule of the. 

Round Shoulders, To Straighten 
Rule of the Road. 


,222-224 
126-128 
... 92 

... 96 

243-245 
... 165 
... 63 
... 265 
... 278 
... 251 
... 249 
... 294 
.105-106 

• •.83-87 

... 82 

...77-80 
.... 82 

...81-82. 
... 92 
.... 82 

.... 167 
.... 264 
.... 266 
.105-106 
.295-296 
.... 287 
.... 239 
••- 3 i -43 
... . 211 
.203-204 

.... 143 
. 294 

.... 227 
.254-261 
.... 80 
.... 214 

. .279-80 
.161-162 
.... 280 
.... 213 
.... 18 

.... 150 
.... 114 
.... 150 


37 














































BAR-BEN 

THE GREAT RESTORATIVE 

WILL CURE YOU. 

We want all men and women who are weak to 
know that Bar-Ben is truly and without any ex¬ 
ception the greatest home treatment for lost vital¬ 
ity and its kindred afflictions. Bar-Ben is a true 
nerve tonic and blood purifier. It puts new 
vigor and perfect health into the weak, nervous 
and broken-down system. It makes the appetite 
keen, the digestion perfect and promotes refresh¬ 
ing sleep. Body, brain and nerves are built up 
rapidly under its use. 

Bar-Ben is the scientific, natural and positive cure for all 
nervous diseases, lost vitality and excesses of any kind, the 
effects of overwork, worry or brain fatigue, the excessive 
use of tobacco, opium or liquor. No matter what has 
caused your trouble, Bar-Ben will bring you back to health. 
Don’t wait another day. Get some Bar-Ben and begin 
taking it now. The sooner you commence the sooner your 
weakness will vanish. Bar-Ben is just as good for weak, 
nervous women as for men. 

C. H. Bonier, 138 Lake street, Chicago, writes: Before 
taking Bar-Ben I was pale, thin, weak, nervous and irrita¬ 
ble; no appetite for food; no ambition and could not sleep 
at night.. After taking one box I feel like a new man. My 
appetite is good, I sleep well at night and wake in the morn¬ 
ing feeling rested and refreshed. I heartily recommend 
Bar-Ben to all.” 

By mail 50 Cents. Trial package free. See Bar-Ben 
coupon in the back part of this cyclopedia. 

BAR-BEN REMEDIES CO., CLEVELAND, O. 

For Sale at the store where you got this book. 




ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


Russia .70-71 

Russia, Emperors of.294 

Russo-Japanese War. 97 

Russia, Serfdom in. 101 

St. Peter’s Cathedral at Rome. 16 

Samoan Islands. 93 

Scalp, Care of the. 285 

Science and Statistics, Facts From..146-154 

Scripture Weights and Measures. 151 

Seas of the World, Inland. 217 

Serfdom . 100-102 

Serfdom in Russia... 101 

Shoulders, To Straighten Round. 114 

Shrubs in An Acre. 265 

Signals, Wind and Weather.103-104 

Single Tax . 107 

Skin, Care of the. 285 

Slavery and Serfdom.100-102 

Slavery in the United States. 101 

Space, Appalling Depths of.. 144 

Spain . 74-75 

Spanish-American War . 96 

Sparrow, The English. 90 

Spelling, Short Rules For. 41 

Starch in Grains. 251 

State Flowers . 152 

States, Meaning of Names of.87-88 

States, Mottoes of the.88-89 

Statistics . 146-154 

Statutes of Limitations. 145 

Stock Exchange, Terms Used cn.237 

Stock Investments .234-235 

Stocks, Dealing in.234-235 

Sugar in Fruits. 251 

Sweden .73-74 

Sweden and Norway.^. 73 

Synonyms and Antonyms.44-62 

Tea and Coffee. 112 

Teeth, Care of...301-302 

Teeth of Children. 301 

Testimonials, Patent Medicine. 282 

Theosophy .. 118 

Tides . 233 

Time, Difference in, Between Cities. 104 

Toasts and Sentiments. 155-160 


319 















































The Great Antiseptic A \7-\JOf ** 
Household Ointment ~ Hv/L 


A PURELY BALSAMIC AND ANTISEPTIC OINTMENT 



A prompt and efficient 
remedy for Eczema, Salt 
Rheum, Ulcers, Old Sores, 
Itch, Chafing, Burns and 
Scalds, Bruises and Cuts, 
and all Eruptions of the 
Skin. 


This Ointment is ab¬ 
solutely harmless and 
non-poisonous, consist¬ 
ing of purely antiseptic 
properties, containing 
no lead or mercury. It 
never fails to give 
relief. 


* The Wonderful Healing Ointment used successfully 
in all forms of Skin Diseases 


THE GREAT MODERN REMEDY FOR 

Constipation, Biliousness, Liver Complaint, Headaches, 
Impurities of the Blood, Etc., Etc. 

SAMOL PINK LIVER PILLS 

These pills stand unrivaled as a quick, sure and easy corrective 
of the general system and comprise in their, ingredients many of 
the best known vegetable drugs. These pills are in every sense a 
household medicine, and many troublesome, if not serious, spells 
of sickness may be averted by their prompt use. Price 25 Cts. 

SAV=NOL CHEMICAL CO. 

6946 Stewart Avenue, - - CHICAGO, ILL. 







ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 


Toothache ... 

Trade Discounts . 

Trademark . 

Trade Secrets . 

Trees, Age of. 

Trees, Big . 

Trees in An Acre. 

Trip Around the World. 

Type, Various Sizes of. 

Union Army, Number of Men in... 

United Kingdom . 

United States, Climates of. 

United States Dependencies. 

United States, Occupations in the.. 

United States Land Measure. 

United States, Population of. 

United States, Religion in. 

United States, Slavery in... 

United States, The Constitution of 

Universe, The . 

Value of Foreign Coins. 

Vote, Popular . 

War, Anglo-Boer . 

Wars, Chronology of Recent. 

War, Philippine . 

War, Russo-Japanese... 

War, Spanish-American . 

War, The Civil. 

Washington Monument . 

Water, How and When to Drink... 

Water, To Tell Pure. 

Weather Signals . 

Wedding Anniversaries . 

Weights and Measures. 

Weights and Measures, Jewish. 

Weight of Diamonds. 

What’s in a Name?. 

Wills, How to Make.. 

Wind and Weather Signals.. 

Women, Christian Names of. 

Wonders of Nature . 

Words Often Mispronounced. 

World and the Universe. 

World’s Great Cities. 

Would You Be Beautiful?. 


... 301 

.. 240 
... 221 
254-261 
... 287 
... 240 
... 265 

... 151 

... 116 


94 

66 


. 104 
91-93 
. 291 
• 143 


,81-82 
. 80 


... 101 
175-189 
..63-65 
107-108 
105-106 
... 96 
..96-98 
... 96 
... 97 

... 96 

• -94-95 
... 17 
... 114 
... 227 
103-104 
... 117 
262-263 

... 151 

... 106 


.... 40 
.209-211 
.103-104 
.139-141 
.... 150 
...38-40 

...63-65 
.... 225 
.... 284 


321 















































PILES and CONSTIPATION 

Quickly and Permanently Cured by the use of Dr. Young’s 
Dilators. This treatment is no experiment; it has been success¬ 
fully used in thousands of cases, many of 
them desperate ones on account of the long- 
continued use of cathartic candies, liver pills 
and laxative nostrums, and it never fails 
to give prompt and lasting relief. Don’t con¬ 
tinue the use of liver pills and nostrums. 
Every dose further weakens the system. 
Young’s Dilators restore the circulation and health. Our book 
explains it. Call or send for free copy. We sell the Dilators under 
a guarantee to be satisfactory or refund your money. Price, 
per set, $ 3 . 00 . Sold by leading druggists. 

Our Free Book explains how the Dilators will cure PUe§, Constipation, 
Dyspepsia, Eczema, and other diseases due to defective elimination and poor 
circulation of the blood. Worth one hundred dollars to anyone 
afflicted. Send for It to=day, 

F. E. YOUNG & CO., 85 Dearborn St., CHICAGO 

Ask for them where you got this book 



AREND’S KUMYSS 

Is a perfect food for Consumptives, 

Invalids and Convalescents, retained 
by the most delicate stomach. 

Avoid all imitations. 

TELEPHONE AND MAIL ORDERS PROMPTLY FILLED 

A. AREND DRUG CO. 

Q. H. ADAMICK, Manager 

’Phone, Main 3506 Fifth Avenue and Madison Street 

TO BE HAD WHERE YOU GOT THIS BOOK 





We carry in stock a complete line of the Armour 
Toilet Soaps, the quality of which will appeal to 
people of discriminating taste. 

The celebrated Sylvan Soap comprises all the 
most popular floral odors. 

Buck & Rayner, State and Madison Sts. 

Buck & Rayner, La Salle and Madison Sts. 
Ashland Drug Co., Clark and Randolph Sts. 
Colbert Drug Co., State and Monroe Sts. 

D. R. Dyche & Co., State and Randolph Sts. 
Auditorium Pharmacy Co., 318 Wabash Ave. 

Owl Drug Co., Monroe and Clark Sts. 

E. Von Hermann Pharmacy Co., 

31st St. and Indiana Ave. 


Horlick’s Malted Milk 


The activity of Health Boards and the constant agitation in large 
cities for purer and better milk are an indication of the great menace to 
public health in this important article of diet, as supplied to consumers, 
and leads us to mention the satisfaction we have experienced for many 
years in placing Horlick’s Malted Milk in the hands of customers as 
the best solution to the problem. 

The idea of preparing a food for Infants. Invalids, the Aged and Trav¬ 
elers embodying the nutrition of pure milk and choice malted grain, 
originated with Horlick’s Food Company, a third of a century ago. 
Under their fostering care, the product has attained a world-wide repu¬ 
tation, is endorsed by thousands of physicians and appears on the diet 
list of many hospitals and sanitariums. Their method of treating the 
milk renders it more nutritious and digestible pleasant to the taste and 
very acceptable to a weak stomach. This wholesome milk food is‘sup¬ 
plied in sterilized glass, hermetically sealed, so that it is found pure and 
delicious at all seasons of the year. There is no difficulty in using it 
successfully in nourishing infants or invalids, because there is no 
cooking or adding of milk necessary, simply dissolving in water in differ¬ 
ent proportions according to the needs of the case. 

By stepping into any of our drug stores we shall be pleased to demon¬ 
strate at the soda fountain the distinctive excellence of Horilck’s Malted 
Milk served in any of the delicious combinations that have made it a 
popular refreshment with shoppers, business and professional men, and 
all those feeling the need of a sustaining pick-me-up between meals. 






WHY 

Every Lady Should 
Visit 

Burnham’s 

BECAUSE 

Our styles of Hair Dressing 1 are up to date. 

Our Marcel Wavers are the most skilled. 

Our Shampooing 1 is the best because we dry the hair 
with warm compressed air. 

Our Scalp Treatments are scientific. Satisfactory re¬ 
sults are sure. 

Our Manicure Department is the larg-est. 

Our work is the best. 

Our Facial Treatments are unequalled. We have all 
the latest and most scientific appliances. 

Our Preparations are the purest and best. 

Our Operators know how to apply them to produce the 
desired results. 

Our Establishment is complete in every department. 

Our HAIR GOODS, Switches, Wig’s and Pompadours 
are made of the best French Hair. 


Ladies’ Turkish Baths 


E. BURNHAM 

70 and 72 State Street 











For Relieving Coughs, Bronchial Irritation and 
Catarrhal Affections of the Throat nothing excels 


Brown’s Bronchial Troches 

A safe and simple remedy, long held in highest esteem by 
singers, clergymen and public speakers. 



Observe Fac-Simile Signature of 



on wrapper of every box. 


BROWN’S 2SKfSS DENTIFRICE 

A MOST AGREEABLE ARTICLE FOR 

Cleansing and Preserving the Teeth 

AND PURIFYING THE BREATH 

Prevents Soft Gums and Accumulation of Tartar upon the Teeth 

Camphor united with Soap, in this preparation, undoubtedly 
presents a DENTIFRICE superior to all others in beneficial 
effect on the teeth and gums, maintaining them constantly in a 
healthy state. 


There is nothing so soot hing 
as a Mother's kiss except 

MRS. WINSLOW'S SOOTHING SYRUP 

Millions of mothers will tell you 

It soothes the child. 

It softens the gums. 

It allays all pain. 

It cures Wind Colic. 

It is the best remedy for Diarrhoea. 

It is absolutely harmless, and for 60 years has proved the best 
remedy for Children Teething. Be sure you ask for 

MRS. WINSLOW’S SOOTHING SYRUP 

AND TAKE NO OTHER 











BLOOD 

POISON 



is the worst disease on earth, yet the 
easiest to cure when you know 
what to do. Many have pimples, 
spots on the skin, sores in the mouth, 
ulcers, falling hair, bone pains, catarrh, 
and don’t know it is BLOOD POISON. Send 
to Dr. Brown, 935 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa., 
for Brown’s Blood Cure, $2.00 a 

bottle ; lasts a month. 


Read this Testimonial. 

Pittsburg, Pa., July io, I903. 
DR. BROWN, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Dear Sir: I have taken 3 bottles of your Blood Cure 
and I find that it has done me a great deal of good already. 
I contracted Blood Poison three years ago and took a treat¬ 
ment with a specialist, costing me a hundred dollars, which 
never did me any good. Five months ago it returned, with 
spots all over my body, sore throat and ulcers in my mouth. 
I commenced taking your Blood Cure and all the spots have 
disappeared and I feel like a different person. I cannot 
thank you too much for this medicine. 

Very truly yours, 

P. E. James. 

To be had where you got this book. 











The Standard for over Thirty Years . 


BROMO CNLORALUM 

Safe, Efficient, Odorless 
and Non-Poisonous 


DEODORIZER AND 
DISINFECTANT 

a household necessity, for disin¬ 
fectant and medical purposes. Full 
directions on every bottle, or book¬ 
let will be furnished on application. 

FOR SALE 

Where You Got This Book 














Buy the Best! 



ASK FOR BORDEN’S. 
























IT IS 
CURING 


ASTHMA 


EVERY 
DAY IN 
THE 
YEAR 


The medicine 


Greatest 

that is 


achievement 

doing more 

y\ 

of all the 

than all other 


years 

agencies 

#"% 

science 

to remove 

has 

Consumption 

// Mso&JcfefcsBWr-tkaifiiKY \ 

been 

from the 

13—-- 

fighting 

world 

TRADE MARK 

disease 


Prof. Hoff’s cure has become famous the world over. It was put to a 
scientific test by Chicago American for the benefit of people in the United 
States who were suffering from lung troubles. The original usefulness of 
the discovery of Prof. Hoff, published by the newspapers, was the allevia¬ 
tion of tuberculosis, which was showing an alarming increase. 

Since then the medicine has been used with even greater success for 
the cure of Catarrh, Asthma and Bronchitis. Statistics compiled by the 
American Bureau show that in 1904 there were 2,200 absolute cures of 
asthma, and 3,246 cures of catarrh effected by Prof. Htpff’s cure, in addi¬ 
tion to several hundred cures of consumption in its various stages. 

This is especially gratifying as proving that tuberculosis maybe pre¬ 
vented in nearly every instance by eradicating these causal diseases. 


On application the Hoff Book giving full partic¬ 
ulars of home treatment, diet, exercise and simple 
hygienic requirements, will be sent FREE, together 
with the history of several thousand cures. 


The American Bureau desires the cure to be in the hands of every 
sufferer. It is humanity’s medicine. For $ 1.00 we will mail a bottle of 
Prof Hoff’s Cure for Consumption, containing one month s treatment. 

Extreme caution must be used that the above triangular trade mark 
is on every bottle, as no other medicine is authorized by the American 
Bureau of the Prof. Hoff Cure, at the laboratories of 


BENDINER «S SCHLESINGER 

Third Avenue and Tenth Street, NEW YORK 

The Genuine Medicine is always supplied by the druggist who gave you this book 













Best Russell Company’s 

Robert Burns 

El Salero and Foneda I 
High-grade Cigars 

To be had where you got this book 

— 

Tropics and Tom Palmer 

Clear Havana Cigars 

and 

Yale “Havana Second” 

Wengler & Mandell 

Manufacturers and Importers of Havana Tobacco 

Branch Office: Factory: ■ 

Dearborn and Madison Sts. 761-7 West Madison St. 

Phone 2407 Central Phone 218 Weat 

FOR SALE WHERE YOU GOT THIS BOOK 











CELERY-VESCE 

Is a positive cure for 

HEADACHE 
BRACES THE NERVES 
CLEARS THE BRAIN 
CURES NEURALGIA 

PLEASANT AS CREAM SODA 


A pleasant and harmless remedy for the speedy 
relief of Headache, Nervousness, Mental Fatigue, 
Physical Exhaustion and the nervous trembling 
and depression of spirits induced by immoderate 
indulgence in liquor. In all cases where the 
brain and nervous system are in an abnormal 
condition, one or two full doses of 

CELERY-VESCE 

will restore healthy action to the brain and nerves. 

Contains no Bromo Potash, no Chloral, no 
Antipyrine, no Cocaine, no Opium, no Morphine. 


Recommended and sold by the Druggist 
who gave you this Book. 






HEAISWJTKOUTSCARS 


A Household It is always a pleasure to me to speak in 

- commendation of Cole’s Carbolisalve, and I 

F*vnritp have had occasion to know of its inestimable 

ravorite merits. For a long time I suffered ter¬ 

ribly with piles, but at last I found a speedy 
relief and complete cure in Cole’s Carbolisalve. It is truly a great 
remedy and I never saw its equal. It is invaluable for all irrita¬ 
tions of the skin, and for wounds and sores of all kinds. For 
severe burns there is nothing like it; it acts like magic, relieving 
the pain almost instantly, and cures without a scar. In fact, it is 
our favorite household remedy and we have not been without it 
for years. 

A. L. Tull, Pastor of the M. E. Church, Darlington, Wis. 


Be sure and get Cole's. It’s guaranteed. Price 25c and 50c. 
For free sample address J. W. Cole & Co., Black River Falls, Wis. 


Cole 5 Carbolisoap is absolutely pure, and an ideal 
medicated soap for the toilet and bath. It makes the skin soft 
and smooth as a baby’s, and leaves a faint sweet odor, like a mem¬ 
ory of some old-fashioned garden. 


To be liad where you got this book. 















The Great Beautifier 


Dr. Charles' Flesh Food Is the 
greatest beautifier ever put oa the 
market. It Is the only preparation 
known to mealcal science that will 
create good, firm, healthy flesh, and 
clear the complexion of every blem¬ 
ish, such as pimples, blackheads, etc., 
without Internal medicine. 


FOR REMOVING WRINKLES it is without an equal. 

FOR DEVELOPING THE BUST or restoring a wasted 
breast lost through nursing or sickness, making thin cheeks 
plump, and filling the hollows of a scrawny neck, there is no 
other preparation in the world that has any comparison. 

SPECIAL OFFER. —The regular price of Dr. Charles’ 


Flesh Food is $ 1.00 a box, but to introduce it into thousands of 
new homes we have decided to send two ( 2 ) boxes to all who 
answer this advertisement and send us $ 1 . 00 . All packages 


are sent in plain wrapper, postage prepaid, 
rnrp A sample box, which contains enough of Dr. 
ri\CLf Charles’ Flesh Food for anyone to ascertain its 
great merits, will be sent to any address absolutely free, if 10 c 
is sent to pay for cost of mailing. Our book, “ Art of Massage,” 
which contains all the correct movements for massaging the 
face, neck and arms, and full directions for developing the 
bust, will also be sent with this sample. 


DR. CHARLES CO. 


108 FULTON STREET 

NEW YORK 


On Sale at all Leading Department Stores and Druggists 











1 ”.=. 1 . = s 

FOR PILES 

Corker Ointment 

A DOUBLE ANTISEPTIC 

/^UR sales are our best advertisement. Among 
J the orders recently received was one for twenty- 

five dozen from Buck& Rayner, the old-time drug¬ 
gists of Chicago. 

Mr. R. B. Ingersoll, the leading druggist of 
Boone, Iowa, has written us, “Corker Ointment 
for Piles is not only a Corker to cure, but a Corker 
to sell. I have guaranteed it in every instance and 
have never had a dissatisfied customer.” 

CORKER OINTMENT is superior to the “Pile 
cures ” now on the market, but we only recommend 
it as an excellent means of relief. There are dis¬ 
eased conditions in and about the rectum (lower 
bowel) that it will not cure and those that it will cure. 

CORKER OINTMENT FOR PILES is prepared after 
a formula purchased by us from Dr. Wm. C. 
Brinkerhoff, 1107-110S Steinway Hall, Chicago, 
who for many years, in Chicago, has made a spe¬ 
cialty of the treatment of piles and other diseases 
of the rectum by The A. W. Brinkerhoff Non-Sur- 
gical Method, by which many prominent citizens 
have been completely cured of long-standing 
chronic cases. 

CORKER OINTMENTS CO. 

17 to 21 East Van Buren Street, CHICAGO, ILL. 

To be had where you got this booK 






Chavett Solace 

The Ideal Household Remedy for Any 
and All Pain 

Convenient tablets expressly for immediate relief. 
Tortures of rheumatism, neuralgia and sick headache 
change to comfort under its use. Breaks a cold, cures 
la grippe, reduces fever, quiets nervousness, dispels fatigue. 
Contains no opiate, creates no habit, does not affect the 
heart, leaves no depression. Can be given from infancy 
to old age. Always gives relief—one bottle proves it. 

Price 50 Cents 


CHAVETT 

Diphtheria Preventive 

A positively antitoxic, fruity syrup. Keeps the throat 
clean and free from the germs of contagion. Always to be 
used as the best treatment for all throat affections—colds, 
tonsilitis, quinsy, white spots, hoarseness and coughs. Its 
timely use prevents development of diphtheria, scarlet 
fever and all contagions having their origin in throat in¬ 
fection. Pleasant and perfectly safe. 

Price 50 Cents 


CHAVETT LABORATORY 

500 West Sixty-first Street 
Chicago, Ill. 













FOR HALF A CENTURY 


COE’S 

COUGH BALSAM 



Has been the leading- remedy for Whooping- Coug-h, 
Croup, Coughs, Colds, Asthma and all Throat and Lung 
Diseases. It is the best and cheapest cough remedy in 
the world—will break up a Cough quicker than anything 
else. Try it. 

COE’S DYSPEPSIA CURE 

The Great Remedy 

For Dyspepsia, Weak Stomach, Sick Headache, Im¬ 
paired Digestion, Constipation, Disordered Diver. All 
diseases that arise from a disordered state of the Stom¬ 
ach and Bowels, yield at once to its healing powers. 
The worst case of Dyspepsia in existence, even where 
the patient has lived for years on graham bread and the 
simplest diet, can be CURED by COE’S DYSPEPSIA 
CURE. 

HEGEMAN’S CAMPHOR ICE 

With Glycerine 

For Chapped Hands and Face, Sore Dips, Cold Sores, 
Sunburn, Chilblains, etc. Hegeman’s Camphor Ice is 
the original and oldest preparation of the kind in the 
world. All others are simply imitations. 

MANUFACTURED ONLY BY 

XHE C. G. CLARK CO. 

NEW HAVEN, CONN., U. S. A. 


















DERMA CILIA OINTMENT! 



DERMACILIA OINTMENT is a food and tonic for]the skin, healing 
and antiseptic preparation for Sores of all Kinds. It meets every 
requirement of the home; is a scientific and popular toilet article for 
the face and body, and speedily cures: 

Eczema (all kinds), Blotchy Face, Chapped Hands, Face and Lips, 
Cuts (new or old), Burns, Scalds, Itch, Poison Ivy, Dog and Insect Bites 
(Mosquito, Flea and Bedbug), Rusty Iron or Nail Scratches, Sore Feet 
(Foot Ease), Dandruff, Scabby Heads and Faces of Children, Head Lice, 
Crab Lice, Itching Piles, Itching of Smallpox, Itching of all Sores, and 
a superb treatment to invigorate the Skin and Scalp, as well as an 
exquisite application for tender faces after shaving. 

The microscope proves 95 per cent of all scores is perpetuated bv 
disease Germs, and also proves that DERMACILIA OINTMENT kills these 
Germs. DERMACILIA was invented and developed by a thorough Bac¬ 
teriologist and Chemist to meet the necessities of modern knowledge 
relating to infections of the skin and scalp with Disease Germs. 


DERMACILIA sold and recommended by Chicago’s leading Retail 
Druggists at 25 cents per box; 

Buck & Rayner, 143 Wabash Ave. Buck & Rayner, State and Madison Sts. 

Buck & Rayner, La Salle & Madison Sts. Colbert Drug Co., State & Monroe Sts. 

D. R. Dyche & Co., State & Itandoph Sts. Owl Drug Co., Monroe & Clark Sts. 

Auditorium Pharmacy Co., 318 Wabash Avenue. 

Von Hermann Pharmacy Co., 31st St. & Ind. Avenue. 


PPFPI A very liberal trial box sent to anyone sending 10 cents 
1 !-*■-** to cover cost of mailing, during the year 1905. 

ADDRESS 


DERMACILIA MFQ. CO., 


Hammond, Ind 



































ALLEN’S LUNG BALSAM 

CURES THE MOST SEVERE 

COUGHS AND COLDS 


Read this convincing evidence: 

From the Hon. Frank M. Mueller,- 

Alderman 56 th Ward, 1218 Seminary Place, Chicago, Ill. 

"Gentlemen: Last spring I caught a severe cold which I neg¬ 
lected until I had inflammation of the lungs. The doctor 
considered my condition precarious and his medicine did not 
seem to improve me any. I heard of Allen’s Lung Balsam 
and tried it. Within a few days, the inflammation was allayed 
and I was able to be up. Four bottles effected a complete cure. 
You have a remarkably fine remedy and gladly do I give it the 
highest endorsement.” 

From Mrs. Florence Everett, 

President North Side Woman’s Club, Chicago, Ill. 

"Gentlemen: Last winter I caught a severe cold which kept 
increasing until my voice was gone and I could hardly whisper. I 
tried hot bottles, formentations, plasters, medicines, internally and 
externally, without relief, but finally commenced with Allen’s Lung 
Balsam, and three bottles restored me in a short time. It not only 
cured my cold, but I find it had a very beneficial effect on my whole 
health. I gladly recommend it wherever I can, and for the past 
year have never been without it.” 

From the Countess de la Mendoza, 

B. Santa Anna de Beranconiere, The Munster, Chicago, Ill. 

"Gentlemen: Allen’s Lung Balsam merits special praise for 
its penetrating healing power, relieving a cough in a few hours, 
soothing a sore throat raw with constant coughing, and not only 
easing the sufferer but everybody else in the house who is kept in 
misery in such a case. My lungs are very delicate, and it therefore 
has been of great pleasure to me to learn by experience the value 
of your Lung Balsam. I have never failed to find relief after its 
use, and I have never recommended it to a friend who has not 
found it a perfect panacea.” 

Prominent people the world over use this splendid remedy 
$1.00 and 50=Cent Bottles; Trial Size, 25 Cents 

DAVIS <5 LAWRENCE CO. 

Manufacturing Chemists - - NEW YORK 








MYSTIC CURE 

FOR RHEUMATISM 

Cures in One to Three Days 

It gives almost immediate relief in the sever¬ 
est cases of Inflammatory and Chronic Rheu¬ 
matism and quickly and radically cures. Try 
the Mystic Cure. It will not disappoint you. 


Mystic Life Renewer 

IS THE GREATEST 
NERVE BUILDER KNOWN 

and should be used in connection with the 
Mystic Cure in all chronic cases of Rheuma¬ 
tism and Neuralgia, where the nervous system 
is weakened or the general health impaired. 

For Sale At 

The Store Where You Got This Book 




FROG IN. 

YOUR THROAT? 


-FOR- 

Coughs, Colds, 
Hoarseness and Bronchial 
Inflammation 

Stops that tickling and irritation of the throat. 

Gives Speedy R^elief to Smokers 



Especially valuable to 

Singers, Speakers, Readers, 
Teachers, Actors 
and all Voice Workers. 


Greatest Cough and Voice 
Lozenge on Earth 















A. M. FOSTER & CO., 

120 Lake Street, Chicago. 

MANUFACTURERS 

DRUGGIST’S LETTERED 
PRESCRIPTION BOTTLES, 

DRUGGIST’S SUNDRIES, 

Sole Western Agents 

LIGHTNING FRUIT JARS. 


Private Exchange 320. 
Phone Automatic 2206. 



WHY I TRADE WITH MR. JONES 



BECAUSE 


My cash purchases are properly handled. 
My telephone orders are correctly charged. 
My bills when paid are properly acknowl¬ 
edged. 

My change is always correct. 

My servant or my children are never over¬ 
charged. 

HE USES A NATIONAL CASH 
REGISTER 

Which automatically records each transac¬ 
tion and makes mistakes impossible. 

See that your storekeeper uses a National 
and you never will have a dispute. 


NATIONAL CASH REGISTER CO., DAYTON, O. 

































Non-pa-reil 
Rubber 


Gloves 


THE 

NON-PA-REIL 

GLOVE. 


K eep the hands soft and 

WHITE, when performing the 
usual duties about the household. 

They are soft, seamless, flexible, are 
made from best quality rubber and fit 
perfectly. Do not interfere with any 
use of hands or fingers, even for most 
delicate work. Invaluable for pro¬ 
tecting the hands from dust, dirt, dish¬ 
water, steam, etc. Every pair guar¬ 
anteed. 

Price $ 1.00 per pair at dealers. 

FAULTLESS PURE RUBBER GOODS 

for the home are made from 
purest rubber and nothing 
“as good” is made. 

Illustrated descriptive booklet 
free. Send for copy. 


THE FAULTLESS 
RUBBER CO. 

AKRON, OHIO. 

To be had where you got this 
book. 






GLOVER’S 




IMPERIAL 

Remedies 


Tjhe ^Pioneer Jxmerican 
■ — 0<?y 97/ec/tcines -- 


The Result of Twenty-five Years’ Experience in the 
Treatment of Sick Dogs 


COMPLETE LIST 

Price Price Price 

Distemper Cure.$1.00 Cough Mixture.$0.50 Liver Pills.$0.50 

Mange Cure.50 Fit Cure.50 Comp. Sulphur Tablets .60 

Vermifuge. .50 Eye Lotion.50 Worm Capsules.50 

Canker Wash.50 Disinfectant.50 Tape Worm Capsules. .50 

Blood Turifler.50 Condition Pills. .50 Diarrhoea Cure.50 

Tonic.50 Digestive Pills.50 Liniment.50 

Kennel and Stable Soap.$0.25 

Sold by Druggists and Sporting Coods Dealers 

REFUSE WORTHLESS SUBSTITUTES 


Book on “ Dog Diseases and How to Feed” free on appli¬ 
cation to H. Clay Glover, V. S., Veterinarian to the West¬ 
minster Kennel Club for the past twenty years. 

1278 BROADWAY 000 NEW YORK 



































FEELS 


FINE 


<b o ® 0 fj <3" c- « “ 


Qunlock’s Vegetable 
Hair Tonic 


LUBRICATES THE OIL GLANDS. 

TONES UP THE SCALP. 

MAKES THE HAIR GROW. 


Quincy, III. 


Gunlock Hair Remedy Co. 

Gentlemen: Having used your Vegetable Hair Tonic, will say that 
it has stopped my hair from falling out, and made it grow. It has 
also stopped my wife’s hair from falling out. E. B. Potter, 

224 N. 5th St. 


Those who have used 

GUNLOCK’S ALMOND SHAMPOO 

say: “ It does the work.” 


Write for Booklet TUB HUMAN HAIR. 
Third Edition—Illustrated. 


GUNLOCK HAIR REMEDY CO. 

QUINCY, ILL., U. S. A. 

FOR SALE BY DRUGGISTS. 











GRAHAM’S 

LANA OIL 

Complexion 
Cream and 
Skin Food... 

The queen of complexion 
beautifiers. A perfect skin 
food and massage cream. 



_■#•••* ANTISEPTIC AND FRAGRANT 

I GRAHAM’S T COMPLEXION SOAP 


I 

I 


CONTAINS LANA OIL, BUTTERMILK AND GLYCERINE 

is a skin food, not only healing in its nature, 
but supplies the decaying tissues with that 


Lana Oil 

which is necessary to prolong the beautjT of youth 


You Will Look Much Younger I 

; and more attractive after using 

2 the hair food J 

VAN’S Mexican 
1 Hair Restorative 1 

I It nourishes the gray hairs and gradually restores the original I 
I color . It cures eczema, dandruff, and stops falling hair. Gray I 
I hair, and hair on which a dye has been used, is positively I 
I repulsive to most people. 

• We should like to tell you about this hair food and A 

I mail our free booklet, “Being Well Groomed.” Address 

DWIGHT T. SPRAGUE, Mgr., 59 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO I 

for sale where you got this book 













Gleason’s Grape Juice 


$100.00 A Bottle Guarantee of Purity $100.00 


if* 

It’s 

Pure 

4 * 





Just 

Juice 




GUARANTEE TO CONSUMERS 

If you do not find Gleason’s Fruit Juices just as represented, 
and better than other brands your money will be cheerfully 
refunded. 

GLEASON’S APPLE JUICE 

is made from hand-picked apples, is inexpensive and delicious. 
Its continued use will positively Cure Indigestion. 

GLEASON’S GRAPE JUICE CO., - Fredonia, N. Y. 









PNEUMONIA 


A DISEASE THAT BAFFLES MEDI¬ 
CAL SKILL. 


It Kills One of Every Five 
That It Attacks. 


It’s Easier to PREVENT Pneu¬ 
monia Than to Cure It. 

DR. HILTON’S SPECIFIC No. 3 

WILL CURE A COLD-WHICH IS 
THE ACTIVE CAUSE OF PNEUMONIA- 
THE GRIPPE, AND 

ABSOLUTELY PREVENT PNEUMONIA 

And All Diseases Resulting From a Gold. 

Over a million bottles sold in Boston and New England 
the past twelve years has reduced the death rate in Boston 
from pneumonia one-half. 


Bottle convenient to carry in the vest pocket; “little sugar pellets” 
pleasant to take. Children are fond of them; never have to Strangle 
a Child forcing it to swallow No. 3 pills. 

They are only 50 cents a bottle, contain THREE times 
as many doses as the imitations and substitutes offered for 
25 cents. Remember that there is NO ‘‘just as good rem¬ 
edy” as Dr. Hilton’s Specific No. 3. It’s the FIRST rem¬ 
edy ever advertised to cure a cold, the grippe and prevent 
pneumonia. All druggists, or by mail of G. W. HILTON 
M. D., Lowell, Mass. 












PERFUMES 

T HE seductive fragrance of a 
really good perfume is never 
difficult to distinguish from the flat, 
rank odor of a cheap one. Really 
good perfumes are not nearly so 
easy to find as may be imagined, 
and it is quite rarely that you find 
a perfumer who maintains a high 
grade of excellence throughout his 
entire products. 

We carry a full line of The Hess 
Company’s perfumes. We do so 
because it has been conclusively 
demonstrated to us that no other 
line of perfumes made holds up its 
entire product to such a high grade 
of excellence. Every odor is perfect—as true to nature as 
the skill of man can make it. 

The Hess Company’s perfumes are prepared in three grades, 
as follows: Quadruple, Sextuple, and Concretes. 

“THE HESS CONCRETE ESSENCE” 

The Highest Concentration Possible 

VESTA VIOLET— Purest, most fragrant Violet Perfume. The lovers of vio¬ 
lets never realize all its delights until using the Hess Vesta Violet. Put 
up in cut glass stoppered bottles, one ounce bottle in a beautiful satin 
lined box. ......•• $3.00 

IDEAL SUPREME-A new creation in perfume. Put up in cut glass stop¬ 
pered bottles, one bottle, one ounce size, in beautiful satin lined box. $2.00 

SEXTUPLE EXTRACTS 

Put up in cut glass stoppered bottles, one bottle in beautiful carton, as follows: 
Imperial Violet, one ounce, $1.50 Tonquin Musk, one ounce, $1.50 
Ziara,Le Trefle-Incamat, Red Carnation, Roumania-Damask Rose,Oriental 
Lily, Violet Estrelle, Iris Blanc, Indianola, Heather Bells, Blue Violets, 
Peaud’Espagne.-Frangipanni, Yezzo, Imperial Bouquet, one oz. bottle. $1.25 

QUADRUPLE EXTRACTS 

Put up in cut glass stoppered bottles in beautiful cartons, as follows : 
Wild Violet, Blush Rose, White Rose, Purple Lilac, Pansy Blossom, Jockey 
Club, Lily of the Valley, Carnation Pink, Trailing Arbutus, Heliotrope, 
CrabApple Blossom, White Lilac, Swiss Bells, in one ounce bottle. $1.00 
Any ol the above odors dispensed from bulk at reduced prices. 

THE HESS COMPANY 

223 S. Fitzhugh St., Rochester, N. Y. 





























RE,D CROSS CLINICAL THERMOMETERS 

are considered the best— the price is in keeping with the quality. 

The genuine have a Red Cross etched on each Thermometer in connec- 
tion.with our name. Write for our 24-page pamphlet giving general infor¬ 
mation regarding Clinical Thermometers, which we will forward you 
gratis upon application. The above is a cut of the cover page of same. 

Red Cross Clinical Thermometers are made only by 

The R. Hoehn Co. = I. MAYER <5 CO., 

.. , , Proprietors. 

Manufacturers and Importers of 

Thermometers, Barometers, Hydrometers, Etc. 

To be had where you got this book. 80=82 Chambers St., N. Y. 


A TREATISE 

ON THE 

PROPER USE OF 

CLINICAL 

THERMOMETERS 


GUIDE POSTS 












































FOR THE CURE OF 


DR. HUBBARD’S 


Y e getable 
Germicide 


C slIeu* rl\» 

DipHtHeria, 

Bronchitis, 

Tonsilitis, 

La Grippe 


AND ALL THROAT TROUBLES 


The great germ 
of disease. 

It has no equal. 


destroyer and preventative 
Send for Circular. 


J. HUBBARD & CO., 

12 Franklin Ave., BOSTON, MASS. 

To be had where you got this book. 









is the best aid in securing an erect figure. Strong, 
durable, comfortable. No pulling down at the 
shoulders. Throws out the chest. Makes one 
walk erect. Recommended strongly by physicians. 


For Men, Women and Children 

The Radium Shoulder Brace has back of fine curved spring steel 
covered with sateen, with sateen under the arms, and patent cast¬ 
off hooks. Women’s, Girls’ and Boys’ brace is of smaller pat¬ 
tern, with patent clasps which cannot tear or cut the garments. 
Every brace guaranteed. 

Prices: Men’s, $1.50; Women’s, Boys* and Girls’, $1.25 

Made in nil sizes. Order to-day, giving chest measurement. Send us the name of 
your dealer if he does not carry the Radium Shoulder Brace. Free Catalogue. 

9 ILLINOIS SUSPENDER CO., Sole Makers 161 Market St., Chicago » 










PRIMA TONIC 


THE FOOD DRINK 

Endorsed by Physicians 



MAKES RICH BLOOD 

*‘Brings you health” in Nature’s pure products of Caramel Barley 
Malt, Hops and Honey 

PRIMA TONIC DEPARTMENT 

Independent Brewing Association 

586-612 North Halsted Street, - CHICAGO, ILL. 

Ask for it where you got this Book 












IRONDEQUOIT PORT WINE 

OLDEST and BEST 

I'jHJ; M 

If you are sick or run down and 
your physician orders you to get a 
bottle of wine, you want the best, 
the purest and the most nutritious. 


Irondequoit Port Wine 
is Seven Years Old, 

M - 

Matured in Wood, rich in 
Life-giving Properties 

i And of Fine Flavor. 

'Zl&r/tti./t >. / 'M 

fw '///,* 

It has a wide and well-earned 
reputation for its recuperating 
powers, which are recognized by 
thousands of leading physicians 
who recommend and prescribe it 
freely. 

Age and Purity 

Make it a most palatable, clean 
and wholesome product. 


For sale by druggists only. 

Irondequoit Wine Company 

ROCHESTER, N. Y. 







VERONICA 



The original of this painting “MORNING,” by Wyliecay 
was sold for $11,000.00 


W1TER 

for 

Indigestion 

Constipa¬ 

tion 

Biliousness 

and all 

Stomach 

and 

Liver 

Troubles 

hasproduced 
more and 
better results 
than all 
others com¬ 
bined. 


Thousands 
of testimoni¬ 
als from the 
best people 
in the land. 


Sold and 
recommend¬ 
ed where you 
got this book 














CHOCOLATE 

BONBONS 


The most popular in the world. Every piece 
endorsed with the name of Lowney— good 
anywhere. 

^ - 

SUPERFINE AND ABSOLUTELY PURE 













In attractive boxes GSCh 

Merit Made Them Famous 




SWISS DAIRY CREAM CHOCOLATES 
(Something New) 


Sold in all good drug stores 

G. E. Lewis Co. 
CHICAGO 


CHOCOLATES AND BON BONS 
FINE ASSORTED CHOCOLATES 

Roman Bitter Chocolates 



HALLOCK’S 

ANTI-FRECKLE 

CREAM, 

FACE POWDER 

and 

TOOTH PASTE, 




£S*y 


Free sample of each for 
2=cent stamp. 


Hair Brush Cleaner, 
10 cents 


The HallocK Pharmacy Co. 

117 Poplar Street, = HARRISBURG, ILL 
















THE 

GIBSON GIRL 
PERFUME 

'J'HE faint, elusive fragrance that pervades 
the personality of the fastidious woman, 
clinging impalpably to her garments and her 
hair, yet never asserting itself beyond the 
merest suggestion of scent, is as indispensable 
to her charm as fine linen and rare laces. 

The fashionable woman of the present day 
is known as much by the particular scent of 
perfume which she uses, as by any other attri¬ 
bute she may possess. She frequently wears in 
her bodice a small piece of flannel that has been 
saturated or dampened with her favorite per¬ 
fume. The Le Maire Perfume Company’s de¬ 
lightful perfume (The Gibson Girl) is something 
every fastidious woman will appreciate. It is a 
delightful, lasting odor, full of fragrance, put 
up in glass stoppered bottles, in three sizes : 

Small size, 1 ounce, price $ .75 
Medium size, 2 ounce, price 1.50 
Large size, 4 ounce, price 2.50 

(These goods are not sold in bulk. They are only put 
up in the sizes mentioned. Each bottle bears our label.) 



For sale where you got this book. 






LETTUCE CREAM 

Toilet Preparations 

Lettuce Cream 

While containing the requisite amount 
of oil necessary to nourish the skin, 
the oil is so cleverly combined with 
emollient and remedial agents as to be 
completely absorbed and leave a Cream 
which physicians and chemists declare 
to be without a superior, because it is 
absolutely pure and free from grease. 
Two Sizes of Tubes. 

Lettuce Cream Dandruff 
Remover 

is a wonderfully efficient article in cleans¬ 
ing the scalp and keeping the hair in a 
healthy condition, and thereby promot¬ 
ing its growth. Two sizes. 


Lettuce Cream 

Lettuce Cream 
Tooth Paste 

Especially 

Recommended 


Soap and 






















Grand Prize Highest Award 

LOUISIANA PURCHASE 
CENTENIAL EXPOSITION 



IMPERIAL CROWN 


V 



THE 

MOST FASCINATING 
PERFUME KNOWN 


CAUTION 


All genuine Imperial Crown 
requisites for the toilet bear the seal 
engraved trade mark stamped as 
reproduced in the lower left-hand 


FOR SALE BY 


Buck fit Rayner, State and Madison Sts. 
Buck & Rayner, 143 Wabash Ave. 
Buck fit Rayner, La Salle fit Madison Sts. 
Colbert Drug Co., State and Monroe Sts. 

D. R. Dyche fit Co., State and Ran¬ 
dolph Sts. 

Auditorium Pharmacy, 318 Wabash Ave 
Owl Drug Co., Monroe and Clark Sts. 

E. Von Hermann Pharmacy Co., 31st 
St. and Indiana Ave. 




















t 84,#00 HANDSOME CLERKS f 

*2t* 7 s 


4 * 


4 * 

4 » 

4 s 

4 * 

4 * 

4 * 

f 

4 s 


Are Now Selling Exclusively 

MANSFIELD'S 

PEPSIN GUM. 


+ 


4 » 

4 > 

4 » 

4 » 


MANSFIELD GUM CO. 
Chicago Office 


NEWARK, N. J. 
152 Lake St. 











ASTHMA 

We heartily recommend to our 
customers and their friends, 
who suffer from Asthma, Hay 
Fever or Severe Bronchitis 

DR. TAFT’S 

ASTHMALENE 


It is the most effective remedy 
known and sufferers should 
have the best, that medical 
science has ever discovered* 


A Free Sample at the Store Cohere you got this 
HooK . Ury it. 









THE “WONDER” DOUCHE 



Trade Mark: “WONDER.” Patented May 3, 1904. 


The latest and safest quick-action ladies’ syringe. 
A convenience and safeguard that cannot be secured 
by using any other ladies’ syringe. It is the only one 
that can be used with ease and comfort in a recumbent 
or any other position. It quickly accomplishes a thor¬ 
ough dilation and cleansing. 

Physicians recommend the “Wonder” Douche because 
it is practical, safe and sanitary. It has no long hard-rubber 
tube which would be liable to injure delicate membranes. It 
has a large capacity and throws a solid, copious stream, which 
insures perfect cleanliness. Worth its weight in gold. 

Sold at the store where you got this book 









NOTICE ! 

To avoid counterfeits ** ORANGE BLOSSOM ff boxes are 
all wrapped in a handsome and intricate label made by the 
Western Bank Note Company. 

Beware of Fraudulent Imitations 


THE FAMOUS SPECIFIC 



Is a positive cure for the following diseases: 

Inflammation, Congestion and Falling of the Womb, Ante- 
version, Retroversion and Prolapsus, Dropsy of Womb, 
Ulceration, Polypus, Tumors, Leucorrhoea, Profuse and 
Difficult Menstruation, Ovarian Tumors, Fibroid Tumors, 
Inflammation and Congestion of the Ovaries, Cancers in their 
Earlier Stages, Laceration of Cervix (due to childbirth) 
Radically Cured. 

Have received testimonials from all parts of the world. Every 
lady can treat herself. 

ORANGE BLOSSOM is as safe and harmless as a Flaxseed 
Poultice. It can be used at all times. 

PREPARED BY 

DR. J. A. McGILL 6 CO. 

3 and 4 Hubbard Court, > CHICAGO, ILL. 

NOTICE-To all druggists handling Orange Blossom we furnish 
(all charges prepaid) Free Sample and Orange Blossom circulars 
bearing the druggests’ business cards. 

TO BE HAD WHERE YOU GOT THIS BOOK 













READ THIS 
GUARANTEE 


We hereby authorize 
Buck & Rayner, Colbert 
Drug Co., D. R. Dyche & 
Co., Auditorium Pharmacy 
Co., Owl Drug Co. and 
E. Von Hermann Pharmacy 
Co. to return the pur¬ 
chase price of these reme¬ 
dies to anybody who fails to 
receive benefit from their 
use for the cure of any and 
all forms of skin or blood 
disease, and to charge same 
up to our account, i. e., if 
purchase was made at their 
store. 

THE HORGAN DRUG CO. 


This treatment consists of Palmer's “SKIN- 
SUCCESS” Ointment for skin diseases, 
pimples, etc., 25c. and 75c. boxes. Palmer's 
44 SKIN - SUCCESS " Soap, Medicinal and 
Toilet, a perfect skin preservative, 25c. per 
cake. Palmer's“BLOOD-SUCCESS" Remedy, 
the great blood purifier and tonic, 25c. and 
$1.00 per bottle. A free sample of each will 
be furnished upon request at the store where 
you got this book—give it a trial. 



Palmer's “SKIN-SUCCESS” Ointment 
Palmer’s “SKIN-SUCCESS” Soap 
Palmer's “BLOOD-SUCCESS” Remedy 

Manufactured by The Morgan Drug Co. 
1512 Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A. 

IN USE FIFTY YEARS 








PUTNAM FADELESS DYES 

Color Silk, Wool and Cotton at one boil¬ 
ing (without staining the hands or spot¬ 
ting kettle) fast, bright, durable colors. 

CL Anybody can dye with Putnam Fade¬ 
less Dyes as simply boiling the goods 
with the dye is all that is necessary. 

CL If you use Putnam Fadeless Dyes 
and are not satisfied write the Monroe 
Drug Co., Unionville, Mo., stating 
cause of dissatisfaction and they will 
write you fully how to correct your 
mistake, giving you, free, enough dye 
to do your dyeing satisfactorily. 

CL We want everybody to succeed with 
Putnam Fadeless Dyes and will spare 
no expense to make your dyeing a suc¬ 
cess. Our records for the past ten 
years show that not one person in a 
thousand fails on first attempt with 
Putnam Fadeless Dyes and on second 
attempt they are always successful. 

Monroe Drug Company 

UNIONVILLE, MO. 

TO BE HAD WHERE YOU GOT THIS BOOK 




Neptune Water 


THE KING OF TABLE WATERS 


PUREST AND BEST 

TEN YEARS ON THE MARKET 

Palatable because aerated after distillation with 
STERILIZED AIR 


NEPTUNE GINGER ALE 

WILL PLEASE YOU 


Neptune Triple Distilled Water is held in 
high esteem by the best druggists and members of the 
medical profession. 

We hold our patrons by the excellence of our products 
and prompt and courteous service. 

Order from any first-class druggist, or 


NEPTUNE DISTILLED WATER CO. 

4540 State Street, CHICAGO 

TELEPHONE, OAKLAND 1345 
















If you Value your Teeth 
Keep them free from Tartar 



All decay of the teeth begins from the outside, no such thing as in¬ 
ternal decay ever having been demonstrated; hence, if the surface could 
be kept absolutely clean no decay could take place. In some cases tartar 
accumulates so rapidly that it must be removed every three months, for 
neglected tartar brings a whole train of evils in its wake. It consists of 
lime, and from settling around the teeth next the gums, it goes on extend¬ 
ing down around the roots until in its final action the teeth loosen and 
fall out. 

“ZEPTO” 

The Great Antiseptic Tooth Cleaning Pencil 

is the only thing that will thoroughly remove tartar and all stains from 
the teeth without the aid of a dentist. Safe, Neat, Practical and easy to 
operate; so simple a child can use it. 

Dr. Thos. Ls. Larseneur, a prominent Chicago dentist, says regarding 
Zepto: “I have thoroughly studied the compounds and action of the Zepto 
Tartar Remover and have found it to be harmless to tooth structure and 
gums. It is absolutely free from acids. Find its equal cannot be found for 
removing stains on the enamel where the dental brushes are a failure. 
With the Zepto pencil the most rebel stains can be removed in a few 
seconds. It is very easy to manipulate and has given me the best of re¬ 
sults. I cannot recommerd it too highly.” 

ONE PENCIL WILL LAST FOR YEARS 

Price, 25 Cents 

FOR SALE BY DRUGGISTS, OR SENT DIRECT BT 

M. C. OLSON MANUFACTURING CO. 

Dept. 15, 67 Nebraska Ave., Chicago 









The Sign 
gf Health 

You yourself must learn the 
lesson of prompt relief and 
cure for Gri p, Colds, Neuralgia, 
Headache, Indigestion, Blues, 
Tired, Worn-out-Feeling, Brain 
Fag now enjoyed by thousands 
everywhere who after years of 


test, know 


Orangeine 

Powders 


Sold in 10c package, two pow¬ 
ders; 25c, six powders; 50c, 
fifteen powders; $1.00 Family 
Package, thirty-five powders. 
























Battle Creek $ 
Sanitary Toilet Soap : 



FOR THE HOME 
TOILET AND BATH 



USE BATTLE CREEK SANITARY SOAP DAILY. IT PREVENTS T 
CONTAGION. “AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS WORTH A POUND ▼ 
OF CURE.” THE BEST SOAP FOR CHILDREN. FOR THE BATH, ♦ 
FOR SHAMPOOING THE HAIR AND SCALP. DESTROYS ALL $ 
GERMS. TEACH YOUR CHILDREN TO USE IT OFTEN AND AVOID ^ 
THE RISK OF CONTRACTING DIPHTHERIA, SCARLET FEVER. A 
TYPHOID FEVER. SMALLPOX. BLOOD POISONING, AND ALL CON- A 
TAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. IT MAKES A COPIOUS I 
LATHER. LEAVING THE SKIN SOFT. WHITE AND CLEAN. ONLY T 
A SMALL QUANTITY REQUIRED. HENCE IT IS THE MOST ▼ 
ECONOMICAL. ▼ 

INDISPENSABLE IN THE HOSPITAL, IN THE PHYSICIAN’S ♦ 
OFFICE. IN THE PUBLIC WASH ROOM AND THE HOME. THE ♦ 
PHYSICIAN ESPECIALLY VALUES IT. FOR HE BEST KNOWS THE + 
IMPORTANCE OF ITS USE. THE GERMS OF CONTAGION LURK 
EVERYWHERE. THE FREQUENT USE OF THIS SOAP DESTROYS 
THEM. IT IS MILD AND SOOTHING, UNEQUALED FOR ITS DIS¬ 
INFECTING. ANTISEPTIC AND HEALING QUALITIES. ENDORSED 
BY PHYSICIANS, NURSES AND ALL WHO ONCE USE IT. 


84 La Salle Street, Chicago 


j. a. porter & co. 


Sold where you got this book 


MANUFACTURERS 









CROUP CURED 

And Lives Saved with 

Peckham’s Croup Remedy 

(The Children’s Cough Cure) 


The Successful Physician 

Recommends mild remedies and small doses for Children. The depressing 
effect of strong medicine is often more dangerous than disease. Pleasant to 
take, quick to relieve and certain to cure, Peckham’s Croup Remedy is the 

Children’s Medicine 

for Coughs, Colds, Whooping Cough, Croup, Asthma, Difficult Breathing, 
Hoarseness, Pain in the Lungs, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, the Cough of 
Measles, and Kindred Ailments .* 

A single trial insures permanent endorsement. Ask your drug¬ 
gist about it and get a bottle to-day; you may need it to-night! 

Pleasant, Safe, Certain, = 25c a Bottle 

Sold where you got this book 


BEWARE OF IMITATIONS AND SUBSTITUTES 

_ASK FOR._ 

Espey’s Fragrant Cream 

AND SEE THAT YOU GET IT 

Twenty-five years on the market and its equal not discovered. 
Is the only perfect preparation for Chapped Hands, Face, Lips, 
Chafing, Sunburn and premature Wrinkles; also recommended 
for all such skin diseases as Eczema, Salt Rheum and Tetter. 

It will soothe, beautify and leave the skin clear, white and 
healthy. The ladies will find it excellent for holding face 
powder. Gentlemen should use it on the face after shaving. 
Nothing is equal to it. Espey’s Fragrant Cream is, as the label 
indicates, American Manufacture, and is superior to any of the 
Creams put up and sold under fake foreign labels, by Depart¬ 
ment and Dry Goods Stores. Remember, it is not a cosmetic, 
but is absolutely harmless. 

R. E3. KEYS, Agent 

Sold by your druggist 






To the Chicago Public: 

In 1903 I organized a company for the purpose of manu¬ 
facturing and selling, in convenient size packages, my remedy 
for stomach and bowel troubles, which was the result of years 
of research and experiment on the part of myself and my 
associates. 

This medicine, known to medical men and pharmacists as 
Dr. Caldwell’s Syrup Pepsin, has proven its merit by twelve 
years’ use in thousands of American homes. 

For Constipation, Indigestion, Dyspepsia, Biliousness, Sick 
Headache, Dizziness, and all Stomach, Liver and Kidney 
troubles, I claim there is no remedy so beneficial as Syrup 
Pepsin. 

I ask you to at least give the medicine a trial at my 
expense. In the back part of this book you will find a coupon 
which will entitle you to a Free Sample *Bottle at any one of 
the eight leading drug stores in Chicago. Present the coupon, 
call for your sample and use it according to directions. 

The youngest child in your family may take it without 
injurious effects, as it is composed of the purest of vegetable 
drugs combined with Pure Pepsin and aromatics, in such 
manner that it is not only harmless to the most delicate organ¬ 
ism, but so pleasant to the taste that the little folks like it as 
well as maple sugar 

Yours sincerely, 


Medical Director 

Pepsin Syrup Co., 

Monticello, Ill. 




Toilet Waters, Sachets, 
Toilet Powders and 
Toilet Soaps 

=From 1847 to 1005 - 


For a period of fifty-eight years we have studied 
quality, the outcome of which has been the highest grades 
produced either in this or any other country. 


We call your attention to our 
ARISTON (the best) GEM VIOLETS 


FRANGIPANNI 
GARLAND OF ROSES 
OUR JACK 
ROB ROY 
VIOLET LEAVES 


GARLAND OF VIOLETS 
ROSE LEAVES 
MAY BLOOM 
LILAC SWEETS 
APPLE LEAVES 


ASK YOUR DRUGGIST 


SOLON PALMER, Perfumer 

NEW YORK 














HEADACHE CURED FREE 

from injurious after effects 

PECK’S 

HEADACHE 

POWDERS 


These powders are accurately and skillfully com¬ 
pounded on scientific principles, and if used ac¬ 
cording to directions, we GUARANTEE the results 
satisfactory. 


PECK BROS. 

Manufacturing Chemists 

GRAND RAPIDS - - MICHIGAN 








GIBSON’S ENGLISH 
FRUIT TABLETS 

A REAL DELICACY 


Butter Scotch 
Cherry 
Chocolate 
Chocolate and Vanilla 
Cough 

Everton Toffee 
Flaxseed 
Ginger 
Hoarhound 
Iceland Moss 
Lemon 
Linseed 



Cn./MN 


Lime Fruit 
Mixed Fruit 
Orange 

Orange Phosphate 
Peach 
Peppermint 
Pineapple 
Raspberry 
Strawberry 
Tangerine Orange 
Winesour 
Wintergreen 


Absolutely pure and possess a delicious natural flavor. 
Every genuine Gibson Fruit Tablet has the name 
44 GIBSON ” stamped upon it. 

E. C. RICH 

Sole Agent for the United States 

NEW YORK and 


CHICAGO 










RADAM'S 

MICROBE 

KILLER 

It Kills the Microbes of the Lungs and cures 

CONSUMPTION 

It Kills the Microbes of the Kidneys and cures 

BRIGHT’S DISEASE 

It Kills the Microbes of the Throat and cures 

DIPHTHERIA 

It Kills the Microbes of the Skin and cures 

ECZEMA 

It Kills the Microbes in the Blood and cures 

CATARRH 

RHEUMATISM, CANCER 

and all other Blood and Chronic Diseases. 


A PLEASANT TART DRINK 

ABSOLUTELY HARMLESS 

Full particulars with reports of Scientific Experiments 
and convincing Testimonials of Wonderful Cures mailed free to 
any address on application. 

The Wm. Radam Microbe Killer Co. 

121 PRINCE STREET, N. Y. 

FOR SALE AT THE STORE WHERE YOU GOT THIS BOOK 

— 






pNKEt" 

COCOA AND 
CHOCOLATE5 


MOURISHINOakbDIGESTIVE 



^6CRET0AS^ 

For' tbi<5 p&cKe^e. 

4 lb. Screw top 

L Wltb OUF DdlDe OD. 
Write us for FREE. 

5drpple Of J3QCQA 


RUjNKEL BROTHERS 



r445*451 30T"5I. J 42 RIVER 5* H 

U MEW YORK. <A3h CHICAGO* ,%?_ 


we use at our foun» 
tain and which we 
recommend for 
family use 

¥ ¥ 

WE ALSO SELL 

Runkel Bros/ 
Creme de Milk 
Chocolate 

A delicious and 
nourishing confec= 
tion for eating. 


E, HECHINGER, Pr«s. G. KECKEISEN, Sec’y and Supt. 

UNION SHOWCASE CO. 

Designers and Manufacturers of 

DRUG, JEWELRY, GENERAL STORE, 
BANK FIXTURES AND SHOWCASES 

Estimates Cheerfully Furnished 

FACTORY: 

OFFICE AND SALESROOM: 

56-66 Frank Street and 

424-428 Maxwell Street 105 East Lake Street 

Telephone Canal 1089 Telephone Central 4956 


















IS NOT AN ORDINARY COLD CREAM OR SKIN FOOD 
IT IS A MEDICATED COMPLEXION CREAM THAT REALLY 
CURES THE SKIN OF ALL DISCOLORATIONS AND PIMPLES 

KREMOLA IS A WHITENING CREAM 

KREMOLA WILL REMOVE WRINKLES WITHOUT MASSAGE 
KREMOLA MAKES AND KEEPS THE FACE AND HANDS 
YOUNG, FAIR, SMOOTH AND VELVETY 

We absolutely guarantee Kremola will not injure the most delicate 
skin; and that it will not cause hair to grow. If Kremola does all we claim 
for it, it is worth many times the price. If it does not do all we claim for 
it, your money will be cheerfully refunded. 

KREMOLA COMPANY, - 218 La Salle Street, Chicago 

To be had where you got this book 


I. A. RubeJ G. Allegretti B. F. Rube 


Rubel & Allegretti 

Chocolates and Bon Bons 



Palmer House Block 








LIQUID SOAP 


Is as much of a necessity as the individ¬ 
ual tooth brush. 

To prevent contagion it is demanded. 

Cake soap may be reeking with diseased 
germs from preceding contamination and 
is again used in entire ignorance of the 
fact that a break in the cuticle will allow 
infection to be introduced in the circula¬ 
tion as direct and positive as vaccination. 

Lee’s SA-PO-NA (liquid soap) in Bottles and auto 
matic Jars is the only safe way to use soap. 



HAND SIZE. 
40 c. 


$ 2.00 

Literature sent free on application 


SAPONA JAR. 


QUART SIZE. 
$ 1.00 



CO. 


1916 Park Avenue 


NEW YORK 


FOR SALE BY BUCK & RAYNER 

























Upon Every 
Bottle 


and wrapper of the genuine Dr. Bell’s 
Pine-Tar-Honey Is printed the above 
design. It is both trade-mark and 
guarantee—a warrant that the medi¬ 
cine contained in the bottle will cure 
coughs, colds and all lung, throat 
and chest troubles more quickly and 
effectually than any other remedy. 


is sold by all druggists or sent upon receipt 
of price— 25c., 60c. and #1 per bottle by 
The E. E. Sutherland Hedletne Co., Paducah, Ky. 


This remedy is for sale 
where you got this book. 













A POSITIVE CURE FOR 

RHEUMATISM 


LUMBAGO, SCIATICA, NEURALGIA, 

KIDNEY TROUBLE 

La Grippe, Colds, Coughs, Bronchitis, Cout, Asthma, Catarrh, 
Nervousness, Backache, Dyspepsia, Indigestion, Croup, Nerv¬ 
ous and Neuralgic Headache, Heart Weakness, Paralysis, 
Creeping Numbness, Sleeplessness,* Eczema, Scrofula 
and all Blood Diseases. 


DOCTOR C. L. GATES, Hancock, Minn., writes: “A little girl 
here had such a weak back caused by Rheumatism and Kidney 
Trouble that she could not stand on her feet. The moment they put 
her down on the floor she would scream with pains. I treated her 
with 5-Drops and to-day she runs around as well and happy as can be. 
I prescribe 5-Drops for my patients and use it in my practice.” 

DR. S. D. BLAND, Brewton, Ga., writes: ‘‘I had been a sufferer 
for a number of years with Lumbago and Rheumatism in my arms and 
legs, and tried all the remedies that I could gather from medical works, 
and also consulted with a number of the best physicians, but found 
nothing that gave the relief obtained from s-Drops I shall prescribe 
it in my practice for Rheumatism and kindled diseases.” 

M. V. BURNETT, Dexter, Ind., writes: ‘‘Your 5-Drops has cured 
me of Rheumatism. There is no symptom of the disease about me. 
My mother had been down with the same disease for nine years, nine¬ 
teen months of which time she had to walk with a crutch and cane. 
Now she has thrown away both and goes where she pleases without 
either of them. She is 71 years old, and was cured of the Rheuma¬ 
tism by Swanson’s 5=Drops. I shall never be without your remedy in 
my household.” 


FOR SALE BY 
DRUGGISTS 


Large Size Bottle (300 Doses) $1,00 



















magnolia Blossom 



A Remedy C 
That Cures 


Women 

Coerp £adp 
her own 
PBpsician 


This Simple Home Treatment 

has cured thousands. It is a most effective remedy for deli¬ 
cate women who need a life and strength giving tonic. A 
simple and lasting cure for all disorders, irregulari¬ 
ties, painful periods, womb troubles, leucorrhoea, dis¬ 
placements, etc. Its low price places it within the 
reach of all classes. 


ASK YOUR DRUGGIST FOR MAGNOLIA BLOSSOM 


$ 1.00 

for a box containing one month's treatment 

DO NOT DELAY REFUSE SUBSTITUTES 

Write us regarding your case. All letters referred to our Lady 
Physician and treated with strict confidence. 

Address SOUTH BEND REMEDY CO., South Bend, Ind. 












The Odor of Fragrant Endurance 

Fillipeen 

The only odor with a true SENTIMENTAL 
CHARACTER. Possessing all the refined 
qualities of the delicious cut flowers that 
appeal to the most fastidious. 


Imparting a Lusty *Bloom of Youth 

American Beauty 
Skin Food 

It is a most exquisitely perfumed cream prepared 
from the very purest vegetable emollients. Removes 
wrinkles from the face and neck, making the skin 
smooth, plump, firm and beautiful, being a most 
excellent toilet requisite. 


Van Dyke's 
- Dandruff Cure = 

An elegant hair dressing, elegantly perfumed, 
thoroughly eradicates the dandruff and all diseases of 
the scalp. Promotes growth and prevents hair from 
falling out, being purely vegetable and absolutely 
harmless. 

The aboVe preparations are sold 
at all leading drug stores. 

MANUFACTURED ONLY BY 

The Schaefer Martin Co., 

High=Grade Perfumers 
CHICAGO, LONDON and NICE, FRANCE, 














VVV vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvfr 

[ Griswold’s I 

This old-style j| 
stick salve has j! 
maintained its j! 
enviable repu- Jl 
tation for more <j 
than j| 

Sixty Years as a Family Salve j! 
!| in all cases of accidents. For the treatment or j| 

CRACKED THUMBS AND FINGERS ji 
CORNS AND BUNIONS ij 

Boils and Ulcers jl 

it has no equal. For old or indolent sores, Jl 
it should be renewed daily if there is a discharge !► 

ij It Cures and it Sticks j 

Equally valuable in the Stable. Do not | 
fail to have a roll in the house. You are ! 
liable to accidents. Price 25 cents. ! 

FOR SALE AT THE STORE WHERE YOU GOT THIS BOOK < 










St. John’s Sk in Tonic 


is beyond a doubt the most effective 
Eczema Cure ever made. It never 
fails to cure the most malignant case. 
It has healed old sores that were con¬ 
tracted in the Civil War, that refused 
to yield to all other treatment. If 
you find a case of Eczema or a sore 
of any kind St. John’s Skin Tonic 
will not cure, we will gladly refund 
your money. Its wonderful healing 
qualities make it a sure cure for Acne 
or Pimples. We have cured hun¬ 
dreds of cases of Barber’s Itch, Itch¬ 
ing Piles, Itch and Ring Worm, and 
never failed. 

Trial Box 10c. Full Sized Box 50c o 

To be had where you got this book. 


The St. John Remedy Company 

J 86 W. Madison St. 

C h i c a g o 







Swift’s 

Beef Extract 

is made from the pure juices of prime 
American beef. It is the concentrated 
essence of strength, and is a particularly 
invigorating, wholesome food product. 

Swift’s Beef Extract gives the great¬ 
est satisfaction wherever introduced. A 
jar of it should be in every household. 
Not alone for invalids is its high quality 
appreciated, but for various cooking 
purposes, such as enriching soups and 
strengthening gravies, Swift’s Beef Ex- ] 
tract is indispensable. For sale by best ' 
dealers everywhere. 

Swift & Company, U. S. A. 









T/>e gentle Jfray is best 


THE EFFERVESCENT 
Relief for 

Headaches, 
Constipation, 
Biliousness, 
Indigestion, 
Rheumatic & Gouty Aches & Pains 



Sold on its merits for more than 60 years. 

Most purgatives irritate and inflame; Tarrant’s 
Seltzer-Aperient **soothes and refreshes" while free¬ 
ing the system from all poisonous waste matters in 
a pleasant, gentle, but most effective way. 

Sold on its merits for more than 60 years. 

An ideal family remedy for all troubles arising 
from imperfect digestion, disordered stomach, indis¬ 
cretions in diet, uric acid tendency, etc. 

Sold on its merits for more than 6 0 years. 

A family without Tarrant's Seltzer-Aperient on hand 
for use in case of emergency lacks an important 
safeguard of life and health. 


1844 


Sold by druggists generally at SOc. and 01.00 per bottle, or sent 
by Hiuilo.i receipt of piiceby 

THE TARRANT CO. (Bus. Est. «834), 44,Hudson Street, New York. 


1905 









L ET good digestion wait on appetite and health on 
both. So wrote Shakespeare. The appetite 
is the thing. That is the idea of these diges¬ 
tive tablets—to create a healthy appetite. Taken at 
breakfast, you are downright hungry by lunchtime; 
taken after lunch, you are ready by night for a good, 
square dinner. They are as pleasing to the taste as 
candy. The best aids to digestion that money and 
medical science have yet produced. Good blood, 
clean skin, active and regular circulation, odorless 
breath, beautiful complexion, strong nerve and re¬ 
freshing sleep are all first cousins of good appetite. 
Good appetite is the brother of good nature and the 
father of good health. Eat three square well- 
cooked meals a day, follow each meal with one or two 
tablets, and throw indigestion and grumbling and 
worry and all other interior feelings out of the win¬ 
dow. For sale by druggists everywhere in handy 
boxes at 25 cents a box. A sample box by mail for 
thirteen 2-cent stamps. Address: 

Tabard Inn Druggist Specialty Company 

^ * r*fc. 

1611 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA 














THE STANDARD 

Tyrian Rubber Goods 

Under our Trade Mark “TYRIAN ff 
we manufacture a full line of 
DRUGGISTS’ SUNDRIES, such as 

Fountain and Bulb Syringes, Water Bottles, 
Atomizers, Nipples, Air Cushions, 
Urinals and Surgeons’ Rubber Goods 



SOME SPECIALTIES 

TYRIAN COMBINATION 
FOUNTAIN SYRINGE AND 
WATER BOTTLE 

With the well-known Globe 
Spray Vaginal Pipe. Heavy 
bag, rapid flow tubing, 5 hard 
rubber pipes in wooden box. 

TYRIAN 

TEN FOUNTAIN SYRINGE 

A Fountain Syringe corres¬ 
ponding to the above as to tub¬ 
ing, pipes and boxing. 

PREMIUM LADIES' SYRINGE 

A Globe Spray Female Syringe, on the injection and suction 
principle. 

PERFECTION MALE URINAL 

The most satisfactory male urinal to-day on the market. 

TYER RUBBER CO. 

ANDOVER, MASS. 

U. S. A. 

TO BE HAD WHERE YOU GOT 
THIS BOOK 




»• 5 ♦ 


* « 5 * 











The “Original” Chip is 

The 

Trowbridge 

Chocolate 

Chip 

And there’s no more chipper chip in 
the land! Tastes good, stays good, 
is good—has a center of the purest 
deliciousness a sweet tooth ever 
dreamed of. 

Simply Delicious—That s All 

Insist on having Trowbridge’s. Name 
on every chip. Sold everywhere. 

Manufactured by 

TROWBRIDGE CHOCOLATE CHIP CO. 

Boston, Mass. Meadville, Pa. 






m0 


HE perfect antiseptic Throat and Voice 
Pastille, which is the best of the very 
few genuine Throat Pastilles on the 
market. It is not a candy, but a prep¬ 
aration, put up in pastille form, which is 
purely a throat medicine and of great benefit 
to public speakers, singers and to those per¬ 
sons whose throats have become affected 
from excessive smoking. 



srr colds, grippe 

CATARRH, PNEUMONIA 


MR. DAVID BISPHAM, The World-Renowned Baritone, says: 
Throatlets are certainly the most pleasing confection for the 
voice that I have come across for a long time. Many thanks for 
those just sent me. 

MR. MARTIN HARVEY, The Eminent English Actor, has this 
to say: I have much pleasure in bearing testimony to the excel¬ 
lence of Throatlets. I have used them for some time and 
always with great benefit. 


Price | 0 Cents 

Samples sent upon request 


the: TH ROAT L.E1TS COM PAN Y 
2 AND 4 STONE STREET, NEW YORK CITY 
-L VERPOOL, ENGLAND- 

TO BE HAD WHERE YOU GOT THIS BOOK 











DR. HALL’S 

Magical Backward Flow Syringe 

PATENTED SEPT. I, I903 

Unscrew and reverse nozzle for 
Jff backward or forward Spray JR 


See that 
Nozzle? 
It does 
the Work 

Two 

Sprays 

forward 

and 

backward 



The 

‘Best 

Spray 

Syringe 

The 

Most 

Bene¬ 

ficial 


JT is so constructed as to be the most thorough cleansing 
syringe ever invented. It throws a balloon spray, 
backward or forward. This cannot be done with any other 
syringe on the market to-day. Requires no preparation 
for adjustment; simply a rubber bulb and hard rubber 
pipe, with a shield especially constructed to snugly fit the 
mouth of the vagina, preventing under pressure the out¬ 
flow of a single drop of fluid. It is the simplest and most 
effective syringe made. Write us about it. 


Manufactured by the 


VANT WOUD RUBBER CO., 

NEW YORK, N. Y. 

AsK for it where you got this booK 
















Ah, Lava Soaj 
Is What I Need 


When your hands, face or any part of your body 
become soiled with the sticky, smoky grime of 
a city; the dusty, annoying dirt of the country; 
the stains of travel or from the effects of daily toil, 


will come to your aid, and will quickly, effect¬ 
ively and thoroughly cleanse and refresh your 
skin, and give you a feeling of comfort. It is 
different from all other soaps, and adapts itself 
perfectly to the toilet and bath. 

Wm. WaltKe (Si Company, 

Soap Makers and Chemists, 

St. Louis. 

Fo r Sale By 

The Druggist who gave you this BooK 







DON’T LOOK OLD! 

Ward’s 
Walnut Oil 

WILL COLOR YOUR GRAY HAIR 
OR BEARD IN ONE APPLICATION 

f Sunny Brown 

THERE ARE THREE SHADES J BfOWTl and 

[Dark Brown 

Express Free on Receipt of Price, $1.00 
Extra Size for Ladies, $1.50 

Currency or Money Order 

Mrs. Joseph Ward 

1103 Masonic Temple, - - CHICAGO 

To be had where you got this book 








andyou cart see ThQ resulrs\ 

I II i pi I ip. ■« — I I I '111 —— 


T HESE fine twins are the children of A. J. Cline, 1805 Melrose St., 
Chicago, who writes: “They weighed 6 % and 7*4 pounds at birth. 
They had weak digestive organs and for the first three months we 
tried about everything the Doctor recommended. We thought one could 
not live, until we tried Eskay’s Food, and it agreed with both of them at 
once. They are now 14 months old, and we are feeding them all kinds 
of solid food as their stomachs never give any trouble. They were fed 
on Eskay’s Food until they were a year old, and are as well developed in 
strength and intelligence as children two years of age. Each has 14 teeth 
which came without the least fretting.” 

A well-known specialist in infants’ troubles writes: “It is pre-emi¬ 
nently the substitute for mothers’ milk. I prescribe it constantly.” 

Our helpful book for mothers and all who have the care of children, 
“How to Car® for the Baby”— Free on Request— with generous trial 
samples of Eskay’s F«^od. 

SMITH, KLINE & FRENCH CO., 429-35 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. 













* /r %9na/l&hieWj (Vc 

ssaH ^NioYNtAvt crucu.o 


THE COMPLEXION SOAP 

Trade—STRAJU SO—Mark. 



STRAWBERRY JUICE 


Delicately Perfumed 
For Toilet, 

Nursery and Bath 

The Finest Transparent 
Glycerine Soap 


Beware of imitations 
Name and No. Registered 


No. 202 

FRAZER SOAP CO., Chicago, Ill. 



























CAMBRIDGE SEGARS 

Are Pure Habana made in the honest old 
fashion, and g-uaranteed by the makers. 

JOHN W. MERRIAM & CO. 

On Sale by 

Buck & Rayner, State and Madison Sts. 

Colbert Drug Co., State and Monroe Sts. 

D. R. Dyche & Co., State and Randolph 

Streets. 

Auditorium Pharmacy Co., 320 Wabash 
Avenue. 

E. Yon Hermann Pharmacy Co., 31st 

Street and Indiana Avenue. 

These firms are exclusive 
Agents for this brand for 
Chicago and solicit a 
trial order. 


ABTENA 

ASTHMA CURE 

Health like beauty, prized by all. 

Abtena Asthma Cure 

restores perfect Health to those 
suffering^rom Asthma, Bronchitis 
and all bronchial coughs. For in¬ 
formation and frefe book on Asthma 

address 

Abtena Remedy Company 

Dept. B. CHICAGO, ILL. 






DR. RICHMOND’S 

CELEBRATED 

NERVINE 

THE OLDEST AND BEST NERVINE MADE. 

This Nervine has been making- successful cures for over a 
quarter of a century and is known all over the world. It is 
the only Nervine that has stood the test of time, and is an 
infallible specific. If you are nervous, everlastingly tired, 
irritable and blue, take Dr. Richmond’s Celebrated 
Nervine. It quiets the nerves, relieves despondent feelings, 
and makes life one round of pleasure and contentment. 

Price, $1.00 per bottle, six bottles for $5.00. 

READ THIS TESTIMONIAL ABOUT NERVINE. 

Boston, Mass., October 9th, 1899. 

Dr. S. A. Richmond Co., Chicago, Ills. 

Gentlemen;—During our*long career as one of the active and charitable 
institutions of the city, we have had many cases come to our doors of that 
modern and sad complaint, “Nervous Exhaustion”. Nothing has effected 
a more prompt and permanent cure than Richmond’s Cklebrated Nervine, 
and we are free to say that we shall always hold it in high esteem. 

SUFFOLK HOSPITAL AND DISPENSARY. 

A. C. Smith, President. 

Write for a trial bottle of Epileptine and Nervine. Our Female Regu¬ 
lating Pills do the work. $1.50 per bottle. 

DR. S. A. RICHMOND COflPANY 


CHICAGO 




















TOM MOORE HENRY GEORGE 

10c. 5c. 

Two Justly Popular Cigars 

Clarence Hirschorn tr* Co., Distributers CHICAGO 

THE CIGAR OF CIGARS 

La Azora 

Lilienfeld Bros. & Co. MAKERS 

Telephone 89 

HOTEL 

EDMUND 

B. Schwalbe L? Co., Props. 
WAUKEGAN, ILL. 


Also operating 

HOTEL PLAZA 

Oak Park, Ill. 


Special Dinners served 
any time for 
Automobile Parties 





Celebrated Hats 

For Men and Women 
Palmer House, CHICAGO 










CLAY’S 

Eucalyptus Soap 


(Crown Princess) 



Compounded from p re vegetable oils, contains no pois¬ 
onous ingredients or anim 1 fats of any kind. 

The oil of Eucalyptus is the principal ingredient. 

OUR GUARANTEE 

Buy a box of this soap; use one cake. If you do not 
find it better than any you have heretofore used, regardless of 
price, return the two cakes and we will refund your money. 
25 cents per box 

Clay’s Cough Drops 
MENTHOL AND EUCALYPTUS 

Unequalled and unlike any other on the market. For 
Coughs, Colds, Sore Throat and Indigestion. 

5 cents per package. 

ALL THE RAGE!! 

Clay’s New Perfume 

EUCALYPTUS BLOSSOM 

People who have hitherto been unable to use perfume 
will find EUCALYPTUS BLOSSOM to have a pleasing and 
beneficial effect upon the nervous system. 

Price 50 cents per ounce. One-half ounce 35 cents 

Any of the above mailed on receipt of price if not carried by your dealer. 

F. C. CLAY CO. - - Chicago, I!L 
















Stops Women’s Pains 


Here is a safe, sure, 
scientific way of re¬ 
lieving- all your pain, 
putting new roses 
into your pallid 
cheeks, new bright¬ 
ness into your faded 
eyes, new strength 
into your weary 
body, new vitality 
into your jaded 
nerves. Take 


Wine of Cardui 

A SURE CURE FOR 
WOMEN’S ILLS 

This is a pure, medicinal extract, of the active alka¬ 
loids of certain curative plants and herbs, which have a 
peculiar, specific, tonic, pain-relieving, strength-building 
action on the delicate female functions and constitution. 

It is the most marvelous medicine in the world for 
sick and suffering women. It will quickly make you well. 

Sold in every drug store in $1.00 bottles. 








PERFUMIZER 

THE NEW ATOMIZERS 



No. 32 T Perfumizer 

Cut Glass 


THESE PERFUMIZERS HAVE NO VALVES. 

Clean themselves by the air passing back through nose and tubing in each 
operation. It’s made of brass. 

Finished in nickel, silver and gold plate tops. 

Plunger is made of heavy, soft leather. No stirring up or discoloring of 
the perfume. No waste. 

WALTER SAMS 

MAKER 72 S. Canal St., Chicago, Ill. 



































We Use 

at Our Fountain 

CHICAGO CONCENTRATING 
COMPANY’S 

Pure Fruit Syrup 
Crushed Fruits and 
Rock Candy Syrup 





MADAM LI A RAND 


presents for your consideration 
a few of her preparations 



Perfecto 
Massage Cream 

a skin food without a peer. 

Jars 50c. Tubes 25c. 


MANORLENE 

for cleaning the hands, making the skin soft and white. 

Dry 10c. 

DERMACARE 

will remove all stains and blemishes, sunburn, tan, etc. 

A housewife should never be without 
Manoklene and Dermacare. 

KUREFUT 

is a harmless preparation for tired, 
perspiring or tender feet. 

10 and 25c. 

The Lia Rand Co. 

18 East 17th St. NEW YORK 



Laboratory, Valley Stream, N. Y. 




This coupon entitles 
bearer to a free sam¬ 
ple of 

ELSNER’S 

PEARL 

CREAM 

For Bleaching the 
Skin 

at any of the stores 
named on the back. 


A free glass of 

GLEASON’S 

GRAPE JUICE 

“One hundred dol¬ 
lars a bottle guaran¬ 
tee of purity” will be 
given to the holder 
of this coupon at 
any of the pharma¬ 
cies named on the 
back. 


This coupon entitles 
the holder to a free 
sample of 

CORKER 

OINTMENT 

at any of the stores 
named on the back. 


The bearer of this 
coupon entitled to 
a free sample of 

DR. TAFT’S 
ASTHMALENE 

for the relief and 
cure of Asthma if 
presented at any of 
the stores named on 
the back. 


This coupon entitles 
the holder to a free 
sample of 

CELERY- 

VESCE, 

the effective head¬ 
ache cure, if pre¬ 
sented at any of the 
stores named on the 
back. 


This coupon entitles 
the holder to a free 
sample of 

5 DROPS, 

the great household 
remedy for Rheu¬ 
matism, if presented 
at any of the stores 
named on the back. 


This coupon entitles 
the holder to a free 
sample of 


This coupon entitles 
bearer to a free 
sample of 


This coupon is good 
for a free trial pack¬ 
age of 


HARTWIG’S 


COLE’S 


BAR-BEN, 


LING BALSAM 

if presented at any 
of the stores named 
on the back. 


FREE SAMPLE 

This coupon entitles 
the holder to a trial 
bottle of 

DR. CALDWELL’S 

(Laxative) 

SYRUP PEPSIN 

Present at any of the 
pharmacies men¬ 
tioned on the back. 


CARBOLISALVE 

at any of the stores 
named on the back. 


This coupon entitles 
the holder to a free 
sample of 

DR. CHARLES’ 

ELESH 

EOOD 

at any of the stores 
named on the back. 


the great restorative 
lor men and women, 
at any of the stores 
mentioned on the 
back. 


Free Sample Coupon 

Present this coupon 
at any of the stores 
named on the back 
and you will receive 
a free sample of 
Palmer’s “Skin-Suc¬ 
cess” Ointment, 
Palmer’s “Skin-Suc¬ 
cess” Soap, or 
Palmer’s “Blood-Suc¬ 
cess” Remedy 












CO m 
43 © 

02 a 

o 3 


is 

S 3) 

S^ 

0)03 

d 3 

S^ 


o 2 
e r 


•o3 


ft 

a 

© 

73 

c 

d 

Pd 

a 

id 

t- 

d 

5 


- o 


>i 

o3 

Cd^ 

. 

idid2 
© ©CO 
3 3 
WW 


cr-g 

43 a 

« © 

ol 

£3 

©* 
*“* »-> 
^a 

5^ 0) 

© © 

"S ^ 

203 
03 - 

r© 


O o^ 
o 


bO* 

£ft 
G a 

2b 

v ft 


03 30 

■an 

d . 

n o 
°0 
a 
0) 


>> 

© 

eg 

e £ 

O * 
£ia 
rW 

5s" 


CO 

6 

O 

>> 

a 

c3 

g 

5 

ej 

ft 


r* © 

5 > 
*< 
3 d 
© 


3$ » 0) W 
-2 43 ft • 43 

,© 02 33 Pd CO 


6ft 


Qft ft-H 

r £.©;> a 

£ 3 

C< w 


u 2 > j- § ©3 

* 2 «Ha ** 

qS « ^-* 

— TO 


to g 

43 © 

03 fj 

3^ 

s® 

S=3 

©03 

d 3 
43 .ft 
02 . 
.' V 
© 2 
c 21 

d 
Pd 


ft 

3 

© 

*d 


o 


o 

O 

be 

3 

v< 

ft 

73 

3 


<r*3 

43 ©* 

^ O 
©■^ 


n sf 

H 

d 
Pd 

« 
id 

d 2 3 


o£ 

£a 
a © 


- m 


r. ^ 

43 

03 oo 
id I 
d 


43 

CO 

i-H 

CO 


co a 


: 5 


. . .. CO d CO 

^ 43 ^ 43 

© © 03 ft 03 
3 3 co 


0) co i_ 43 *5 q ^ 

5~£~~.§>* 

fmi IP* O . ^ 3 • 

WW <J OQ Q<j M 


O 

a 

© © 
c d 
V- s 
S3 = 

C 2 
*-> TO 

^ft 

5 r s?e = 

=!!=! 

3 


r o 
©O 

b£j*° 

S © 

vft 

£& 3v!- W 

Sh ft ^3 © *3 rj 

~ i<=:§3o 


rn © 

g > 

d^ 


w 


to g 

43 0 

03 M 

*13 

C ® 

is 

s® 

S* 

©03 

d 3 

si. 

«_T u 

fe-2 

c 


d 

Pd 


M 

u 

^d 

6 

o 

O 

be 

3 

- 

Q 

xj 

3 


43 2< 

03- 




© 


© 


d^ 
C Y5 

43 JU 

03 ^ 
©8 
bt' 

p © 

43^ 


o3 

s 

fc- 

o d 5 
*- 2 f 3 
C 3 Ph 

S, d 3 ^ 

is d^ 

S s ^|| 

br3 <5 2^ 


ddO .3 .t!Q . 
,. k . co d w © w 

3 3 co O • 

PQM < OQ 


©■n.K^ 

O^ 3 P 
g §*-* 
'r'©^^=5d 

> 3 

oc 


w 


OD sd 

43 0 

02 » 

c; 3 

O d 
■§« 


©03 
d d 

si 
.-© 
© 2 
c ^ 

K« 


,3 

a 

© 

'C 

3 

d 

Pd 

•a 

(H 

jg 

S 


T * *9 

43 a 

li 

§s 

o 2 i 

a © 

^ OQ 


oj 

03 oc 

fl". 

d . 

r © 
a 


o 

o 

>> 

© 

d 


^ 03 ^ 


o 

o 

be 


aa .s . 

ii u ® d ® 
PiJ id 43 4_i 

© © 03^3 03 

3 3 co 

P3PP <1 


ro 

oo 

be^ 

3 © 

ua 

Q © 

• A • 

O co 

£pdS 
o . 
OQ 


QJ 

C d 

33 

° d 

rCL, 

o 

os> 

bc.2^,24 

3i: - :c '^ 

52|g5 

^ 3 

G<J w 


B> 

d ^ 

A) g d 

E 3 




» g 

43 O 

03 r ‘ 

3 *§ 
11 
I* 

s © 

© 03 
d^ 

6| 

3 


d 




id id -2 
© ©03 
3 3 
«P5 


o 

be 

3 

5— 

Q 

73 

3 


w 'S 

43 a 

“o 
©-S 
o g 

3S 

oP^ 

sa 

a © 

d 43 

25C 

CC ^ 

r o 
o r j 

be^ 

3 © 

uA 
O v 

S >> 


d 

03 X> 

id 00 

fci 

d . 

r. o 


t- 

:Ph 

o 

og 


o 

O 

>> 

d 

a 

H 

d 

-3 

3 d 

f" ^ 

U «-s 

© d 


d co. © co 

SSSsiS 

co o • 

C UQ 


© 

> 

be 2 ^ kh 

Q°1§- 


CO 3 
43 o 

03 o 

•H 

|| 

Is 


© 03 

d^ 

si 

' u 

©2 


a^ 

id id 2 
© ©03 
3 3 
PPPP 


33 

a 

© 

73 

3 

d 

Pd 

a - 

id 

4 

6 

o 

O 

bo 

3 

Vi 

Q 

"3 


cr -» 

43 a 

«= © 

2 d 

cP^ 

^a 

a © 

© d 

|S 

03 - 
."© 

b£^ 

3 © 
ViP 

Q © 
>> 


I 

d 

43 

03 x 

■B" 

d r 

S6 

®» 
© o 

o d 

c s 

•— TO 

^33 

-a, 


CO 

H 

cc 

o 

O 

>» 

d 

3 

V 

d 


3 ® 
3 > 
d^ 

g d 


© 
o 

fe£3<3 -3J 
3‘C 

qS'Ss' 1 


^ © 3 3 
3 > g 
2 a © d 


*hP O ^ 32 
^2 2 - 2 °.- d 

' - o: £ Pd 03 t; w ^ > a 

co O • > 3 

◄ UP Q <1 H 


co g 

43 o 

CO JO 

3 "3 

S c3 
2 ^ 
la 
s © 

© 03 

dj 


© 




3 

oa 


w 


pj Pd 

aa 

idid 2 
© © 03 
3 3 
tt33 


pd 

a 

© 

73 

rj 

3 

Pd 

a. 

id 
v« 
d 

O 

o 
O 

be 

3 

v 

Q 

. 3 . _ 

d » © 


43 a 

a o 

£S 

§1 

w—( ^ 

j^a 

a © 

5® 

03 - 


d 

03 x 

« s 
d r 
r © 


a 


© & 


43 

CO 

?-* 

X 

o 

O 

>> 

© 

d 

g 

d 

A 


©8 

be^ 
s © 

Vi -3 

PP © 

diS-^ 


C d 

cS 
c 

TO 

•^,3 

:o» 

8 g > J|. 

bc2c24 

3 *C - C '3 

^ 0, 9 s =2 


3 ® 
3 > 
d<5 

ag 

v 3 


2 2 .2 Q S d o^ 
03 5 Pd 03 T- 73 X3 > a 
'co O . 2 3 

< OQ 0«5 W 


CO « 
43 0 

CO » 

II 
Is 
^ © 
si 

© 03 

d 3 

si 

t* q) 
© 2 
3 r 


*3 

a 

o 

73 

3 

d 

Pd 

a 

id 

u 

d 

5 


d 


o 
V 
bo 
3 
Vi 

Q 

73 
. 3 

idid 2 ^ 
© ©02,3 
3 3 CO 

WPP 


aa 


43 a 

p 

§9 

535 

a © 

© d 

IS 

03 ~ 
."“© 
O r J 

bL^ 

rj 1 > 

o © 

43 b 


d 

03 X 

■an 

d . 

B3 


O 

O 

>» 

© 

d 

S 

Vi 

d 


0 S3 

IpH 3 

^r3 

:W 

© 

og 

be 


£> 
d ^ 

£ 

u 3 
© d 




S o^ c « 

. V> g ©»-HI 

SSpdS'T'^^^a 

© . ^3 

OP O <5 W 


co 3 

43 © 

co 2 

© d 


is 


i3 

a 

© 

73 

3 

d 

Pd 


cr *3 

43 a 

II 

c § 
oM 


d 

co ^ 


CO < 


© 


5 


S-5 

© 03 

4i , 

d 3 

43 W 

CO 


a ^a 'c 

id 
u 
d 

O 


a © 

-V 43 


03 


- 03 


© 2 

a >1 

r% -3 


(5 S3 
<yS . 
2 

© ©CO 

3 3 

WPP 


• © . 
8 ^ 1 
is 

es 1 

Q © 

• 

^22 -2' 
^ 03 £ Pd .X 
to © . 

< OQ < 


© 

O 

bo 

a 

v 

Q 

TJ 

3 


co g 

43 © 

Xfl to 

32 

© d 


la 


© 


s 


^d 
© 03 

d 3 

si 

v 

© 


,3 

a 

© 

73 

3 

d 

Pd 

a 

id 

V 

d 


v 

© 

c £ 

■ss 

© V GO ,0 GO 
3 3 CO 

ww a 


© 

o 

be 

3 

Vi 

ft 

73 

3 


2 a 

a o 

oi 

2 5 

©Pd 

sa 

a © 

03 - 

r © 
00 

be^ 
0 © 


r 

d 

# 

co x 

■sn 

d . 

n 0 
u O 

% 

Ea 

II 


:Ph 

© 

0 3 


43 

CO 

H 

X 

© 

O 

>> 

© 


W 
© ^ 
a> 

d ^ 

©sg 

-a>cc 

bc=s ^^.2 

0*2 

Vi Q *3 ^ 3 
ft 2 » S» 


vW 

w © 

v ft v q *3 ^1 © 

5pdcoTr^-©>a 

© . £ 3 

oft o«i w 


co g 

-*e © 

03 X 

s5 

© d 


73 1 . 

d a 
a © 

d d 

43 j 

03^ 

sf© 

2 3 


w 

a 

© 

73 

3 

d 

Pd 

a 

id 

Vi 

d 

O 


32 

Pd w 

aa 

© © 
3 3 
ww 


© 

o 

be 

3 

•- 

ft 

73 


to *g 

43 a 

11 

a 3 

©Pd 

^a 

a © 

© ^ 
43 TO 

d 43 
2 03 
03 ^ 


5 S 

boa 
3 © 

ft- 
ft © 

V ^ >> 

3 to Vi Q co 

Cj 43 <i; -|3 

2^ft^«3 
co 'o . 

< Oft 


d 

co ^ 

43 ^ 
COX 

idx 

Vi ^ 
d . 

38 

a 

© © 

£ 53 
V r* 

r 

0 2 

*5 d 

^ft 

TPh 

os 


x 


© 

o 

>> 

- 

d 


— © 

3^ 

2 d 
H (■* 

^ i-i 

h d 




3 

2: © 
ft £ 

r ^ 
^ 3 
C< 


^^s 

w 


to © 
43 0 
CO o 

C 3 
2 ^ 

d a 

a© 

©:n 

d 3 

si 

fc 2 
c £ 


Pd 

aa 


ft 

a 

© 

73 

3 

d 

Pd 

a 

id 

v 

jd 

O 

© 

o 

bp 

u 

ft 


73 

“0 “w .3 . 

^ m ® 3 5 © 


00 

43 a 

00 © 
2 ^ 
£ c 

3 d 

*—1 WJ> 

^a 

a © 

03 ^ 

ro 

be^ 
© © 
vft 

ft p 

43 ^ 

tft 


d 

co x 

■an 

d r 

n © 

°o 

?& 


^ft 

:W 


43 

to 

X 

© 

O 

© 

d 

— 

— 

Vi 

d 


3 3 


© 

c i 

d ^ 
©S3 
O 3 > £ © 
v f —» <<* © d 

*!^«3 


©£ 



Tlie Greatest 

BLOOD “ d NERVE CURE 

ON EARTH 

DR. PUSHECK’S KURO 

is not a common remedy; it is radically dif¬ 
ferent from anything else, and does not fail 
in the diseases for which it is intended. Other medicines 
may have failed you—you have not tried the right one. 

WHAT “PUSHECK’S KURO” WILL CURE 

All Weakness, Aches and Pains, Exhaustion, Nervous 
and General Debility, Rheumatism, Neuralgia, .Sciatica, 
Lumbago, all Diseases and Impurities of the Blood, Skin Diseases, Scrof¬ 
ula, Eczema, Acute and Chronic Catarrhs, no matter where located 01 which 
organ is affected, Loss of Appetite, Dyspepsia or Indigestion, Heait 
Troubles, Malaria, Chills and Fever, Misuse and Sexual^^akness^ In 
women also suppressed, painful or irregular Men¬ 
struation, Weakness, Whites, Ovarian Troubles, etc. 

It corrects the digestion and assimilation of 
food that keeps up the body-it purifies and en- ^/ 
riches the blood, and corrects, regulates and ^/ 
strengthens the nerves. This also explains why << 

one medicine is able to cure permanently so many 
apparently different diseases. 

Other remedies work on one of the organs sep¬ 
arately and must fail partially or totally. 

Do not let your friends or family suffer. Have 
them take Pusheck’s Kuro. 

Price $1.00 for 18-ounce bottle or a box of 200 tablets. 

Send to Dr. Pusheck, 192 W ash in gf to n S R Chicago, *. or 
a free booklet about his Kuro, and also his COLD-I USH. 

COLD-PUSH 

FOR COUGHS AND COLDS 

A cold, even the mildest, is always a drain on 
the system. It is the first stage of catarrh cough 
of throat, bronchial, rheumatic and a host of 
other troubles. It is the first chapter in the his¬ 
tory of every case of consumption. Ibe best doc¬ 
tor ^i n the world cannot do as much as you can 
with a few doses of Cold-Push. Price 25 c. 

Both remedies for sale where you got this book. 


Iv* 


#r 


R cil 







APB 2C 1905 



MORE LIGHT 

S fizocfont 


A Letter From a Prominent Cincinnati Dentist 

“ I was surprised to find Sozodont not only a dentifrice but 
more. I found it a specific deodorant, having antiseptic qualities 
that were a revelation to me in my clinical experiments. Sozo¬ 
dont has the property of overcoming the acid frequently found in 
the mouth and in this particular I consider it invaluable, taken 
in connection with the fact that it is not too alkaline but suffi¬ 
ciently so to make the preparation not only distinctly beneficial, 
as stated, but also agreeable to the patients. Any mouths that 
have been treated with fillings, crowns or bridge work Sozodont 
acts as a specific in preserving such operations. The Sozodont 
Powder and Paste seem to be equal to the Liquid in merit and 
have been effectively and harmlessly used by me in removing 
stains and in preventing the deposition and calcarious deposits 
upon or between the teeth.” (Name of writer will be furnished 
upon request.) 

NOTE —We have several thousand 
testimonials like this. 

LIQUID 

3 FORMS ■( POWDER 
PASTE 


Hall Lr> Ruckel 


New York City 
















The Only One 

There is Only One 

Genuine- Syrup of Figs 

The Genuine is Manufactured by the 

California Fig Syrup Co. 


The full name of the company, California 
Fig Syrup Co., Is printed on the front of 
every package of the genuine. 

The Genuine— Syrup of Figs— is for Sale in Original 
Packages Only, by Reliable Druggists Everywhere. 

Knowing the above will enable one to avoid the fraudulent imi¬ 
tations made by piratical concerns and sometimes offered by unre^ 
liable dealers. The imitations are known to act injurious and 
should therefore be declined. 

Buy the genuine always if you wish to get its beneficial effects. 
It cleanses the system gently yet effectually, dispels colds and 
headaches when bilious or constipated, prevents fevers end acts 
best on the kidneys, liver, stomach and bowels, when a laxative 
remedy is needed by men, women or children. Many millions 
know of its beneficial effects from actual use and of their own 
personal knowledge. It is the laxative remedy of the welMnformed. 
Always buy the Genuine- Syrup of Figs. 

MANUFACTURED BY 

CALIFORNIA TIG SYRUP CO. 

Louisville, Ky. San Francisco, Cal. New York, N. Y. 

PRICE FIFTY CENTS PER BOTTLE 






















